1 10 41 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/d02a1f8a6dd8dabadc764422910e4972.pdf c9ee42f7dfa6c648724234f1c92923b6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Trade Unions and Architecture Description An account of the resource Themes included action on asbestos and Health &amp; Safety, and involvement with Direct Labour Organisations and Building Unions. Following comparative research of possible options, NAM encouraged unionisation of building design staffs within the private sector, negotiating the establishment of a dedicated section within TASS. Though recruitment was modest the campaign identified many of the issues around terms of employment and industrial relations that underpin the processes of architectural production. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Union based Initiative Subject The topic of the resource Role of Unions - Case History from Hackney Description An account of the resource ne0NebON.BUASED iNeiotbALTaVe LN AC KN EY DRAFT MAY 1978 ROLE OF THE UNIONS - CASE HISTORY FROM HACKNEY Tom Bul ley May, 1978. Notes for NAM Conference, Birmingham, 6th May, 1978. PREAMBLE: - autonomous intervention, not incorporation through consultation THEMES: Take your own current job and conditions seriously, make connections and overcome barriers using existing democratic means; when blocked create more direct forms of access to power under democratic control. THE HACKNEY STORY: ' A case history of attempts to relate trade union activities to the content of work, and to develop inter-union co-operation in one London Borough." BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Hackney and Hackney Council Union structures Nalgo Management structures Direct labour force Building management Architecture and Planning Building Programme (lack of) History of the Problem Struggle for jobs Democracy as a precondition for democratic design. Democratic design as an immediate social need and expression. Forms of democracy Design as a social process Democratic management Feb. 78: Mar. 78: Apr. 78: UNRESOLVED ISSUES: Postponement of Joint Working Party Meeting Partial revival of Dept. Working Party Unblacking of ACHO post (or not). Reports to Policy Committee. Scramble for Staff. Policy Committee. Leaders Panel (HIP). Leaders Panel (Partnership). Departmental Meeting. Unblacking of work to Consultant Architects {or not). Planned building programme Corporate Programme Borough Plan (and the struggle for Planning) Client roles in design - institutional - direct (i.e. users) Producers' contributions to design - in detail - in concept Worker's Alternatives (alternative plan) CONNECTIONS TO BE MADE - OR DEVELOPED: Tenants groups Residents groups Community groups Research groups Pressure groups Political groups Activists Councillors Hackney NALGO / other departments Joint Hackney Unions NALGO / TASS Building Workers Unions Other local authorities architects Private architects NAM Community Architecture- Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tom Bulley Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Allan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 1978 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/992f78476d856d3d85e07388b3f6acc8.pdf 59e110c6806ebabe33bd42022fca09da Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Trade Unions and Architecture Description An account of the resource Themes included action on asbestos and Health &amp; Safety, and involvement with Direct Labour Organisations and Building Unions. Following comparative research of possible options, NAM encouraged unionisation of building design staffs within the private sector, negotiating the establishment of a dedicated section within TASS. Though recruitment was modest the campaign identified many of the issues around terms of employment and industrial relations that underpin the processes of architectural production. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. 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L°LP €°OT T°LT €°OT S*0z 8°Sz 6°97 O°LP | S°ST - L°s S*6T PoP peuz +0 6P-OP 6E-0¢ 68 | vett | L9 Letot|fl =so7 { oopv| etToaazoess %OOT %OOT LOOT %OOT xyoot |i soot |TwengoSLTBOUY SLOGLIHOTY 203085 edTROeAZG || zojDeg = so TADeAg | Z0zDeS edTIOeIg oTTang eqeatiadfl ottana eyeatadj] OtTana — eqeatza aby |} Z eTqer NODTLVdNOoO GNW CISIG LNEWAOTdWA AG NOLLNGIULSIG FOw AHL oft oo a | Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource AJ/TASS Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Allan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979/80 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/5cb733b7e4d795d95e3787baaf7aa036.pdf e56ba8edf33fca092d83233e840aa2d2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Trade Unions and Architecture Description An account of the resource Themes included action on asbestos and Health &amp; Safety, and involvement with Direct Labour Organisations and Building Unions. Following comparative research of possible options, NAM encouraged unionisation of building design staffs within the private sector, negotiating the establishment of a dedicated section within TASS. Though recruitment was modest the campaign identified many of the issues around terms of employment and industrial relations that underpin the processes of architectural production. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource AJ/TASS Survey Subject The topic of the resource Draft version/s of survey Description An account of the resource ee 4. INCOMES AND CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT SURVEY Ds NEXT MEETING(S) 6) Motion 7) <A.O.B. The incomes survey sponsored by T.A.S.S./B.D.S. which appeared in the AJ recently is to appear again in the magazine "Building" on March 16 and members are urged to draw this to the attention of Colleagues who did not complete the AJ form.However, it’s still not too late to do so, since collation of returns will now be delayed until the appearance of the census in "Building". With the results of the survey anticipated it is intended to devote the next couple of meetings to discussions on pay and conditions of employment generally and a possible role for T.A.S.S./ B.D.S. in improving these in design offices. All members should make a special effort to attend to ensure the widest-possible range of reported office experiences gives the most clear overall picture; At the next branch meeting to be held on March 20 Mike Moxley, S.A.G. member and one of six R.I.B.A. members who drew up the recent R.I.B.A. approved contract of employment will open a discussion _ on its content and intentions. March Branch Meeting : Tuesday 20 March at 6.30 p.m. (Promptly) in Polytechnic of Central London Union, 104-108 Bolsover street, London W1. AGENDA: 43 "Do Building Professionals need a contract of employment" A discussion to be opened by Mike Moxley R.I.B.A 2) Office reports and discussion 3) Divisional Conference report. 4) N.A.C. report i) Branch Officers! reports. Building Design Staii London Branch Secretary : 2B Oakhill Road, SW15 BRANCH BULLETIN - MARCH 1979 13 REPORT ON FEBRUARY BRANCH MEETING: Following the January meetings' discussion on the Labour party's policy document, "Building Britain's Future", the February meeting was held at the House of Commons to allow Bob Bean M.P. to give members a first hand account of the Labour Party's real intentions. A U.C.A.T.T. sponsored.M.P., directly involved in the preparation of the document, Bob Bean spoke at length on all the issues it concerned and not only the controversial question of possible nationalization of major contractors. He implied however that nationalization was no real alternative to employers "putting their own house in order" aver such issues as safety standards and de-casualization of the industry. Indeed he made it plain that, contrary to CABIN'S reports, there was no suggestion of widespread nationalization and that no labour government would ever adopt such a policy. and” the . rmuleation--of.such.a polley.is.20 be the. subjecs,.of, future branch activity? 2s ARCUK ELECTIONS Members will be pleased to learn that all six of its members who stood for election to the A.R.C.U.K. Council were successful together with the Leeds T.A.S.S. member, Ian Todd. Though A.R.C.U.K. is at present a body representing mainly registered architects it is in the interests of all building design staffs that their unions be represented on it. 3. N.A.C. MEMBERSHIP There is now a vacancy on the T.A.S.S./BDS National Advisory Council and any branch member interested in filling this vacancy should contact the branch secretary. He confessed that the document had been prepared without any real involvement from the design side shortcoming was the subject of several of the industry and this members questions. However he welcomed advice from design staff within the labour movement The questions that followed indicated that many members, while welcoming much of the document, flet that the proposals were in some respects not radical enough. In particular some members felt that emphasis in the document on standardization failed to use the example of direct labour organizations as a platform from which to build an alternative stronger line on nationalization should have been adopted. was overstressed; that it building industry and that a FTAA, VowkeGinger /F0.bop. Gy SqWea hoff6, al)i)NHi iif PR } {f , |63 ah =eo BAA ; Leth ad te retieDN aL:He 2{}¢ LL Lei cL MLS EEALthyPhPT TDM)LaeATeie, | The following motion was received by the Branch Secretary and has been included on the Agenda in accordance with is listed here verbatim. Before being discussed, Standing Order Standing Order No. 16, and be proposed and seconded by members If the motion is passed it will be Committee and the Divisional Council No. 11 requires that motions at the meeting. > forwarded to the Executive for their consideration. "This branch calls upon the Labour Government to pursue a policy towards the construction industry which : 4) Encourages worker participation and public accommtability in the running of the construction industry" 1) 2) Ensures a continuity of work flow to the industry to provide stability of employment and training opportunities. 3) Encourages the application of standards -of safety and performance in the design of buildings without restricting their flexibility or the visual variety of the built Encourages the reintergration of the design and construction sides of the industry both in the process of awarding and administrating contracts and in the education background to the work forces. environment, This general meeting is called under the provisions of Rule 16e, Should the quorum required for general meetings of the branch not be in attendance the Branch Council may, if a quorum of the Branch Council is present, deal with the business down for consideration by the branch general meeting, and if this course is decided upon, then those members of the Branch who were present for the General Meeting shall be co-opted for that business with full voting powers. Where any motions and amendments for the consideration of the Representative Council are passed by a Branch Council under the provisions of this rule a copy of the notice concerning the general meeting shall be forwarded by the Branch Secretary for the attention of the Standing Orders Committee. The SOC shall not include on the agenda of the RC any such motion or amendment unless the notice calling the general meeting specifically stated the nature of the motion or the amendment. Similarly when the Branch Council under the Provisions of this rule deals with the voting for Divisional President, DC Sec, EC or Dept.EC Member, Nat Womans Sub-Committee Rep, or NWSC Deputy Rep., a copy of the notice calling the general meeting shall be forwarded to the DC Secretary together with the record of branch voting. If the notice of meeting does not include this item of business the vote of the branch shall be disregarded by the Divisional Council. tailects Nor is the pvor architect Seaba? offwithhiscor- chents National to attract a higher than usual proportion of first-time theatre goers. For newcomers to the National, respohse' in:the Olivier audi-: torium where the design con- centrated on sight lines at the expense of the essential rapport between audience and actors. They describe the “Wimbledon” effect in the Lyttelton, -with a’ stage so wide in relation to ‘audi torium depth, that the audiences , are vigorously exe fesine their neck muscles to follow the action. Averting their eyes from the inert back stage technology, they will take you to the tiny con- erete cells that serve as dressing rooms, set round a corrtyard so large that a visit .» a colleague turns into a route march. The actors’ complaints are interminable; the audiences are less articulate. After all it is ‘the policy of the tectural prize. Had the users been the judges “this elegant concrete addition to London's riverside skyline” would cer- tainly have got the wooden spoon. ° Actors and their audiences are its.main users. The actors deplore the time ,lag of discreetly ¥ obscure signs, “the carefully hidden: ticket collection’ and informa- tion points under claustro- ,Phobically low ceilings com-’ ‘pound the visual ‘confusion. rape The best efs usually come from sé who build little and rey, ike muluiple retailers 67? from. mnoaate wi interest. ft % y 16 rycatSe o—pisturebyDonMcPhee... ALL ‘strained fall out with our It isn't their fault. ve otter designers they are better than their brief; uch ots usually abysmal. e trouble is that so few us are competent do brief apchitect, ; take houses. Most of' us d claim famuharity with louse or two. But huw uy of us, have ‘actually it one, and have tried to ‘slate experience into a eo brief ? Remember “Mr gs builds his Dream "and how poor Mrs dings added a flower Kk dn her porch and got i! tor extras for $10,000? yway, dnost house building ry speculative builders and a! authorities whuse eat) Hriefs demand wrence to standards, themselves but biting to creative Most of the time tu Copy something can be good or nding on the made. me Ome. ) i you oy aedga nee ofice at Grove An architect is only as good as or orewers. But unless build- ing itself is their business, even the most dynamic organisations are unlikeltyo need new factories or offices very often. Their skills in ational HPs eive, The‘ build- ing, does look good from the top of an. Embankment bus; briefing architects are bound bo grow rusty. Indeed, they often commit millions toe architecture with an insows! ciance which is totally incon- sistent with their usual hard- nosed control of their money, and which scares their pei: tect rigid. going, « -Bian Boylan,. an ‘ancliiiart In this state of mind the architect needs a well- developed ego to draw a bow at a venture — choosing from and copying existing models is easier, and proba- ‘bly cheaper. But when the ‘building has no. models he is forced to thrash around for a brief, and too often designs to a set of generalised social and aesthetic considerations; which means designing: to please other archite Unfortunately he js encouraged this way, because the accolades (like those given to many professionals)- are awarded by his own kind — other architects. ésigned an’ order office in CraWley; Surrey, for BOC, the company ‘that’ supplies gas cylinders’ for. welding. He too had, a generalised brief but luckily he discovered that the bat ing ‘was to be used: for The National Theatre is a case in point. A large, expen- sive, one-off building, it has been awarded a major archi- not: be set on the wood edge with . windows, and _ bird tables designed'to accom- It may not win any architec- What uot can do ‘all right if you pretae looking lat .townscapes _ ‘theatre- deliberately unconstrained by quale ‘ations, récently only 27: people. So he and his’:team ‘talked to all of them, ‘and at some length: not, their: representatives, or thejr. managers, but each and évery person.’ The ‘brief, in consequence, was- uniquely enriched and ‘particularised. thing (except the lavatories) Kor ‘example, \they dis- happens in one open uncon- covered that’ for some years’ and much more the; ‘loaders, -in.-the rest. useable space. periods between humping There are many _ other heavy ‘gas cylinders, had details which a sympathetic ‘developed a. serious, interest company, its interested in studying the wild life in employees, and a -conse- :wood which bordered the quently, well-briefed architect site. There was ‘no reason have managed to incorporate why the new building should into this satisfying building. tural prizes, but it is an Peter Gorb on desi5gn ' where ahiey are, ,Suppose to’ To this is added the inescapa- ble cacophony of the: foyer performers and the. aifline terminal announcements. The poor first-time’ ‘visitor must long for the certitude of Pad- dington Station; or Milan Cathedral, lange ‘buildings designed with the needs |of the newcomer in mind.’ °' that way. As aresult every- It is disappointing. tdo, ‘to queue for a drink, and dis. cover that the nearest sand- wich is two foyer levels and another queue away. 'Or to try and reach the terrace tables with a trayful of food through an inn? door. Not much more from the teriaccs Of course the priority in. the design brief was fora national monument mr a Opject lesson on how not to his brief fall outwith your architect. ‘‘ the building inside and out is a _ bewildering obstacle course of apparently unrelated levels reached dy Alice in Wonderland: stair- cases pointing away ous created a glass-clad building the architect had to protect it from the gas ylinders which. have a habit of toppling over; prison like guard rails were discarded in favour of a sloping bank of grass which in any case. enhanced the rural nature of the pbuilding. But perhaps the greatest breakthrough came at the organisational level. The expectation of local manage- ment was for a traditional building which reflected functional separation; offices from canteens, blue collar from white collar workers, and so forth: The inquiry revealed that the magnificent twenty seven didn't want it Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource NAM Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Allan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979/80 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/2d10265b4f3796b93f5e09b658527076.pdf ec7c87c56f65afc983a2fdb1c670df1d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Trade Unions and Architecture Description An account of the resource Themes included action on asbestos and Health &amp; Safety, and involvement with Direct Labour Organisations and Building Unions. Following comparative research of possible options, NAM encouraged unionisation of building design staffs within the private sector, negotiating the establishment of a dedicated section within TASS. Though recruitment was modest the campaign identified many of the issues around terms of employment and industrial relations that underpin the processes of architectural production. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Architects building movement Subject The topic of the resource Report on NAM and Unionisation conference 1p in Science for People No 36 Description An account of the resource SPECIAL ONE-DAY CONFERENCE ON TRADE UNION ORGANISATION IN ARCHITECTURE & ALLIED BUILDING PROFESSIONS Held at St. Pancras Church Hall, Lancing St., London NW1 May 14 1977 REPORT The conference was attended by 61 participants holding full voting credentials. Of these 40 were employees in the private sector building professions(1l were women) The morning session was given over to debating which one union building design employees should organise within and culminated in the following resolutions:- Resolution 1 This conference urges all people employed in private sector offices in the building professions where no union is recognised to organise within AUEW-TASS and pledges its support to such an organising drive within AUEW-TASS Resolution 2 This Conference reqests the (Unionisation) Organising Committee, if it is willing, to make whatever arrangements are necessary with the union chosen by this conference in order to launch an organising drive among employees in the private sector of the building professions, to issue press statements in the name of this conference, and in general to carry out the will of this conference until such time as the appropriate trade union structures are fully established. The conference is to elect from the floor five additional members to the Committee. The Committee shall have the power to co-opt members. Resolution 3 The Committee is to convene a conference within six months to discuss progress in unionisation in London & nationally. This conference is to involve workers in the private and public sectors to discuss pay, conditions and the state of the building industry. Six members wre nominated for the Committee, from the floor and these were all accepted onto the Committee with- out a vote. This Committee is now known as the 'May 14 Unionisation Committee' Gont/eee Contt/s1-1- The address to contact is:- The Secretary 4 Highshore Road Peckham London SE15 5AA Before lunch the vote was taken and counted. The decision was overwhelmingly for AUEW-TASS The afternoon was devoted to wide ranging informal debate on the various issues on which the organising drive should focus, including pay and conditions, workloads, contracts of employment, and the disparity in earnings between public and private sector employees. There was also considerable feeling that a union of Arch- itectural workers should go beyond the bread and butter issues, important as they are, and tackle wider environ- mental concerns, professional accountability, resisting anti-social developments etc. Policies on such matters would no doubt be formulated both by the NAC and of course by fraternal NAM groups. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unionisation Committee Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Murray Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 1977 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/7223918d48bb1eedf0b46513dc5c6817.pdf f4f2d73d3a80dda0399fa3de214bcda4 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/e6018730d4c19465ef98acc6a0586ce4.pdf fcd5b57d2d8bf7b1d629598abd637f65 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Trade Unions and Architecture Description An account of the resource Themes included action on asbestos and Health &amp; Safety, and involvement with Direct Labour Organisations and Building Unions. Following comparative research of possible options, NAM encouraged unionisation of building design staffs within the private sector, negotiating the establishment of a dedicated section within TASS. Though recruitment was modest the campaign identified many of the issues around terms of employment and industrial relations that underpin the processes of architectural production. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Architects code of employment Subject The topic of the resource Article in RIBA Journal Description An account of the resource = a 1% ai, Sree . fae ie t The architect's code of employment The guidance notes on the facing page are the heart of the code of employment which salaried members have been seeking from the RIBA through the work of its salaried architects’ working group. They will be supplemented in due course by a model contract of employment, which the Major advance for profession says Maurice McCarthy Salaried architects are as concerned as are principals with the standards of architecture. Delegates at the RIBA salaried architects’ congress in October 1972 clearly recognised that, if members wanted better status in the community, they had to prove that they were worthy of public esteem by the excellence of their work, and by their concern for the social consequences of their buildings. In order to practise effectively, itis usual for architects to form themselves into groups, often in large organisations or offices and involving an employer/employee relationship. In recent years, an increasing number of members have considered that conditions of employment in many organisations and offices were obstructing a professional approach, and that this was detrimental to architecture. It was their desire to prevent further erosion of the professional judgement and skill of architects, and to increase their professional responsibility, that motivated the preparation of these guidance notes. To acknowledge, as the notes do, the fact that the majority of architects are employed is a significant advance. Although it may seem incredible that it has taken so much time and effort to achieve, the RIBA is, as far as is known, the first institute to take ot 18| SAWG is now preparing. The added to the RIBA code of notes, which were approved by Council at its April meeting, are intended to help the interpretation of the two new clauses — on members’ duties to their clients and the public, and the mutual obligations of employee and employer architects — which were this step. On this, as on other issues, architectural bodies in other countries look to us for a lead. The guidance notes are equally applicable to the private and public sectors, and do not preclude the development of new forms of practice. They should bring the standards of the majority of organisations much nearer those of the best, to the mutual benefit of employers and employees. They are by no means radical proposals. For many, they will be useful mainly asa - check list of good practice. Like all that is totally new, they will disturb some for going too far, and will disappoint others for not going far enough. It is important to remember that the notes will be strengthened by a model contract of employment and supporting information on conditions of service appropriate to architects. The latter aspects of guidance, which Council has authorised the salaried architects’ working group to prepare, will be included in the Handbook of architectural practice and management, and will deal with the important issues of pensions and insurance. The practice notes on job titles and descriptions [March RIBAJ, p 55], on redundancy [April RIBAJ, pp 5-6], and on ‘Salaried partners’ [see pp 20-21] have now been published. Together, these measures go a long way toward implementing the Institute’s policy, described in the ‘action programme’ last year, of ‘providing effective support to members throughout their careers in all sectors of the profession, so that they can fulfil their professional aspirations and responsibilities’. There are, of course, questions that conduct last month (see April Journal pp 5—6), and they will be included in the next revision of the code. Below, Maurice McCarthy introduces the notes and describes their objectives, while lan Rawling argues that they should have been tougher remain to be tackled. Possibly the most urgent of these is agency labour. Others include the investigation of patterns of recruitment, the examination of the remuneration and career structure in each sector of the profession, and the determination of desirable organisation structures through the study of existing patterns of practice. Council is pledged to action on these issues, and preliminary results can be expected during the forthcoming session. The President is writing to the chief architects of all public offices and commercial organisations, the chief executives of those offices without a chief architect, and private practice principals, to encourage them to implement the guidance notes and the principles that lie behind them. When considering the notes, members should bear in mind that their conduct should be based on a concern to advance architecture and to enhance the reputation of the profession. Could have been much tougher says lan Rawling The mere fact that the April RIBA Council unanimously passed the new guidance notes on architect employer/ employee relations isanotable milestone in the Institute’s history. It is, however, a measure of the generally nervous reaction to the question of these relationships that ithas taken two years to get from the first report of the salaried architects’ working group to the present guidance notes, RIBAJ May 1974 Timber confidence with PROTIM PREVAC begins By specifying Protim Prevac you can meet the highest specifications in the pre-treatment of building timbers, and the standard of treatment can be verified by analysis. You can specify with confidence because the timber carries a certificate of treatment. You know that the timber is treated with Protim preservatives in a double vacuum/ pressure process to ensure proper penetration and permanent protection against fungal and insect attack. You have precise control over the treatment to suit any purpose. Water repellent can be included. You have no problems with grain-raising or distortion since the treatment is water-free. The treated timber is dry and clean to handle — and fully compatible with paints, glues and mastics. Is Protim Prevac readily available? Yes —-through over eighty leading processing companies throughout Britain. ae | A Fosroc eietieciree tureld Protim and Pratim Prevac are registered trade marks Please send me a copy of your booklet: Protim Prevac \ Double Vacuum Impregnation ofBuilding Timbers and list of Protim Prevac processors. Name Position RIBA/S5/74 | Protim Ltd., Fieldhouse Lane, Marlow, Bucks. SL71LS | Rey RIBAJ May 1974 A42 PROTIM LTD., Fieldhouse Lane, Marlow, Bucks. SL7 1LS Telephone:Marlow (STD Code 06284) 6644. Telex: 847057 Compeny [laude foritwasintheoriginalreportthatthe Theguidance tain and advance their competence by majority of points were raised. participating in continuing education. While saying this may seem a little hard on some past and present Council members who have been well aware of the problems of employee architects in their relations with those colleagues who are their employers, it has seemed to me that many Council members put far more emphasis on architects’ practices than on architectural practices, as applied to all members of the Institute. In the end, the notes do no more than restate in the main some of the already established policies of the Institute. It is a disappointing outcome to so much work and effort put in by both employer and employee members of the salaried architects’ working group. The main criticism that I heard in the branches of the original ‘code of employment’ [published in the August RIBAJ 1973], which was accepted and referred to branches with barely a murmur by Council in June 1973, was “So what ?’?Members considered itso innocuous as to be almost pointless, the requirements being so loosely drawn that all but the most outrageously unprofessional offices could claim to comply with them. 5 An employing architect should permit the architects he employs to engage in sparetime practice, but an architect should not do so without the knowledge of his employer, and should ensure that there can Imust admit tomy own faultinthis, inthatasamember oftheoriginal working group Ibelieved that itwas necessary not only to balance both sides, but to be seen plainly not to create a‘them and us’ situation. Ican only assume that this ‘balanced’ view was taken as a lack of conviction, because one result of the four month delay,resultingfromtheDecember1973 practiceorelectstostayinsalaried Council resolution to have the proposals vetted by an ‘ad hoc’ committee chaired by the President, was the removal of the one really constructive item in the code: the discouragement of agency labour. The acceptance of a professional ‘lump’ betrays the principle now incorporated in the code of conduct recognising professional obligations [see April RIBAJ, pp 5—6]. The problems of using footloose ‘lump’ labour on the site are well known to anyone who has had to condemn their work, and the dangers to architectural practices are well recognised by those insurance companies which either heavily load or refuse any indemnity insurance to firms using agency staff. The omission from the guidance notes of any discouragement of agency labour can only benefit those practices which accept more work than they have staff for — to the detriment of other practices and, of course, the membership in general. Of other items which members asked for in the notes, and which are inexplicably missing, the most obvious is the need for decent transferable pensions, which can form the basis for secure retirement whether one goes on to found one’s own employment. With the advent of compulsory national graduated retirement pensions, it is even more essential for staff not in private schemes that all practices should provide a pension scheme which can stay with the insured employee throughout his working life, certainly throughout private practice and, ideally, all types of practice. The ABS has gone some way toward providing such a scheme, but not far enough. Life insurance is another important area where strong guidance should have been given to members. It is the practice of all local authorities and, I believe, the majority of private practices to insure the life of members of staff while on office business. This should be a standard provision of all practices, for while the odds are fairly long on architects being killed on site, they are much shorter for road accidents; and since so many architects have to travel widely, life insurance is essential for staff. The benefit from such insurance should be three times the annual salary before tax at the time of death. A simple basic scheme like this would overcome the effects of inflation, which usually hits hardest those least able to cope with it. RIBAJ May 1974 notes... The term ‘employing architect’ used in these be no conflict of interest between his notes means the principal or partners in a private practice, the chief architect of a public authority, or the chief architect of any industrial or commercial organisation. Where the chief architect is not the employer in a Strict sense, he is asked to do all he can to ensure that the conditions of employment of the architects working with him do not depart from these principles. Non architect employers are asked, in the interests of good architecture, to ensure that the conditions of his responsibilities to his attention is drawn to the sparetime practice in the employment of any architects they employ 8 An architect who employs students do not depart from these principles. should cooperate with the RIBA and schools 1 An employing architect should define the of architecture in the practical training terms of employment,* authority, responsi- scheme; should provide as varied experi- bility, and liabilityt of the architects he ence as possible compatible with his pro- employs, having regard to the particular responsibilities of project architects. 2 An employing architect should ensure that the architects he employs are enabled to exercise their professional skills, and should provide them with opportunities to accept progressively greater delegated authority and responsibility in accordance with their ability and experience. fessional responsibilities; and should allow student employees to take reasonable time off for academic purposes leading to the qualifying examinations. >= Where an architect is unable to comply with the guidance given in this practice note, or where he has any doubt as to the intentions of an item, or where any problem arises, he should report the facts to the Institute. 3 The participation and responsibility of project architects should be appropriately recognised by the employing architect and supporting information on conditions—of credit given (for example, in any literature, service appropriate to architects, is being description, or illustration). 4 To benefit the competence of the whole + A separate practice note will deal with profession, an employing architect should the differing aspects of liability in the private and public sectors. Finally,Ibelievethat,inprinciple, architects’ salaries should be related to the cost of living, increasing whenever the latter crosses a 4 per cent threshold. This would overcome the hypocrisy of ‘merit’ rises which do not keep pace with prices, and enable them again to be a true measure of a firm’s appreciation of its staff. None of these items which I consider essential to the guidance notes is revolutionary: they are all a feature of good architect employer/employee agreements. It might be said that, since the notes are only ‘guidance’, their inclusion would have little effect on bad employers. This might be so, but at least staff would have a recognised scale against which to measure their own conditions. And surely it is not asking too much that the code of professional conduct, which governs relations between members and practices, should state what consideration members can expect from their fellow professionals in employer/employee relationships. Maurice McCarthy, who is in the GLC architect’s department, is the chairman of the salaried architects’ working group. Tar. Rawiling, formerly a member of the group, works in the Birmingham city architect’s department. enable the architects he employs to main- employment and client. [Members’ practice note on June RIBAJ 1963.] 6 An employing the architects he employs to enter archi- tectural competitions, but an architect should not do so without the knowledge of his employer. 7 Whenever possible, an employing archi- tect should enable the architects he employs to have reasonable time off to participatein the affairs of the profession. architect should permit * A model contract of employment, with prepared by the-salaried-architects?.2roup: ~ This practice note is issued with the approval of the RiBA Council. It follows a recom- mendation from the professional conduct committee arising from cases of professional misconduct heard and determined during 1973, where the ethical responsibilities of so staffcanbedescribedasassociateswhereit conductofthepracticeisnotamatterfor is made clear that they are not partners in bargaining. All member partners are fully any sense, the use of the designation responsible for the professional conduct of “associate partner’ of an employee, however called ‘salaried partners’ were in question the unintended consequence that the Moreover, a member would not be entitled esteemed or senior, must be avoided. Any use of the term ‘partner’ in reference to an ‘associate’ or other employee could lead to the practice, and it is incumbent on each of them to be careful to make and keep himself and his partners properly informed of partnership affairs. [September RiBaj 1973, p 434). It replaces employee in question would be liable for to be relieved of responsibility for pro- the practice notes on partnership in the the contracts and torts of the practice as if fessional misconduct in connection with the he were truly a partner (see further below). partnership business merely because his May, June, and July riBas 1966. It is important that members should take partners decided in a manner otherwise Summary: A member must not use the their own legal advice as to the details of term ‘partner’ in connection with his own partnership agreements. This practice note practice or the practice in which he is does not purport to state the law of partner- employed, unless there is a relationship of ship, or the law of taxation as it relates legally valid under the partnership agree- ment not to accept a proposal for preven- tion or remedy. Nor does the joint responsibility of the partners for the conduct of the practice as a whole diminish the responsibility of a member who is an employee for anything in which he himself has a part. Associates: It must be appreciated that serious and unintended consequences may result from the appointment of ‘associates’ ifcare isnot taken to make itclear that they are not intended to be partners in any sense. joint responsibility appropriate to partners in practice as architects. The term ‘salaried partner’ is not to be used (save where unavoidable for the purposes of income tax and the like). The joint responsibilities of architects in practice as partners are of two kinds: ethical, in respect of which no partner can disclaim or fail to exercise or deny to another the participation sufficient for full professional responsibility; and business, in respect of which unequal decision making arrangements can subsist between partners if they so agree. For the purpose of these two kinds of responsibility, partners must have access to financial and other information affecting the business and conduct of the practice. Legal position: The responsibilities and liabilities of a ‘salaried partner’ are not defined in law, and depend on the agree- ment made between the persons concerned. It was recently held in a legal action by an accountant for a share in the distribution of the partnership assets of a firm of account- to partnerships. Professional relationships: A person who does not participate in the conduct of a partnership, but who appears to others to be a partner, may be legally liable as a partner to those who have dealings with the firm; but the RIBA believes that professional practice demands more than mere legal liability. A member who is a partner is considered by the RIBA to have a responsibility to clients, and to the profession and to others who may be affected, for the manner in which names appear on letterheads, they are the affairs of the practice are conducted, and he must therefore participate in the affairs of the practice accordingly. This responsibility has two aspects, one ‘associates’. Many firms list associates at relating to business decisions and the other the foot rather than at the head of their to matters which affect the professional stationery, and this practice is commended. conduct of the practice. An unequal distribution of financial risk and profit by agreement between partners may be matched by an unequal share in determining the business decisions of their practice; but all partners in a member’s For associates, a mere exchange of letters between employer and employee, clearly setting out the terms of the appointment, is sufficient, and the intention of the parties is less likely to be misinterpreted. Unless care is taken, a person who intended ants [Stekel v Ellice, 1973] that it was practice must have adequate participation to accept the position of associate may necessary to look at the substance of the in the control of the partnership business. unwittingly find himself regarded as a relationship between the parties on the This includes sharing in decision making partner with the responsibilities which flow and having access to documents and to the from that. Though principals may be better banking accounts and other financial placed to see that this does not happen, facts of any case in question. In the June RIBAS 1966, it was stated that a salaried partner properly so called is presented to the public as a full partner, no distinction between salaried and other partners being drawn on letterheads or in the Register of business names, and that he bears the same liability toward the public as the other partners. The RIBA now considers that the expression ‘salaried partner’ is undesirable in connec- tion with an architect’s practice, and requires members not to use it of architects or of any partner or employee of a practice which includes the practice of architecture (save where unavoidable for the purposes of income tax and the like, though the partner- ship arrangements are otherwise in accord- ance with this note). It must also be pointed out that, though 20 information. there is an equal obligation on principals and employee associates to see that the details of their appointment represent the A so called ‘salaried partner’ excluded from such participation is effectively no more than an employee of the firm, and the responsibilities and duties of the post. relationship of the sole principal or of the true partners with him would be that of employer and employee. His name must therefore not appear on the firm’s letter- heading or otherwise as if he were a partner of any kind. The r1BaA’s view does not disallow arrange- ments whereby a partner is remunerated solely by fixed and regular payment, whether or not called a salary, if so agreed within the partnership, whether for a pro- bationary period or otherwise. Ethical responsibility:A member’s responsi- bility as a partner for the professional Professional misconduct: It would be derog- atory to the professional character of a member, and inconsistent with his member- ship of the RBA, if in his practice or employment he were to hold out or use the name of another person, or hold himself out or allow himself to be held out, or use his name or allow his name to be used, in letterheading or otherwise, as a partner where the elements of true partnership indicated above were absent. It would, moreover, be inconsistent with membership oftheRIBAifamember entered into a partnership agreement under which RIBAJ May 1974 Care must be taken that, when associates’ clearly separated from those of the full partners, and that their name or names are clearly prefaced by the word ‘associate’ or s _PRACTICE NOTE: partners, ‘salaried partners’, and ‘associates’ member specialising in a subject, will automatically produce a greater number of well informed spokesmen to represent the views of Council. It could well make Council’s work far more interesting for a greater number of members. So far as I can see, the organisation now suggested should not involve any undue increase in administrative expenditure, but Ihave asked the Honorary Treasurer to investigate the matter. It has already been made clear that, if inflation continues at the present level, more money will eventually be needed. An undertaking has been given that subscriptions will not be raised until 1975: it must be honoured. In the normal course of events, in order to raise subscriptions in 1975, Council would not start the statutory process until March 1974. I propose to ask the Honorary Treasurer and the Finance Committee to start this process as soon as possible, on the clear understanding that, ifinflation ishalted or substantially reduced and the increases prove unnecessary, then they will not be brought into effect. I have given thought to the staff arrangements necessary to deal with the reorganisation: some changes will be necessary, and these will be finalised by the October Council. I am satisfied that they will give us not only a greater degree of flexibility, but also a more acceptable arrangement for general administration. If at the end of the two years we are able to show that we have achieved our five objectives, then we will have real hope of gaining the active support of the silent majority of members, and the Institute should benefit to the full from the foundations so ably laid by my predecessor. Should Council wish to approve these proposals, it will be necessary to pass the following resolutions : 1 To approve the general arrangements described here. 2 To establish the following boards with the number of Council members and coopted members as shown below. Policy Board: total members 13, Council members 13. Finance & House Board: total members 6, Council members 6. Membership Board: total members 12, Council members 7, coopted members 5. Library Board: total members 8, Council members 4,coopted members 4. Education Board: total members 22, Council members 14, coopted members 8. Public Affairs Board: total members 12, Council members 9, coopted members 3. European Affairs Board: total members 7, Council members 4, coopted members 3. International Relations Board: total members 7,Council members 4, coopted members 3. Practice Board: total members 16, Council members 12, coopted members 4. Professional Conduct Board: total members 7,Council members 4,coopted members 3 (past members of Council only). An appendix to the paper suggested initial appointments to the various boards and their groups for the 1973-74 session. Council approved, with one or two revisions. The names have been omitted here for reasons of space, but they will appear in the September RIBAS. Draft code of employment Council paper This code of employment is an interim proposal from the salaried architects working group, which was asked by Council last December to prepare a draft that could be used as the basis for future work. The group hopes that its publication will attract the widest possible debate before December, when it reports back to Council. The Council debate is reported on p 369 The object of the code is to promote the highest ethical standards concerning employment for the mutual benefit of both the employer and the employee by defining their mutual obligations and responsibilities. Principles An employer and employee have mutual obligations and responsibilities toward each other. An employer should have due regard to the capabilities and professional development, status, and responsibilities of architects, together with their terms of service and working conditions. An architect shall have due regard to the professional interests of his employer and their joint responsibilities to their clients, fellow professionals, and the public. 7 An architect who receives continuing education at the expense of his employer should consider his moral responsibility to apply the knowledge gained to the benefit of the employer. 8 An employer should provide architects with professionally suitable conditions of service, and reward them fairly. 390 RIBAJ August 1973 1 An architect should uphold the principles in his relationship with his professional colleagues to whom he may delegate authority and responsibility, or 10 An architect should be employed from whom he may receive delegated authority and responsibility. 2Anemployer should ensure that architects are enabled to exercise their professional skills in all circumstances. 3 An employer should define the roles, authority, liabilities, and responsibilities of architects working for his firm or organisation. 4 An employer should provide opportunities for architects to progressively accept greater delegated authority and responsibility in accordance with their ability and experience. 5 An employer should enable architects to maintain and advance their competence by encouraging and supporting their continuing education. 6 An architect should ensure that he maintains and endeavours to advance his competence by encouraging a continuing education for himself and others. directly by those from whom he may receive delegated authority and responsibility, and not by an agency. 9 An employer should employ architects directly, and not from an agency. 11 An employer should permit an architect to enter architectural competitions or engage in spare time practice. 12 An architect should not enter architectural competitions or engage in spare time practice without the knowledge of his employer. 13 An architect should consider his moral responsibilities to his current employer as well as his legal responsibility under his contract of employment when contemplating change of employment. 14 An architect should be encouraged to participate in professional activities. 15 An employer should ensure that credit is given in any literature, description, or illustration of a building, in so far as it is possible, to the architect or architects responsible for it. <-> formula — usually so that a nice, neat, rectangular shape is obtained. During this process, the site will probably not even be visited. Often this method leads to long and costly delays in public inquiries and compulsory acquisitionof properties. Naturally, itisalways the underprivileged in the community who suffer: commercial properties, even when they are almost derelict, are usually rejected as alternatives to houses,sincecommercialinterests are always more powerful. Design information Standardisation can greatly benefit building design when it is used sensibly, but it must never be allowed to take command. Today, al architects accept a degree of standardisation: even the most ‘traditional’ building uses mostly industrialised products (eg, machine made bricks and tiles, timber sizes, window sections, ironmongery, and sanitary fittings), and the different ways ofputtingthesetogethercouldhardlybe termed ‘traditional’ in the prewar sense. No architect wants to design his own door furniture or metal window sections as he once did, yet few would term this a limitation on design freedom. The freedom that he must have, however, is freedom of choice among a wide range of products on the market. He must stil remain in control of the end result, and he must never feel that standardisation has taken over and is forcing him to compromise the best solution. performance criteria for each component or design element in the building. The results could be made available to every architect in the form of design manuals or standard drawings. Again, these exist in a crude form at the moment: they must, however, be seen to provide information of the highest quality and be constantly reviewed as new information becomes available. There is now, for example, much talk about ‘vandalism’ in school buildings. Hall was a hive of activity as senior officers tried to pacify local authority chief architects who were part of the consortium, and who wanted to know whether this meant that the GLC was withdrawing from Mace. The head of the ILEA was also asking awkward questions This ‘leak’ was for ever afterward used by management to try and destroy the idea of participation, and to indulge in filibustering and equivocation in subsequent meetings. It showed that disgruntled architects could not be ‘trusted’ to keep ‘domestic internal meetings’ to themselves: that they wouldn't in fact play the management game. But at that so called ‘domestic’ meeting, management had bluntly refused to discuss several important subjects which they termed ‘confidential’. So much for trust The schools division wanted to determine what was meant by ‘participation’ and to draft a constitution for management to consider. Each group elected a representative and held ‘grass Right/far right Existing and proposed ways of organising work: printed in Acid — the magazine published by the architecture club roots’ discussions. Meetings of group representatives then thrashed out an alternative departmental structure which incorporated a mild form of participation. Management meanwhile drew up its Own proposals It was clear that there was conflict about the meaning and extent of participation right from the start. Management saw it merely as consultation on matters that weren't fundamental to the work of the division. In their view, a small group of representatives would discuss items selected by Management and appoint working parties to carry out specific tasks. Management would be present and would have the power of veto on any subject it did not agree with. If divisional meetings were held, they would be outside office hours and no votes could be taken The architects in the division, on the other hand, wanted to play down the power of group representatives, because the existing system of group leaders’ meetings had demonstrably failed to pass on the criticisms and proposals of those on lower levels. They wanted asystem whereby representatives were elected by groups to carry forward the members’ requirements to a steering committee, whose sole function would be to form agenda for divisional meetings: it would itself have no executive power. The agenda would then be put to divisional meetings and voted on after debate Obviously, there were limits to the range of decisions that this sort of participatory structure could cope with, and they would be confined to divisional matters. Itwas necessary to establish what the limits were to decisions taken by divisional meetings: to distinguish where action could be taken directly as a result of voting, for example, and where voting merely made known the division’s feelings There was also disagreement within the division on how action might be implemented. Some felt that management's job was to manage and that the division should merely tell them its democratic views and expect them to act accordingly. Others felt that managerial functions should be shared among everyone, so that each architect would be involved and the division's talent exploited to the full: it would be too easy to sit back and let someone else ‘do Participation’ for you But there was unanimous agreement that the main task was to end the pernicious system whereby important policy decisions were made in secret, and to ensure better communication between everyone concerned Negotiations were still in progress when| left the GLC, but the job architects are at a grave disadvantage in that they have nothing to bargain with: they are really at the mercy of Management's good intentions. Roger Walters has recently made public statements to the effect that there isdemocratic Participation within the GLC architect's department, but there has been little evidence of RIBAJ August 1973 BANC K—— Edvcanced Jrecnitecr> goLicy. Decisions Joe aewiTETS Assitnuts Stuscnts earl WithinanorganisationliketheGLC,this Oneconstantlyhears(usuallyatthird process of putting together existing components and products and purpose designed elements could be greatly systematised and rationalised to give architects more time for design. Good information about preferred products and materials should be centralised so that the right choice can be made quickly. The mechanism for this already existsintheGLCintheformofthe materials section and scientific branch, but the quality of information is often poor, inappropriate, or unreliable. Design standards: There is also a need foradevelopmentgroupineach division which would establish hand) how children have wantonly destroyed this or that in a school. But is italways totally wilful, or isitperhaps caused by bad design? Any group of kids going through a door will kick it, swing on it, push their neighbour into it, and much more —it is natural for them to behave like this, and stupid to try to stop them. The effect on the door may betermed ‘vandalism’, butitisreally because it has not stood up to ‘normal’ use. A centralised development group could study such problems and evolve guides to design which would recommend, for example, the right construction, choice, Soteons nechitecr GROoRS STEERING EROuPS AND — WORKING PARTE MANAGEMENT GRouP DINISTONAD MEETING real change iN i +O3| 9000 0000 nd fixing of ironmongery, hinges, and nish. There might be several standard designs which incorporated these features but were different in their cost limits. Designers would be free either to design their own doors in accordance with the strict criteria established by the group, or to use oneof the standard designs. The standard drawing would show dimensions which had to be constant and those which could vary, and the same could be done for al aspectsof design, from coathooks to landscaping. only such information as they deem appropriate, or act as informers to management through the confidential report system. Direct election: One solution isto dispense with group leaders entirely. But in any group, a leader will emerge naturally: the most articulate or the strongest personality invariably acts as spokesman. It is also an advantage to have a recognised person who can take an overall view of the group’s work: in running a job, we often cannot see the wood for the trees. User feedback :Most of the knowledge for such standardisation of design criteria would come from ‘feedback’. At present, no systematic appraisal existsofschoolsinuse,andthereislittle instrumentalinappointingtheirown gathering of information about design and technical failures and successes. The vital information stored in the minds ofschoolkeepers, teachers, parents, and pupils about the planning and fabricoftheir buildings isuntapped. It is impossible to discover, for example, what type of opening light is most suitable for a specific kind of school in terms of operation, maintenance, safety, ventilation, or cleaning. The answer isthat partof each division’s development group should operate a continual Which?—type investigation into al aspects of existing designs, and feed the information to designers in the formof recommendations. General involvement: The dangerof any centralised development group is that it can become an elite, superior to the job architects it is supposed to serve. It can also attract the kind of people who are not interested in creative design solutions, just as MACE has done. These risks could be avoided by sharing the development work among the job architects, so that it was not confined to a special group. Of course, those involved would need to meet constantly, but contact with design would be ensured ifthe work was additional to their normal activities. leader — either by direct vote or by being Department structure organisation of effective demand The Matthew/ Martin group system has worked well and is generally liked, because each group represents a small unit within a vast organisation with which one can identify. But the groups are arbitrarily set up, and often exist more for the convenience of the group leader than because of their intrinsic worth. There seems to bea floating body of leaders who need groups to be attached to them, rather than the other way round. They are appointed by management, and though their function is not strictly managerial, they are seen to be part of that layer: there is a definite division between ‘governors’ and ‘governed’ at group leader level. Ideally, the function of leaders should be to liaise between management and groups, but this does not happen. The leaders are generally out of touch with their groups’ needs, and they reveal for buildings that society is apparently willing to afford’ Duccio Turin, writing in the Times last year represented on the body which decides such matters. And one thing isessential : a group leader must be involved in design if he is to keep in touch, for it is only by proving himself as a designer that he will earn the respect of his group. Team work: Ifthe group system has the advantage of providing identity, it has the equal disadvantageof isolation. There is an awful tendency in the GLC to compartmentalise, not only between departments but also within divisions. In contrast to private practice, Irarely felt that architects, consultants, quantity surveyors, and planners worked as a team, but rather as 403 RIBAJ August 1973 A group leader must, however, have the confidence and respect of his job architects. There is no reason why the members ofa group should not be ‘Almost independently, but this time at the initiative of manufacturers and contractors, new methods of production of increasingly large chunks of the building fabric have been introduced. Unfortunately, in most cases the economies of scale have proved to be at best insufficient, and at worst nonexistent. The transfer of operations from the site to the factory did not produce the expected saving in labour costs and often failed to offset the additional transport and capital costs. More important still, the large indivisible units of investment required for some of these technologies made them too dependent on a high level of utilisation of productive capacity, which proved incompatible with the degree of continuity and ‘ mes separate baronies guided by set rules and rigid formulas, each safeguarding its own territory and offloading as much work as possible onto job architects. There was not much cooperation or contact in the design stage, and no great willingness to discuss problems or try new solutions. These failures were caused not by the quality or personalities of the other members of the ‘team’, but rather by the system which encouraged separatism and departmentalism. Whatever ‘multi disciplinary teamwork’ means, the GLC has the opposite. The evidence can be seen in the finished buildings, where services are often considered inadequately, or not at all, or seem to be added as an afterthought. In most ILEA schools, the standard of artificial lighting layouts and heating systems (usually radiators) ismediocre. Ifmulti disciplinary grouping isagood thing, then the GLc, which employs everyone involved in building design, is ideally equipped to encourage this way of working. It might well provide new impetus to the group system: certainly, the work of firms like Ove Arup or Ryder & Yates testifies to its benefits. Management’s role: Ifpublic offices must have a management structure, then how can itbe improved, and prevented from becoming even more alienated and autonomous as authorities increase in size? In the first place, departments must be organised on the basisof real participation for al employees as described above. Management can no longer expect to make al the decisions which deeply affect the work and goals of professionals in their departments. If it is true that we are all, in the last analysis, professional architects united in our concern about quality, then how much greater weight would management’s arguments have ifthey were supported by a majorityof their fellow professionals. Second, in the event of building users and local communities winning an equal share in the power to decide the shapeof their own environments (and I think this is inevitable), the role of management will have to change drastically. People who are intimately concerned with their own buildings will not listen to the usual managerial hyperbole and equivocation. Lastly, there is a great need for management that iscreative, far sighted, and sensitive to the implications of changing social requirements. Of course, the organisationof the design and construction of large school building programmes is not easy: there are many problems related to costs, the state of the building industry, maintenance of standards, and changing educational needs. The heavy handed imposition of crude and soul destroying ‘solutions’ like MACE is the clearest example of how these problems should not be tackled. > More but smaller boards was the theme of a major reshaping of RIBA affairs proposed by the new President to this session’s first Council meeting. He asked Council to approve the setting up of ten ‘boards’ (some of them existing committees renamed), including three Like other professional bodies, the RIBA is at the crossroads. Not only do we live in times of rapid social change that demand new activities on our part, but we face the task of gaining the active support of the 70 per cent of our members who do not normally take part in our affairs, but who can suddenly redirect or halt the work of the Institute when they feel so disposed. new ones — Membership, European Affairs, and International Relations — and he nominated their members as well as choosing honour the undertaking that In a democratic body such as the RBA, theirsistherealpower,andgainingtheir suggestthatweshouldhavemorebut active support is the unsolved problem in the government of this Institute. My own View is that the majority of members do not want to be actively involved in the day to day running of our affairs. They expect Council to lead and to produce progressive policies that are generally acceptable to them. Iam convinced that ifwe are seen to be solving urgent problems of real importance to the membership, then we will have strong support from the great majority, including the willingness to pay increased subscriptions if necessary. Isuggest that we need to define what has to be done now, and then change our organisation to do it. In addition to our usual concerns, we could, in a two year programme, achieve the following five objectives. 1 Make clear to the public the background against which architecture has been practised in postwar years, and what is currently expected of it. 2 Establish a code of professional competence. 3 Retain and, where necessary, adjust mandatory fee scales and terms of engagement, and introduce a code of employment of salaried staff related to them. 4 Work to secure satisfactory terms for the entry of the profession into the Common Market. 5 Represent more forcibly the views of the profession in connection with all matters of the natural and built environment. To deal with these new problems RIBAJ August 1973 smaller boards. It seems to me that the whole of our activities, old and new, could be covered by ten boards, explained below. And the number of Council and coopted members for each board should vary with need, but where possible should be limited to seven. Every board should have a majority of elected members, and every group should, where possible, have a Council member on it. There is an exception in the case of the Education Board, where special circumstances exist, and itwould be prudent to retain the old board structure for at least another year. Where necessary, groups would be established from within the boards to undertake specialised work. Here is a brief description of the work of each board and group where it differs from what now exists. Public Affairs Board: No change at the moment, but the board should be asked to produce for the October Council proposals for the establishment of an environment group to represent the views of the profession at national level. Practice Board: Work to be reorganised and to include six groups with special responsibility for the following: building industry relations, legislation affecting the practice of architecture, salaried architects and their professional status and conditions of employment, fee scales and conditions of service with special reference to the Monopolies Commission, standards of competence and the possibilities of introducing a new code, and policy and administrative matters affecting the existing code, There would obviously be times when the work of a particular board would be of interest to a wider section of Council than the board’s own members. Where important matters of policy are to be discussed, agendas of board meetings should be published well in advance so that all members of Council can attend: the formal voting decisions should, however, be confined to elected members. There are also occasions when subjects for discussion are matters for more than one board. Smaller boards and their groups will make joint meetings more convenient, and allow the Membership and Public Affairs Boards to become involved where their specialist knowledge would be helpful. Tn these ways, every member of Council would have the opportunity of discussing important matters at board level, thus saving a good deal of time and often misunderstanding in Council. This system will undoubtedly deny us some interesting performances in Council but, on the other hand, will enable us to make better progress with our work. A larger number of smaller boards and their subsidiary groups, with every a team of vice presidents to lead them (see p 369). He also listed five main objectives — based on the action programme approved by the previous Council — efficiently, we must alter the pattern of our board structure. At the moment, it is organised on traditional lines in which work is undertaken by a small number of relatively large boards or committees, all eating away at conventional agendas. In large committees or boards, it is not unusual for only a few members to become committed and identified with the work in hand. For this reason, I subscriptions will not be raised until 1975 at the earliest. This is an edited version of the President's Paper: the Council debate is reported on p 369 which he thought could be achieved in the next two years, and he reminded Council that it must Council paper A two year programme including the work currently carried out by the investigation committee. Membership Board: Membership relations are very important, and this new board will occupya central position in the affairs of Council and be available for consultation by other boards. European Affairs Board: Britain’s entry into the EEC is of great importance to the membership at large. The matter is SO important that it warrants a new board with a special relationship to ARCUK. International Relations Board: We must not be overawed by Europe, and our links with the Commonwealth and other areas of the world must be maintained. This board will keep Council informed of world affairs in matters of architecture. DEMOCRACY FOR ARGHITECTS Architect Louis Hellman — more widely known as the brilliant weekly cartoonist on the ‘Architects Journal’ — left public practice in March this year after working for five years in the schools division of the GLC architecture department, which he joined because he thought it would provide better design opportunities than private practice. Hellman resigned after a fight with senior management over the quality of school building in London, during which he was told that he must either design an Islington school in the Mace system — which he believed to be crude, uneconomical, technically shoddy, and against his notion of professionalism — or move to another division — a choice which he found unacceptable. The following is an account of Hellman’s experiences as a job architect in the GLC, the struggles within the department to democratise its organisation, his downfall while trying to maintain professional standards, and some thoughts on alternative ways of working. It includes a history of the GLC architecture club and its efforts to establish a more effective voice for those glued to the drawing board. The article presents a view from the bottom layer of the pyramid —one that is rarely heard and still less rarely heeded — and it does nothing to dispel the fear that, as they are reorganised into bigger units, local authorities will become even more internally undemocratic, inflexible, and unwieldy, and externally more out of touch with the community’s needs. Some readers may think that Hellman’s narrative is overpersonal in places, or perhaps even raw and bitter, but the RIBAJ believes that itdeserves to be taken seriously. His arguments on system building and the proper function of administration raise a lot of solid architectural questions about competence and creativity, management’s role, job participation, and responsibility to users. As the RIBA has repeatedly pointed out — most recently in its action programme for the seventies — these are issues which are crucial to the future of architecture in Britain. The RIBAJ believes that the profession must discuss them openly and vigorously if it is to survive. A leading article is on p 365 and our pages are, as always, open to members’ views. Background: why | joined the GLC Ijoined the GLC in the summer of 1968 for two reasons. First, I had been employed until then by alarge well known private practice in a team designing a vast new university in the midlands. Iwas very dissatisfied both with team design urder centralised control and with large projects, and I had come to the conclusion that part of the reason for the failure of modern architecture is the size of many projects: such scale virtually presupposes bleak, characterless, and anonymous results. In the GLC schools division Ithought that Iwould have an opportunity of designing small buildings with a great measure of personal control from start to finish. 395 Second, the GLC architect’s department had retained somethingof the reputation built up in the late 1950s both for the quality ofits output and the freedom allowed to architects to develop their ideas. I had become disillusioned with the orthodox functionalist dogmas that had been instilled in me both in college and in offices, and Iwas looking for ways of practice that would allow me to develop alternatives to what Ibelieved to be irrelevant and anti humanist design principles. The old Lcc’s reputation was the direct result of reforms instituted after the second world war by the progressive and far sighted chief architects, Robert Matthew and Leslie Martin. They reorganised the department on the group principle, with leaders heading small groupsof job architects who had greater freedom of action than under the old system, and they also propagated modern architecture as the style that could best cope with the building programme of a large local authority, while at the same time attracting young and enthusiastic job architects to do the work. Eachof these achievements was made within the overall structure ofa large and rigid bureaucracy. Isoon learned that during the reign of the then chief architect, Hubert Bennett, the department had stagnated under uninspired leadership. The original impetus, whose success flowed from the confidence placed in job architects and the encouragement given to them, had given way to a new brand of bureaucratic control. Moreover, the architectural climate of the late sixties and early seventies was quite different from that ofthe previous decade. no longer enough to be allowed to tinker in isolation with one’s own It was RIBAJ August 1973 RIBAJ August 1973 An open invitation to everyone with aclient who can’t make up his mind about wall panels EZ ia Y \ | om > 1\ \ i} z S\2, * Pictures alone can’t help him. Hand samples can give no idea of the final effect. Bring him along to Anderson’s magnificent showrooms in Islington Green. Let him see for himself the most unique display of full-size panels, which can be ordered on the spot. Plus Ceiling Panels, Doors, Timber, Plywood. Every kind. of board. All under one roof. And if you can’t spare the time yourself, ask him to come and see us on his own. He'll enjoy it. And it will save you a great deal of time and trouble. C.F.ANDERSON &SON LTD. ISLINGTON GREEN, LONDON, NI 2XJ (Established 1863) Telephone: 01-226 1212 Telex: 261321/2 particular stylistic preoccupation. The growing awareness among both laymen and professionals of the wider political and social implicationsoflocal authority building meant that the architect’s role as a paternalistic professional oligarch who alone knew what was best for the tenants and children of London was increasingly in question. The recipients of the Lcc’s versions of ‘ville radieuse’ were not as grateful as they should have been. Not only were they emerging in action groups and talking of participation, but they were starting to ask embarrassing questions, such as why do the architects who so vehemently advocate concrete high rise monumental solutions live themselves in houses with gardens? In planning, too, it was becoming clear that the wholesale destruction of London, to which the GLC wasa party, was being done in the name of increased profit for a minority, and that it would be replaced not by some continental style utopia, but by featureless and grim complexes inwhich minimal provision was made for people’s needs. As the sixties drew to a close, there was no sign that the GLC architect’s department was in any way broadening its thinking or equippingitself to grapple with major changes in society, as it had done in the postwar decade. On the contrary, itwas retreating even further to a blinkered and alienated paternalism. New management takes command Under the Tories, the ‘managerial revolution’ arrived in the architect’s department. For the first half of my time in the GLC under Bennett, the hierarchy was headed by men of the old regime — essentially conservative, drawn from public school backgrounds, and trained as architects before the war. Becauseof their belief in their divine right to positions at the top, they could afford to be tolerant, or even eccentric, ina disinterested and affable way. But at the same time, they were inefficient, relied heavily on the old boy network, and were il at ease with technology and environmental sciences. The management conscious architects who took over from them were a new breed of conservatives, much more similar to Ted Heath and his band. Because of their working class and grammar school backgrounds, they felt that they had attained their position not by privilege but through their own effort and determination, and so they were much more inflexible and hardnosed in the face of what they saw to be any threat to their rank. They had been trained in the forties and early fifties, and were cast in the orthodox functionalist and technological mould. fashionable) and retaineda belief in the centralised stalinist brand of socialism. Local authorities with their bureaucratic structures were ideal for them. The myth of ‘management’ has pervaded society in general. The notion ofa superior caste of decision makers, formulating policy and handing down directives to a lesser body of ‘work units’ who carry out the tasks without question, is increasingly accepted as the only way that Great Britain Ltd can be run. The managers are separated from the rest ofus by big offices, personal secretaries, expense account lunches, access to confidential information, and chauffeur driven cars. They must have all these, we are told, in order to negotiate with other managers, whether in government or industry, here or abroad. It is further believed that the implementation of management techniques can solve every problem: introduce them into any huge organisation, and al will be well. The GLC management structure ismade in this image (suitably watered down, ofcourse). Professionals who aspire to these dizzy heights must shake off the remnantsof building design, with its connotations of manual labour, draughtsmanship, and creativity. As the clerk to Kent County Council said in the Bains report: “When an architect or surveyor reaches midmanagement level, he will have to make a choice between top management and the professional side. Professionalism has its merits and provides a high standard of advice, but itcan also inclinate [sic] against the corporate approach.’ In his own terms,of course, he isentirely correct. Management today isabove professional responsibility: itisnot possible within the GLC to progress through the upper grades and stil function as an architect. As the concept of ‘management’ emerged with its semantic encumbrances — ‘branch head’, ‘work units’, and ‘control data’ —so the gulf widened in the GLc between the upper grades and the architects doing the design work. Similarly, as the power and autonomy of the managerial bureaucracy were strengthened, so the gap increased between the transient politicians and the permanent ‘civil service’ of professional advisers. So the architectural hierarchy was doubly alienated —first from the needs and aspirations of designers, and second from the only representatives of the users for whom the authority’s buildings were supposed to be designed. Administrators were now in positions of power out of all proportion to their merit or talent. Top managers have always been appointed by the GLC to act as virtual dictators: the heads of the various sections are individually responsible for al decisions and departmental policies. That is why you never sign your own GLC, but instead write the name ofyour divisional ordepartmental head. Itisa procedure that Ialways found hard to comply with, because there issomething dehumanised about signing another’s name. In addition, of course, when buildings are shown in the press, their authorship is always attributed to ‘The architect to the council’. Like the grading system, it seemed to me part of a general conspiracy to ensure that your personal identity was destroyed. The old regime had coped with this situation by operating a benevolent and tolerant dictatorship, and never using their power as despots. The new managerial class, however, exploited and abused their power at every opportunity. Indeed, the difference in values between architects and management was, to me, unnerving. I ‘Itis almost unheard of for job architects [in public practice] to report to client committees: they report instead to other architects who know better than they do. The pyramid style is only a mirror of most other departmental establishments in town and county halls, but in most departments the base of the pyramid is composed of clerks. In architect departments, itis composed of highly qualified professionals who are treated like clerks’ George Oldham in the May RIBA Journal had naively thought that, as qualified architects, we would basically share the same goals. At no time, however, did I find management cooperative or helpful. They appeared to be concerned only with maintaining their own position with the minimum of effort and trouble. Ifany real problem was raised, it would be met with some vague and totally useless observation, or some snide reference to one’s own alleged inadequacies. Some at group leader level had reputations for doing no actual work at all: others spent their time indulging in office affairs or petty manoeuvring in internal politics. From the job architect’s point of view, it was difficult to ascertain what contribution they made, if any. At the same time, management kept a check on those under them by means of a system of secret reports compiled by group leaders. The reports were related not to one’s architectural output, but to personal qualities which those making the reports were not qualified to judge. It was very bad for morale. And so was the reverence for private practice that management constantly displayed. They never failed They might have dabbled in a kind of communismintheiryouth(whenitwas nameOnmemorandaorlettersinthe RIBAJ August 1973 396 to point out how much better and quicker architects in private practice could do our work, but they seemed totally unaware that this was mainly the result of their own inept management. Mace: or metric monumentality IfI had left private practice in the hope of entering a more liberal environment, I was soon to learn my mistake. About ayear after Ijoined the GLC, ameeting of the whole schools division was called (a rare occurrence) to inform us that the ILEA was committed to joining MACE (Metropolitan Architectural Consortium for Education) and to initiateusintothewondersofthe system. MACE was sold to us as being different from other systems on two counts:itwaspurposedesignedtocope with urban sites, and it had high architectural quality. Basically, the system was based on a Im planning grid, and appeared to consist of 2.4m high concrete panels supporting an “A deck’ roof structure. the fault of the architects or the system itself. Surely one didn’t have to use those miserable ridged concrete panels, or to produce such stodgy plans? There was, however, a growing wave of discontent from architects using MACE. The technical failings of the system seemed to be more numerous and basic than one would reasonably expect ina new product. A ‘feedback’ conference was held with MACE job architects, and the following are typical ofthe technical inadequacies which emerged indiscussion: First, the 1m planning grid was found to be too large for comfort, and also contrary to the British Standard on modular coordination, which recommends aplanning grid of900mm broken down toa300mm component subdivision. Then there were complaints about poor sound and thermal insulation,aboutthecostofthe system’s ducted warm air heating, about external wall leaks, and about the failures of concrete ground beams, the impractical nature of prepackaged plumbing units, and the lack of choice in finishes. In addition, it appeared that Moreover, I would be the last to advocate purely economic solutions: architects too often lower their standards and abdicate their responsibilities in the face of such arguments. Ifyou sincerely believe a project is worthwhile, you should try to push it through even though it may not be the most economic. The Department of Education & Science, however, is totally committed to system building, and since it controls not only the cost of new schools but also ‘Among the existing local authority departments, some are more professionally oriented than others, and in such departments [the professionals] derive satisfaction both from their own jobsandfromtheknowledgethat [their chief] understands what they are doing and will speak for them’ Bains report on the new local authorities their planning and appearance, each local authority is eager to adopt a system to please its masters in Whitehall. In addition, MACE received an extra development cost allocation from the government, and any scheme designed in MACE will be regarded favourably by the Des — even though it is bottom of the systems league even in the department’s eyes. Apart from pacifying the DEs, of course, a system like MACE dovetails very well with bureaucratic attitudes and controls. MACEis tailor made for management architects because it has a very strong ‘functional’ aesthetic — meaning not that it is functional in practice, but simply that it is rectilinear and modular in appearance. Bureaucrat architects are uneasy when confronted with schemes which show individuality or imagination, and find it hard to read plans and elevations which are not diagrammatically simple. Though discussionof architectural quality remains taboo to them, with a system such as MACE they can talk about ‘modules’ and ‘components’, ‘grids’ and ‘junctions’, and exercise not only control over designers’ careers (as they have always done) but aesthetic control as well. The moral superiority of system building is implicit in orthodox functionalist thinking: the very alternative — ‘traditional building’ — has become a pejorative term. Architecture Itsoonbecameclearthatthedecisionto MACEdidnotcomplywiththeLondon use MACE was afait accompli, for nobody had consulted the job architects on what kind of system —if any —was required. During the subsequent discussion, which was monopolised by group leaders and senior officers, only one architect was courageous enough to voice an objection on the grounds that standards were being lowered. He was immediately made the subject ofa vicious and personal attack by management, who made sneering references to the cost ofa building he had just completed. The implication was that MACE would be highly economic. There was no argument, because the intellectual climateof the division did not allow for free and frank discussion about the purpose of our work. People were not encouraged to speak up for what they believed in: indeed, they were fearful of so doing. When the first MACE buildings were completed in London, they were disappointing to say the least — ugly, out of scale with their urban surroundings, and technically crude. Far from being anonymous enclosures for teaching, they were assertively ‘architectural’ with amost unpleasant brutalist prefab aesthetic. Itwas obvious that those responsible for the development of the components were by no means competent or sensitive designers —a problem of system building which has been better described by Geoffrey Broadbent (see facing page). But though Iwas prejudiced against the system and voiced my doubts openly, Iam not opposed to system building in principle — only to bad system building — will. The whole costing of schools is and Idid not know enough about MACE to judge whether the results were now so fluid and obscure that statistics can be made to prove almost anything. 397 RIBAJ August 1973 building bylaws or fire requirements in some respects. Both the structural engineers and mechanical services engineers were unhappy about many aspects of the system, and resented not having been consulted. It seemed as though MACE had been developed in total isolation, without reference to existing systems, relevant ‘(The GLC department of architecture] has an enviable professional reputation. It demonstrates what a group of people selected for their professional ability and assisted by an enthusiastic and understanding administration can achieve. Itcould, with advantage, be copied by other local authorities’ Jack Whittle, Cheshire county architect: AJ, 2 May authorities, or those who were expected touseit.Aprogrammeforhundredsof schools in south east England had been embarked on without even building and testing a prototype in use. There were ominous rumours that MACE was proving grossly expensive, and that teaching areas and standards were being reduced in order to try and makethesystemwork.Butitisdifficult isdeemedtobealuxurysprayedon,if to criticise MACE on cost grounds, for al required, after the functional theinformationisinthehandsofthe programmehasbeenfulfilled.AsIwas authority and can be manipulated at soon to discover, MACE provides tidy standardised boxes for tidy standardised administrative thinking about tidy standardised school briefs. Battle of Grafton primary school the feasibility of the system. The GLC quantity surveyor on the job had also warned that current estimates showed MACE costs to be rising faster than those in accordance with the brief, to provide open spaces outside the teaching areas, as well as views and daylighting. In my alternative scheme, the five per cent This was the background to my eventual of other buildings. It was agreed that he saving on structure cost could have been confrontation with management, and then my resignation from the GLC. Iwas given aprimary school rebuilding job to design: Grafton school in Islington. I knew that this was part of the MACE programme, and Isaw itasan opportunity to explore the system in detail and find how itcoped with difficult urban sites. Whenaschool isassignedtotheMACE programme ~as are virtually al new primary schools in the GLC area — no prior site investigation is made to assess suitability. The Grafton school site is in the backwaters of Holloway, at the junction of Seven Sisters and Holloway Road: itissurrounded by three or four storey shops, industrial buildings, and decaying houses, and is grossly under the minimum area required by the DEs. In addition, the existing ‘board’ school and its playground were to be retained during the rebuilding, and some corners of the site were not immediately available: therefore the site left for building on was very small, highly irregular in shape, and enclosed on three sides. The education officer stressed the need for a single storey school if humanly possible, and Iagreed. Itseemed wrong to compromise the eventual school and site for the sake of short term restrictions: the school might have to operate under difficulties for ayear or so, but it was the long term solution which would be important. After much work and effort, Iarrived at a single storey solution which was on the MACE grid and met the client’s requirements. MACE representatives assured me that concrete panels could be dispensed with and either purpose designed components or brick cladding substituted. Of course, they had a vested interest in selling the scheme. Privately, however, some members of the MACE design team voiced grave doubts about should check the cost of the scheme, comparing MACE with an alternative Ihad evolved ona previous job which used a ‘rationalised’, loadbearing, brick and steel framed structure, and which had proved highly economic. The conclusion was that MACE would be at least five per cent more expensive than my alternative, provided that the system’s standard kit of concrete loadbearing panels was used. Any introduction of nonstandard units or traditional materials would further increase the cost of MACE. So the 9s suggested that the plan area and the amount of external wall should be reduced. At this point, Idecided that the system was just not appropriate for the site. The elongated and meandering plan form was intended to cope with the irregularities of the site boundary and, ‘Suppose, for example, that we take a technological view on creativity: that it is a matter of solving technical problems in new and more “elegant” ways. Surely that hasa place in anyone’s vocabulary of architectural design techniques, however rational they may think themselves ? Indeed, it has been one of the tragedies of system building, as developed so far, that no One paid much attention to the creative aspects of detail design. In Clasp, for example, the detailing is unbelievably crude: one has only to look at the ways in which windows are fitted into the steel frame, or corners negotiated, to used for additional area or the provision ofcovered outside spaces related to home bays, which thebrief said were essential. But in the MACE system, there Was no way of saving cost to meet the brief’s requirements. How can you reduce area on a Im planning module without chopping off valuable teaching space ? How can you decrease the height of external walls when only a 2.4m high component isavailable? The implicationsof the restriction imposed by the concrete panels Ifound to be serious. The site was depressing and tatty: the sort of mess our society reserves for schools in working class areas. The children in the neighbourhood live in slums or tower blocks which are as shabby and overcrowded as their school environment. They have endured intolerable conditions and waited more agree with Reyner Banham that the “clip joints” are indeed “‘il met’. The problem here, of course, is that the architects who developed Clasp were attracted to the project because they considered themselves non creative...so Clasp became an assemblage of bits and pieces lacking any kind of consistency because no one in the design team was Capable of the creative gestures needed to transcend the immediate problem and produce an overall solution which was elegant in the technical sense’ Geoffrey Broadbent: Designin architecture (see p 419) RIBAJ August 1973 398 Grafton school playground in Islington: two views showing site boundary and surrounding industrial building than fifteen years for anew school. In this situation, the architect’s responsibility isdeep and fundamental. He knows that almost any solution which involves a new building will be initially acceptable to people in such circumstances. Itistherefore essential that great care and attention should be given to providing the best possible solution; it is the easiest thing in the world for middle class professionals to plonk down some bland concrete box in thebelief that the ignorant working class cannot appreciate anything better. Indeed, one of the more serious criticisms ofMACE isthat mostof the architects who are forced to use it have such alow opinionofthe system that they do not give sufficient care and attention to their work. Since the system can be blamed for any failures in design, the general attitude is to get it over and done with as quickly as possible, and hope to move on to something more satisfying. This isa bad stateofaffairs: total standardisation stifles creativity, diminishes autonomy and responsibility, and prevents architects from questioning every design assumption. 30 MARCH 1973 Hellman’s letter to ILEA leader Ashley Bramall *I was recently removed as architect in charge of rebuilding the Grafton primary school, Islington, because of my conyiction that the Mace system* was not appropriate for this site. I would like to briefly describe the justifications for my conclusions, which were not arrived at lightly, but were the result of long and careful deliberation and a great deal of work and effort. ‘The initial site is grossly under area, hemmed in by housing and industrial buildings on three sides, and long and irregular in shape. These constraints resulted in a plan form with a complex perimeter to skirt the meandering boundaries, to provide light, and to open out the spaces related to teaching areas. I found the Mace system too inflexible to cope satisfactorily with these conditions. ‘The alternative method of building proposed by me was estimated by the quantity surveyor to be at least 5 per cent cheaper. The scheme cannot be built in Mace without further reducing teaching areas. ‘L agreed to design the school knowing that itwasintheMace programme andonthe assumption that the quality of the result would depend on the architect. Having investigated Mace thoroughly, both in planning and completed buildings, Ino longer believe this to be the case. The technical and financial restrictions mean that, at best, the result will be mediocre and out of scale, and at worst, ugly and technically shoddy. ‘The children in the area live in tower blocks Ido not believe that architecture can be separated from design in this way: the means by which form and spaces evolve is architecture — by which I mean human scale, variety, and sensitivity in every detail. Ibelieved that the children, teachers, and parents of Grafton school deserved these things, as well as warm natural materials and a considered relationship between the building and its site. But the restrictions imposed by an inflexible, uneconomic, and poorly designed system like MACE are too great for individual architects to control the result more than marginally. Iwas shown a‘good example’ ofa MACE school in Surrey where the architect had quite rightly dispensed with the concrete panels. But he had replaced them with painted plywood! The school was opened only recently, and so the ply has not yet experienced the relentless onslaught of English weather and lusty children. What kind ofspace age technology isthat? Iwon't discuss the unpleasant details of how Iwas speedily removed from the job by management, who had either not seen the plans or site, or had glanced at the scheme for only a or near slums. Ibelieve that they deserve something better than mean concrete boxes for their school environment. That “‘better’” Iconsidertobenatural,warmmaterialsand textures (brick and timber), a variety of lighting and spaces, and a considered relationship of new buildings both to the old environment around them and to the site landscaping. The quantity surveyor confirmed that such a solution was possible within the budget. ‘The implications of my dismissal from the job (without a proper chance to put my case, I might add) are, I believe, serious as far as architects working for the ILEA are concerned. It seems that architects will no longer be allowed to exercise their professional judgement in evaluating what they professionally consider to be the solution in the best interests of the client. ‘I know that I am not alone in believing that ~ few minutes. They were not willing to discuss the reasons for my conclusions. Iwas offered no other job, and was given the choice of doing the scheme in MACE or leaving the schools division. Education officers, quantity surveyors, and engineers had privately voiced their dislike of MACE. Informed opinion in the architectural profession had demonstrated the economic and social failures of closed systems. For these reasons, it was essential that any dissent such as my own should be seen to be crushed quickly and easily, as a warning to others. As Jsaid in my open letter to Ashley Bramall, the leader of the ILEA, on leaving the GLC (see below), the implications of this ‘minor’ incident are serious and far reaching for architects working in the GLC. In effect, they are being asked to actina manner which they know is unprofessional. An architect’s professional responsibility (which transcends his immediate responsibility to his employer) is to evaluate every solution at his disposal, and to select that which he deems to be in the best interests of the client. I was prevented from exercising that judgement. Mace isadisastrous mistake, and that the ILEA has been very badly advised by officers to join the consortium, for at a recentmeetingofschoolsarchitectsinthe GLC, the overwhelming majority yoted to reject Mace in its present form. ‘The GLC has in the past won international acclaim for the high quality of its school design. This was achieved by giving free rein to the designers, and by showing confidence in their professional abilities. I beg you and your committee to reconsider the position regarding Mace before we commit ourselves further to this form of visual pollution.’ *Metropolitan Architectural Consortium for Education: a prefabricated building system for schools in south east England using mass produced, wall height, rough concrete panels, and tlat roofs. Outside wall and room heights are standardised. Ashley Bramall’s reply to Hellman ‘I haye read with interest your letter about Grafton primary school. I have already asked for a comprehensive review of the use by the ILEA of the Mace system of construction, and Iunderstand that the report will be presented to the appropriate subject committee immediately after the election. While the authority is a member of the consortium it is implicit that the system should be used whenever practicable. ‘So far as the issue of Grafton school is concerned, Iam told that our senior professional officers did not agree with your view that the use of Mace was impracticable, nor that in the hands of a competent architect the school need be *‘mediocre and out of scale”’ or ‘‘ugly and technically shoddy’’: furthermore that, even in the form of construction you fayour, the quantity suryeyor’s adyice was that your scheme could not be built within the cost limits. It is these cost limits which have led to the lowering of standards in school building. ‘May Isay that Ifind your claim that you had no proper chance to put your case difficult to understand in view of your long discussion with the schools architect [James Pace] about your attitude to the Mace system. ‘Within the architect’s department, as you say, architects are given considerable scope in exercising their professional judgement.* They must, however, be subject to those responsibilities which fall to professional officers in charge of a department in carrying out the authority’s building programme.’ *The text of his letter shows that Hellman did not say this — editor. RIBAJ August 1973 How architects ought to work System building carries such a built-in moral imperative that any opposition to this holy functionalist doctrine is taken to imply the desire to return to some mediaeval craft based building technology. But sensible opponents would be the last to advocate a return totheoldsystemof/aissezfairein design terms. Though I have stressed individual responsibility for design, this does not mean that architects, whether in public or private practice, should continue to work in a vacuum, alienated from the real life of buildings. Good architecture has never been produced in this way. Ibelieve that there should be more rather than less constraints on architects in the design stages: but the sourceoftheconstraintsisimportant. Those imposed by crude standardisation of the end product, departmental myopia, oligarchic management, or surrogate clients are irrelevant and can be swept away without a second thought. On the other hand, constraints in the form of monitoring and consultation, which stem from liaison with those most closely concerned with buildings (namely, users in the widest sense), are necessary and essential. Within the office organisation, there should equally be a strong design discipline — not necessarily involving standardisation ofthe architect’s end product, but rather the means by which he achieves that solution. Management, instead ofexisting mainly to perpetuate itsownmythology,shouldbeemployed to ensure that the lines of communication between the different parts in the design process function continually to their fullest extent. Such a reorganisation can be summarised under three headings: contact with users, design information, and departmental organisation. Contact with users Oneofthe reasons formediocrity in local authority architecture is that designers are not answerable to those most concerned with buildings: the real clients. The GLc chief architect, Sir Roger Walters, has praised the consultation which the Swinbrook area forced the GLC to undertake before it designed housing there. To the council, however, participation means allowing users to choose between, say, three colours of concrete cladding: that apart, ithardly affects the way the department works. The GLC cannot or will not comprehend that participatory design involves fairly radical changes in the thinking and methods of designers, to enable them to deal with real clients. Briefing:Atthemoment, briefingis conducted by administrators, with architects playing a subservient and passive role. The “brief” is often in the form ofa sacred schedule of rooms or fixed areas, and may not be deviated from. Only administrators have the power to alter areas, while architects are expected to make no contribution at all. In school design in particular, vital decisions are often made by people who have no architectural or educationalqualificationswhichare greatly detrimental to the functioning of schools and their relation to the community. The users ofthe buildings play no part in this process: the school head may perhaps attend the meeting where the final sketch plans are presented, but he or she will rarely be in a position to contribute much, or even to comment usefully. Briefing should surely be a much more fluid process, entailing face to face RIBAJ August 1973 Three Mace schools Left Assembly hall, Edith Neville primary school, Camden. See also p 371 Below Concrete wall panels, Godstone infants school, Surrey Below left Detail of concrete panel, St Nicholas esn school Purley, Surrey discussion between architects and user representatives, and administration should be confined to its proper function, which is to provide liaison and advice. This process would ideally develop from free interchange of ideas to the formulationof a loose brief and eventually abuilding solution. Itis to be hoped that committee members, who are the community’s political representatives, would also be involved in the meetings, instead of merely rubber stamping the final plans — as they do now. The ILEA education architect, Gordon Wigglesworth, has recently hinted that some parental involvement in the design of schools is imminent. ‘It is al part of the new grass roots democracy and is to be welcomed. Politicians today have become far too remote from the local issues which mean so much to their electors’ (note the careful shifting of blame on to politicians). But, if ‘parent participation’ isinterpreted by the GLC in the same way that ‘architect participation’ has been, itis unlikely to be of much value — except in improving the corporate image. Indeed, the old attitudes already show through the pious liberal affirmations, as when Wigglesworth emphasises the understanding of people’s ‘needs rather than wants’ — the standard professional euphemism for ‘we know what's best for you’. Empirical information: Architects spend far too much time in their offices toying with designs on paper. There is no substitute for direct experience of the day to day working of schools — for observing teachers and children in practice. Not enough encouragement is given to architects to visit schools, and when they do itisoften when the building is empty, so that the children will not ‘spoil’ the spaces. Even walking round when the kids are there is not really enough: it is difficult to understand what is happening in teaching situations (it might even stop when visitors come), and architects often concentrate only on the building fabric anyway. School designers should be able to ‘sit in’ and observe for long periods before tackling designs on paper. More can be learned from a week’s intelligent and > perceptive observation than ina year spent scrutinising design guides or DES bulletins, though these certainly provide useful back-up material. And experience of other activities related to the school —staff seminars, PTA meetings, playground games, even the local pub — Isequally essential. Local involvement: There is a need for greater liaison with boroughs and community organisations to determine local requirements. Though in theory the boroughs now have far more control over their own affairs, there is stil the feeling that the GLC is uncooperative, antagonistic, and bullying toward local councils. There should, however, be no conflict of ‘interests’ between authorities which each serve the same people in the area. The process of choosing sites very much affects these relations, and at the moment it is not carried out efficiently. Potential sites are scrutinised on ordnance survey maps in the office, and if(as invariably happens) they are found to be too small, adjoining houses are arbitrarily added to make up the minimum area required by the DES Participation and the architecture club... Early in 1972, the new chief architect to the GLC, Roger Walters, suggested that an architecture club might be organised on similar lines to the many groups and societies which already existed in the council. He further expressed the wish that such a club should be run by younger architects in the department and remain free from interference by the upper levels But the ad hoc committee formed to get the club going was composed of the usual establishment yes men, who proposed a programme of events which consisted mainly of inviting private big name architects to chat about their work A group in the schools division, resentful of yet another activity being taken over by the mentally middle aged, got together to determine what job architects might expect such an organisation to do. Two main aims — participation and user contact — emerged from their initial discussions and were circulated in a pamphlet. The following is an extract ‘We job architects believe that there is a need for a forum to discuss our role within the GLC, with the aim of finding how to improve the architecture produced by the department, and how to make our voice felt effectively ‘We feel that the architecture club, which has been officially sanctioned as our organisation, is an ideal framework within which to discuss these matters, and we should like to see the following points debated as a matter of priority: ‘The architects on the lower level have no say in the running of the department, and no possibility of participating in the internal decisions which fundamentally affect their working lives. We job architects are expected to carry out policies made without prior consultation and which frequently conflict with our professional ethic ‘The architecture club should represent the working architects of the GLC — who are the majority. Since we do the real work, we should participate in the decisions which affect our work as professionals, and also our working environment. There must be no question of veto or approval by the establishment “We have no contact-of any kind with the real clients of our buildings, whether they be tenants, teachers, children, or old people. We are forced to make do with the interpretations of user requirements made by middle men and administrators, such as housing managers or education officers: the false clients. We do not believe that these people, however good their intentions, can truly represent the real clients increased pressures from job architects in the schools division, who wanted to meet management to discuss this problem. A meeting was duly organised and management expressed support for the idea of ‘participation’. But it was clear that they interpreted the ‘The club should start to fil the gaps by pressing for the implementation of Skeffington, and by restructuring the architect/client organisation to allow direct contact and participation. Non architects should not merely be allowed to join, as has been suggested, but should be actively encouraged to word to mean some mild and participate. And the club should have its own magazine” At the subsequent election of a permanent committee to run the club, a majority of architects in sympathy with these aims were voted in. The result of a questionnaire circulated to everyone in the department showed that most people wanted just such a forum to discuss matters which were of immediate concern In one respect, of course, the GLC is a paper tiger. Everyone who joins soon develops the notion that Big Brother is watching every move and waiting to pounce at the slightest hint of dissent. But it is all in the mind, since ‘the GLC’ is only the people who work in it. On the other hand, those who organised the club’s activities — which included meetings on the Covent Garden scheme with the planning team and community spokesmen, architect and tenant seminars on housing chaired by Nicholas Taylor and David Eversley, and discussions on schoo! design with teachers — knew that they were seriously jeopardising their careers within the department The first demand in the club’s ‘manifesto’ — participation within the department — led to harmless form of consultation: they were prepared to give information about selected policy decisions, but not about those which, for whatever reason, were deemed ‘confidential’ The meeting was in no mood for this, however, and much to the annoyance of management, votes were taken on several important issues, including the use of Mace. The majority who votedtorejectMacein its present form were by no means composed solely of the ‘radicals’ or the ‘articulate’, but on the contrary were those who would normally have been thought too timid or apathetic to make their feelings known The value of voting at such a general meeting was brought home to me by the majority's rejection of Mace. |understood why bodies like trade unions, which use such apparently cumbersome procedures, are ridiculed and attacked by the press:management cannot abide decisions which are not the result of secret negotiations by appointed individuals To the further irritation of management, this important meeting was reported in the professional press. For a whole day, the first floor of County RIBAJ August 1973 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Maurice McCarthy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Allan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 01 May 1974 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/eea59478269bd7d6f74519460afc1bae.pdf 9b5e162409b49f2066e0ad4722296688 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Trade Unions and Architecture Description An account of the resource Themes included action on asbestos and Health &amp; Safety, and involvement with Direct Labour Organisations and Building Unions. Following comparative research of possible options, NAM encouraged unionisation of building design staffs within the private sector, negotiating the establishment of a dedicated section within TASS. Though recruitment was modest the campaign identified many of the issues around terms of employment and industrial relations that underpin the processes of architectural production. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Architects' Journal Subject The topic of the resource TASS chosen as architects' union by NAM Description An account of the resource TASS chosen as architects’ union by NAM conference Why TASS? The main advantages of TASS were stated as being its | efficiency in recruiting and in providing technical back-up when needed: It is reputed to have the best research depart- ment of any union of its size. TASS, formerly DATA (Draughtsmen and Allied Techni- cians Association), has over 140 000 members which makes it the second largest white collar union in the private sector. Although part of the 1400 000 strong AUEW, TASS remains largely independent with its own finances, staff, headquarters and a large degree of autonomy over its own industrial and political policy. Architectural workers will be able to have their own branches within the union which will allow them a large amount of autonomy to develop in their own way. At All people employed in private sector offices in the building professions where no union is already recognised are urged to the same time they will retain the advantages of being in a join TASS: the Technical, Administrative and Supervisory large powerful union which will be capable of providing Section of the Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers (AUEW). This is the recommendation of a special one-day conference on trade unionism in architecture and the allied building professions, sponsored by the New Architecture TASS considers it is already connected with the building in- Movement in London last Saturday. An organising committee has been instructed by the conference to make a recruiting drive. The decision comes after six months of debate and research into which union would be most suitable for architects and other allied workers. A committee set up by the New Archi- tectureMovement’sCongressinBlackpoollastNovemberhas sectionofUCATT tobetheobviouschoice;beingtheunion had negotiations with officials from ASTMS (Association of most firmly connected with the building industry. But speakers Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staffs), STAMP (Sup- pointed out that STAMP has extremely poor back-up facilities, ervisory, Technical, Administrative, Managerial and Profes- would be unable to provide much support for recruitment, sional section of UCATT), TGWU (Transport and General and that architectural workers could not have their own auto- nomous branches. Conference chooses TASS for private sector GO-AHEAD FOR DESIGN UNION muscle in the eventuality of industrial disputes. TASS also organises actively on the part of women who com- prise over 11 per cent of the membership. dustry through its link with the AUEW’s Construction Engin- eering Section and because of the several hundreds of em- ployees in building professions who are already TASS mem- bers; mostly architectural and engineering staff in industry. The decision of the conference to select TASS will come as a surprise to many people who would have expected the STAMP AMID growing calls for unionisation from private sector employees, TASS, the 160 000- member Technical, Administrative and Super- union should recruit among all among architectural staffs, and visory Section of the AUEW,, is to set up a “union the building professions. the widening gap between Most of the 70 participants private sector salaries and within the union”’ for building design staffs. at the conference were archi- conditions and those in the This action follows last Saturday's decision of a special tectural employees, but eng- public sector. Despite the NAM-sponsored conference of architectural employees ineering, quantity surveying — profession's declining work load, several architects present called to launch a trade union organising drive. and town planning were also complained of understaffing, A ten-person committee set engineering design and _ its represented. Salaried architects excessive overtime and the resultant decline in the quality of service provided for clients and users. up by the conference met on progress in organising pro- Monday evening with Harry fessional engineering consult- Smith, TASS National Organ- ancies. Meeting behind closed iser, to begin planning the doors in London, the confer- campaign. A London branch of ence chose TASS from options TASS for building design staffs which included ASTMS, EMA, will be launched at an open STAMP, TGWU, and forming meeting on May 31 at the New a new union. were in a clear majority, although several technicians and secretaries also partic- ipated. Less than half of those who attended were NAM members, and one of the organisers described the turn- out as the “tip of the iceberg.” Nearly all participants came in individual capacities, but the members employed in the ference rejected a NAM 145-member Staff Association Ambassadors Hotel. An Advis- ory Committee of rank-and-file In choosing TASS, the con- building professions will be set committee’s recommendation of Robert Matthew, Johnson- up to co-ordinate the organis- to set up an autonomous Marshall and Partners Edin- ing drive nationally. section within the TGWU but burgh office sent a delegate The conference considered endorsed the committee's view who reported that since its proposals to join building that organising should include inception last year, the unions but chose TASS largely al employees — professional, RMJMSA has been looking at on its record of organising technical and clerical — within the question of unionisation among white-collar staffs in the same union and that the with increasing interest. BD Reporter Discussion of priorities for union action centred on redun- dancies, declining real income Workers Union) and TASS. Detailed briefings were prepared by the committee on the advantages of each, and last Satur- day’s meeting was called specifically to decide on one union. Seventy people attended of whom 25 were NAM members. The majority were salaried architects in private practice. Despite a recommendation from the committee in favour of TGWU, a secret ballot clearly showed TASS to be the choice of the conference. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource ? Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Allan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Undated https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/9cf65a33fb8c57e28519d8b1b2436a7a.pdf d2b3902d111a32e048d9561783441755 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/522dca0d3e2ff802ede065797e480825.pdf 31d4de7f01aa6c241a5d74eb212260e3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Trade Unions and Architecture Description An account of the resource Themes included action on asbestos and Health &amp; Safety, and involvement with Direct Labour Organisations and Building Unions. Following comparative research of possible options, NAM encouraged unionisation of building design staffs within the private sector, negotiating the establishment of a dedicated section within TASS. Though recruitment was modest the campaign identified many of the issues around terms of employment and industrial relations that underpin the processes of architectural production. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Architectural Workers & Trade Unionism Subject The topic of the resource Draft Report on organisation of architectural and allied workers (32pp.) Description An account of the resource eS In an gee eagle to learn from the mistakes of more conventional practices, a few "enlightened" architects have tried to create small, fairly "respon- sive practices, more or less "democratically" run as cooperatives or mod- ified partnerships. As "one-off" cases they have been obliged to compete in isoletion for patronage, manpower, financing, etc.-in a completely -capitalist system whose business and professional structure has been designed for their more bureaucratic, hierarchical and profit-oriebted ‘copetitorsYe.tbecauseoftheirinternaladvantagesaswealsltheun- usual amount of talent, effort and committment which those involved have -brought to them, some of these practices have achieved limited success and have even been seized upon by the profession and media as signs of progress. Signs of hope they are, but it would be foolish to believe that in the present context such a course is realistically open to any more than a token number of practices. Others ina related vein sought to rectify the obvious lack of direct accountability to the community which has characterised both private 'and public practice and set up would-be “community architecture offices" in the wake of the "advocacy plarning" movement. These have been involved, with varying degrees of success, in fighting the planning and architec- ture establishment in the name of threatened local, generally: working- class, communities and providing them with architectural services to which they would not otherwise have access. It appears that while token, “scattered local successes may be tolerated, if not encouraged, in order to give the profession a slightly more progressive and dynamic public image and to keep busy and content some of the more committed young architectural workers while at the same time isolating them from the ‘"mainstream" of architectural workers in the offices "downtown," there is also reason to believe that this direction is hardly accessible as a "general solution" on any scale without major structural changes in the pbtofecsion. In the meantime, lacking a consolidated power base and with tenuous sources of funding and support, such offices may even run the tisk of competition from the professional establishment itself, seeking to move in on the new "market" they have opened up, #ESOUp some respect- ability” and ensure that."things don't go too far." “One. step. parther is. zane. by advocates of ‘Ngelf- build". ‘abe: LeeGhpt to | "drop-out". of the building industry and all its frustrations, :though (they. sometimes do reserve a continuing role for the architect. 6. Others have chosen to try to minimise their confections with the mar- ket system itself by setting up rural "communes." This again, though presenting a challenging model, is not an option open to large numbers of people in the present context. Some thoughtful architects, seeing no socially or creatively positive . Tole possible within practice as it now is, have retreated into archi- tectural education and theory. While there is no doubt that important contributions can be made in this field, even at times in isolation ‘from practice,©there can also be little doubt that there is a tendency among some of these people to erect a protective shelter of mystification around their somewhat vulnerable and isolated professional josition. 8. Seeing the need for basic changes in the professional structure itself, groups like the "New Architecture Movement" have begun to call for its reorganisation into a national design service of small, locally-based, democratically-run non-profit practices directly accountableto the community. But without developing the industrial and political power to begin to move in this direction. let alone to fully realise the. propo- .Sals,,how will they even’ be able to realistich&ly develop the concepts themselves? 9. In the late Sixties, some salaried architects began the latest attempt to gain influence within the employers! prganisation. The Salaried Arch- 2.5 erat -itects Group in the :RIBA was formed and the RIBA's electoral system mod- . ified in the hope of giving the salaried majority of RIBA members some control of the organisation. The group has subsequently spent four years “of Gonsiderable effort” achieving token recognition of the: salaried arch-. ~.itect.in.a by now. contradictory "Code of. Conduct" whose "enforcement" is still entrusted to the emplgyers. Meanwhile, involvment at Portland ' P¥ace has tended to isolate these articulate and committed architectural ‘.workers; from.their "constituency" while their token presence has perhaps , eheouraged the illusion that the RIBA might someday be made accountable to its salaried majority. How seriously would the RIBA's "democratic *- framework" be taken if it were placed in the architectural office itself rather than at Portland Place, given the absence of strong''shop floor" organisation of architectural] workers. We doubt whether the charade could continue.. By. removing the scene of confrontation from the work- place, where the conflicts are, to a so-called "professional institute," the illusion of democracy is sustained. Tactically, °by trying to deal “<with the employers. within: the RIBA framework, tather than at the place of work, the S.A.G, allowed themselves. to be separated from many of their fellow architectural workers who are not even eligible for RIBA membership, while allying themselves instead with some ‘salaried architac- _tural. management. it BS If,this,isbeginningtoreadlikea"ninleiv,esof.architectural:reformism," it's no coincidence. All the above-mentioned "tendencies". try. to. solve the problems facing architecture by a solution within the scope of action by the isolated individual. They’ demonstrate ‘an increasingly” frenzied attempt toavoidtheinevitableth:eneedforcollectiveactonitohenpartofarch- itectiral workers-‘to begin to transform the productive. relations within ar- chikentabsAbesne. It‘is our a that only when ee eemealies gin to ‘Wake!.e boeitive’ and significant contribution to architectural and social progress. The extent to which this. happens will. depend not only on whether architec- tural workers organise, but how they do..so. We thimk we. have shown that any sort of unionisation will be better than none. The real question..now is ‘what kind of trade union organisation is appropriate for architectural workers toda? Although we shall deal with this in more detail in Part Four, it-is°useful ‘to-outline a-general isc here. pc aaman Sees lle believe that the problem is to choose an approach to trade. unionism (from among the many) which will not only Facilitate arganisation. but will at the same time have the best chance of maximising, the eventual. benefits of organisation to architectural workers,» the . industry and the popmuni ty. _The. direction we would recommend wawk has: already been implied in.our anal- ysis of the situation in architecture could accomplish. It might be termed trade unionism. today and .our sketch of what a union the "yorkers' control" conception of 2.6 ‘The workers! control: ‘cofiception new a, long. history hich received laddad momentum from the ferment. ‘of 1968 ‘and 1969. ‘Unlike, some of ‘the more flam- " boyant manifestations of that period which have, withered “away* or been. bru- tally’ suppressed, it. has continued to develop. and. make. 4, stronger impact on 'the British trade union: movement, as.witnessed in the growing recagnition of they kay ‘rele? ‘oF “shop: stewards" in the union structure, in ‘the indus- trial occupations. and: setting “up! of self-managed cooperatives, in the Bx pected legislation for a beginning ‘of some formalised "industrial ‘domoc- racy" and in the far-sighted and aggressive. attitude toward, the scope of union activity typified by” the “Green Bans" pioneered by the Australian 4 Building Labourers! Union, -and. ‘the proposals for conversion to socially-use- ‘ful production which’ have been made by -the Lucas Aerospace shop stewards “combine committee. Even in the USA, where the traditionn of a stong but . Marrow. and essentially "defensive" ‘thread-and- butter" trade unionism is particularly well- entrenched, large unions like the oil, _Chemical and _Atomic Workers have recently pioneered the giant United ‘Auto Workers (which health -and safety agreements ‘and covers. much. heavy machinery and the aircraft industry as well) have begun to devote considerable attention to ‘environmental ‘questions. _Creasingly- unfruitful. 2.7 ‘This conception stresses the need for workere to ‘gain ‘full, “democratic: “‘eontral over all ‘aspects ‘of their: working lives, not. just wages, hours, job security and pensions. It does this not merely out of a fundamental “faith in, Memocracy , and egelitard amism, and their ability to mobilise’ , people's8 productive and creative capacities, nor merely: out of a recog- nition that low wages and insecurity are hot the only harmful and oppressive aspects. of capitalist control which need to be met head-on. It believes ‘that unless wprkers take the initiative and’ militantly fight and destroy that system of capitalist control where they work, replacing "management prerogative" with democratic self-management, the fight for even decent wages “and. job — will remain a Rear Guard, defen tie action, in- The workers! control approach sees strong, militant and. democratic "shop floor" trade union, organisation as not merely an essential means, ain: the struggle for. workers’ control ‘but’ the embryo as well for. the. end which is being sought. while at emphasizes the primacy of the ‘work. place as the scene of the ont eed wae between two mutually-antagonistic conceptions of social organisation, it stresses as well the complementary need. for militant political mobilisation on a broader plane to replace the market system and the institutions which perpetuate it. We believe that this type of trade unionism is the most likely to be rele- vant to the concerns of architectural workers about the nature of the prod- uct they produce and the use to which it is put, about the way the work of architecture is organised, and about the s&tisfaction they receive from doing their job. Its explicit call for self-management is pabtticularly relevant in architectural practice, where many of the"obstacles" to it which exist in industry are more easily overcome. Moreover, because of its broader appeal and its emphasis on strong "shop floor" organisation, it may also be most likely to achieve significant and lasting progress on “bread-and-butter" questions as well. We believe that architectural workers need a positive trade unionism whose aim is to combat both the material privations of the market system and the lack of accountability and requires a unionism based in the daily accountable to their wishes. Trade the "shop floor" will enable members they know best. In this way, to the oppressive and de-humanising humanity which it engenders. This experience of its members and union organisation firmly based on to formulate policies in the context too, the everyday opposition foroes of the market remains of workers undiluted 2.8 by remote hierarchies acting on their behalf. Whatever the advantages that the trade union organisation, per se, of architectural workers may have for themselves, the industry and the com- munity, and the significant additional advantages of a workers! control approach to organisation, the reality we are faced with is that architec- tural workers are, in general, not now either organised or in the process of organising. The next question, then, is whether architectural workers are really capable of organising. Part Three Sew MCHITECTURAL WoRXFeEe ORGANISE? Ie thers raaily any tsason ta believe that architectural workers actually 2 ert, ork orgenisad, metwithstanding the need to do se? The idea of a trade union fer architectural workers is not, in fact, entirely a new one. We _belinuwe it is inatrictive briefly to examine the history of organising in archita ture and te consider ita implications. “Tha Mare ritectst and Survayora’ salstante Professional UniowTM® (Acar) wes “gunded in 1919 amidet the Latense industrial unvest and unior activity- gee S2te-vim734“1918warstn1924,alrdady60%of;theprofedsicn- mal selarisd. ‘The “don grew in strength to 2ouc by the mid<Twentias,’ ‘at: Soe ope cae _ vers, only about 12s 069 "architegts. tn. 49249 the onane- WAS On anec oO PATESI ee at “schitects ,Surveyors: and Technical Ageis~ ho oe Oy tartel Cans °“By the mide Thirties, in tho, de-tha of: the Depression,» bhuugh 70% oF the profess.Lon wae by then. galoried,unemploymentw’as 30% and bog mambarehig wae ‘again pane, After. ths Sacand Workd War, the name waa changad again to the “ANesociation of Budlding Technicians.” Menhonehtn wot 3500, ,where At bee rereined, though tdday faw meibers are architecte aa 7Svebeene Candey Several huildine “a craft unigns ue wait the “inion of Construet Loy iLiad Traden and Tech- nicolenat (ucattek in the late.Sixties and this yeer was abacrbed into the — Larger, Neawly-forne 7d."Supervisory» Tachnical,- Administ rative, Managerial =F my gn tS foramp) section of UYCATTY “incorporating sll ‘saleried, Casb gorkere mtovss. ote irothe: vaphousrocsht sectionsof “UCATT. oa e ee. “ sepeicy 3 a' eleing ite heyday in the Twenties and Thirties, the union. consisted mainly” ofcrchitecteanddraughtsmanandeee itaenergyontryinetoget a m imum salary ecale. for the profession, to ge representation for ‘ealer- ied rehitects cn the RIBA Council and to limit she number of wartenne _ tariny arohitecture dy eettbing more stringent’ anc time-consuming duct ional etand ade. Its main. efforta.on these issiee were nede if “negotiations with” ‘ TRA. rather than. dingetto otth: theoamitayer: os thal’‘architectural ghhice, where it was never able. to reach a position 6f be ahg reciynibed: ‘aa the rep- resente:sive of its mambers in collective bargain~3:.-Itcollaborated with the RIBA in supporting the passage of the Architects Registration Actes, ~arently in "return for expected AIGA aqreamert to a minimum salary scale. atranges, . "veh, the RISA never did agres to ona. AASTA then adopted a some- what more militane ... and membership took an upturn. It didn't affiliate to the TUC, however, until Vues why, despite ite pioneering efforts and seme aignificant achievements, did tha ABT “fade acto obscurity" as a trade union for architectural workere? ee teresene is duo . “Am. t more detailed history of ASAPU-AASTA-ABT-STAMP. ite g We have identified four related factors which we believe are ralevant: 4. First of all, the union never achievad any real bargaining strength whera it counts, on tha “shop floar." Thi 8 may have been the rasult of several factora As historical context, lass of the profession was sal- atied in those days and small offices were mors nmumearcus, making effeotive organising more difficult. The legish ative and judicial situation then also made union recognition more diffi cult than it is now. Much of the union leadership at one time apparer aubsocribed to the then current ‘soolaliam in one country" line emanat ing from Moscow and was perhans not oriented towarde industrial mibit oy in 8ritain. Inste ad, several th rage to managerial pasitions in leeal authority Cand even private) prac- tice and te prominence in tne BISA, whether in pursuit of the party Line or oP persomal inclination it is diffi cult to judge. In addition, ea a Yeraft" union, it had too little inter est in organising all employees, including clerital ataff, in the offic 6. Selidarity at the place of work too oftan tooktke a Rack saat to dis cussions 3 - Yoraft"! issuas at Portland Place. In short, oc was never able te YVdaliver tha goods.' The attitude of trying to gat invited to dine with the amployers (in- stead of organising their kitchen atafFf} had anothar serious effect Fhe union was badly, if not mortally, compromised by its callaberation with tha RIBA. If fought for saate on the RiBA Council, halpead set up Ped the RIBA Board e5 Education, supported the Architects Registration Acts and devoted much of ites anergy in the Thar ies to joint appeals, with the RIGA and building contractors, to the gavarnmnent to get help for the industry. Same of its Leadersshin aven took an activa role in RIBA affairs. Yat it had never been in a position te deal with the employars® organisa~ tion from a nositian of strength. Lacking a strong organisational base FY the office, tne union structure came to revalve sround the or nehes andoumational axecutive rather than around "shop stawarde" directly repres anting tha organised worker. This may be O.K. for a "friendly society," but we believe it deas not make for a strong union, mey facilitate daminat lon by a bureaucratic minority, and resuits in the leadership gatting out af teuch with the rank amd file. 4, Finally, the credibility af the union aa the representative of the archi- tectural worker may hava been called inio question by the prominence in the union of salaried architectural maNagement, Gna can speculate as well on their effect upon union policy ane strategy, especially as some ware active at the sama time in the employa rs* institutions. More about this later, th thsABThasbeentheonlyattemptaLnAritainataaperificallyarchi- While tacturai trade union, architectural worke rs in the pigod} co aector, who now i 342 ~ fh comprise at least 40% of the profession, have in addition had the option af joining. the relevant public seatar inden. By now, throughout the pub- lie sector, trade unisns are pracognised as the amployees? representatives far collective bargaining. While there are extreme variations from office to office, we believe that between 50 and 75% of the architectural workers in the public sector are union membegs, though we have been unable ta sub- atantiate this. In any case, with the sontinued apread of the clasad shap this number will inavitably grow. At the moment, though, architectural mem berehip in the public sector is probebly lowar than among other public sec- tor workers. None af the unions concerned actually knaw how many architec- turel workers wete members or what per cant of their “architectural can- atituenoy" they had organised, Small wonder then that apparently few architectural workera take an active interest in their public sector union. Architectural workers have rarely Found thease unions relevant tn their day-to-day prafesslanal concerns, proh- ably because they are tiny minorities in unions otherwise having nothing to de with building and because the career structure in architecture may run notooniy through more than one union*s territory in the public sector but obviously through the unerqanised private sactor as well. Benause of i that it ig fairly unlikely that an architectural worker will basome active in and make a committment to such a union The public sector unions themselves have generally dene Little to encourage gank and file amtivity or grase roots internal damocracy, appearing some- times to be burasucracies aping the bureaucracy. They have tended to lack both industrial arid political militancy, too easily falling in etap behind their amployers® relatively benevclant paternalism. Hardly a good advertise- meant for trade unionism! Mopecver, because of the total lack of organisation’ in the private seoter, the employers there, thraugh their institutions, have been able unilaterally to dictata the shape of the profession, public seo- tor included. Thers is thua reason to balieve that organiaation in the pri- vate senator may be a prerequisite ta injecting some life blood into trada unionism among public sector archilestural workers. Public seactar unionism amang architectural workers may also suffer from another problem, one which we believe also contributed te the decline of the ABT. In tha public seotor, management is salaried. The public sactor unions, like the ABT, have slways allowed membership mot only to the archi- 4i. NALGO (National Association of Local Government Officers) in local authorities, regional haspital|boards, water authorities, ete. GLC Staff Aésociation in tne GLO/ILER. IPCS (Inetitute of Professional. ae Servants in the ONE, PSA and other organs of central government. Jad ‘SSA (Transport Salaried Staffs Association) in British Rail and ne Transport. faw yeara confirms this. 3.4 roles of the various dasign professions. cectural workar but also to the man who is the "boss" for the practical Purpeses of everyday working life. These architectural managers have at timas been able to influence ar sven dominate unicen activity (or inactivity) in their departments, Usually thay share the outlasck and concerns of arch- tectutal employers in private practice and aften take an active tole in the employers’ institutione. Given the career structure in architecture, it is not unknown to fallow a term as chief architect in public practice by a partnership in the private sector, nourished by connections (te aay the least) cultivated "in the public service." It is ebvious how such e situa- tion can not only hamper tha effective functioning of the union, but by calling inta question the union's credibility as the bona fide defender of the interests of the architectural worker it can prevent effective organ- ing itself. we believe that if the brief history of architectural union- isation teaches one lesson it is that the short cut to failure lies along the path of collaboration with management and its institutions. That is not the only difficulty to be encountered in organising architec- tural workers. One of the classic arquments againet the feasibil ity of organisation is that the incentives to join a trade union are lacking: architects are wallepsid; their employers are libaral; their work is neither back-hreaking, impersonal nor Wazardous and provides a high level of job satisfaction; and as "professionals" they anjoy a high level of control aver the organisation of their work. Without beginning a discussion af whether thie was aver an accurate picture, and for whom, we think we have altsady made clear that it is by now obvious that this no longer ape plies to the overwhelming majority of architectural workers, whose worries in the present crisis only thinly conceal a dseper uncertainty about the future of the building industry and the economy, not to mantion the future The other classic argument is based upon another aspect of the "professiona myth." The salaried architect, it goes, will eventually become a partner and not only sees his security in a partnership rather than fhrough the solidar~ ity of trade union action but already shares the employar's mantality. He has no long-term interest in building the union; quite ta the contrary, he already takes an active interest in the employers? inatitutions. Myths do die hard, but with 80% of even registered architects already salaried and the figure steadily maunting, the ‘oroletarianisation" of the profession is beginning te be understood. Reality can only so long be denied. The rapid growth of white collar and professional trade unionism in the past Others argue convincingly that trades uriionism can only be built upon solidarity and that architects will naver overcome the individualism and competitiveness which stems from their middle-class backgrounds and education, (And because of the employerst control of tha Architects Reg- istration Council and thus architectural education, the title, "architect," is by now virtually reetricbed to people with that background and educa- tion.) Fortunately, the education system is Less than 100% efficient and aven a middle-class background cen be overcome (with effort). A corollary to this argumant ie that the architect is anxious to maintain a social status which places him "above" trade unionism. If wefre to believe the results of recent sociological surveye, ther's apparantly not too mush | left of the architect's vaunted “status.” The currant form of this argument is perhaps that trade unionism isn*t trendy" enough for the architect, Un- fortunately, ons can’t pay the rent with “etatus," and “trandiness" is no substitute for a full stomach, fulfilling work, and self-respect. Thies is baginning to dawn on those who have’ hitharte been too easily satisfied for their own good. Likewise, we nave shown how architectural reformism is run- ning out of rope. We believe this is also becoming increasingly apparent, despite the frenzied efforts of the media to market the latest panaceae. Tha most sarious arguments against the feasibility of organising among architectural workers ara of another sert, however. They all hinge upon the extreme fragmentation of the profession, This Pregmentatian takes threa forms: 1. Tha employers? classic form of fragmentation divides architectural workers into several categarias, each of which is supposed to hava its own epe- cial interests which override common ones, This is done first of all by statutory divisian (aimed at reinforcing existing differences in class background) of architectural workers into those who are “architects” (and may on Occasion be invited to dine with the lord of the manor) and those who ara “architectural tachnicians," otherwise known as draughtemen. This type of division is carried further by the creation among salaried archi- tects in private practice of "associate" atatus (a sort of standing invi- tation to dinner with the potential of an eventual partnership). The tech- nician, of course, is one step above the clerical staff. This fragmentation has 4@ second form, which workers "horizontally" (though with a poorly concealed vertical component) into dietinct "crafts." (The distinctions &@ scramble for work.) Thus we have the intricate and cultivated division of building design into tasks for architacts or surveyors, town planners or urban designers, structural and services is"division of architectural tend to blurr easily when there's engineers, quantity surveyors, building control officers, etc. The division we are told is the result of maximising efficiency. No commant. tactural ‘minority? of their members. We believe that, given the situation in arehitecture today, exscerbated by the current employment crisis, a carefully designed organising campaign would gsueceed im convincing the 50,000 wnorganised workers in the building profesaiona that their common interests call for cammon organisation and that their fragmentation works only in their employers? interests. It has become apparent ta us, howsver, after meetings with high-level officers in aegeral "prospective" unions, that no trade union is at this point seriously interested in leunching in the building professians tha kind of organising drive that would have a realistic chanos of suecess, congidering the diffi- cubties wa have just outlined. We must nave no illusions abaut this. te should consider the possibility, however, that should an effactive argani- ging campaign gat started, hitherto luke-warm unions may show a sudden en- thusiasm for organising, encouraged by an equally sudden interest by amploy- ere in 4good induetrial relations." we have come to the conclusion that the organisation of architectural wore kers is feasible. In fact, we believe that despite all the abstacles, some form of trade union organisation is inevitable. To achieve really effective an inevitable historical process of spacislieation for the purpose of . The employment pattern in architecture, particularly in the private sec~ tor, is’ characterised by a great makes difficult not only organising what organisation hae been achieved, especially when combined with high staff turnover, another characteriatic of the profession, particularly whan times are good and in London, where probably half of the architectu- pal workers in Sritain are employed. 3. The "typical" career atructure in British architecture, when combined with the present form of the British trade union mayvement, adds a further obstacle to organisation. it's number of small offices. This always in the first place but maintaining not at all unusual for an architectural worker to move from local autharity to private practice, to teaching or _ research, to central qovernmant tractor's office or private industry, working lifetime, Ha may mot only pags through the territories of threa or four different trade unions ganised ta unorganised territory. an incentive to the architectural her trade union and make the kind ganisation depands. The corollary understandably discouraged by this ganising architectural workers or- quite or- archi-~ or a nationalised industry, inte and perhaps back again, all in one but may also pass back and forth Thie atate of affairs hardly provides worker to take an active part in his or of long-term committment upon which is that the trade unions are also fragmentation from either actively or paying mush attantion te a small a con- from or- fa UNTONISATION WORKING GROUP The New Architecture Movement, Central London Group November 4976 ARCHITECTURAL WORKERS AND TRADE UNIONISM Draft report on the organisation of architectural and allied workers PREFACE This draft rapart on the organisation of architeetural and allied workere has been prepared by the Unionisation Working Group of Central London "NAM for the New Architecture Movement conferante being held in Hlackpool, Ne~ vember 26-28, 1976, It is based on six monthe of discussion among ourselves, with officials of some of the relavant trade unions and with interested in- dividuals both ineide and outside of PYNAM," ae well as upon reading of + of the relevant Literature. Ita purpose is to bring inte Pocus and atimu- late discussion upon a subject which the Unionisation working Group believe requires urgent action by the New Architecture Movement and all workers in~ volved in the dasign of the built environment. CONTENTS pres Part One: INTROGUCTION: why is trede esa on the architectural agenda now? ... 6. ees Part Twot SHOULO ARCHITECTURAL WORKERS ORGANISE? 2eleos Part Three: CAN ARCHITECTURAL WORKERS ORGANISE? Setoe: Part Fours HOW SHOULD ARCHITECTURAL WORKERS ORGANISE? 6.de (includes "recommandat ions") Part Five: WHAT ARE THE FIRST STEPS? Be Short Bibligraphy - ADDENDA 6.1 oe BRIEF BIBLIOGRAPHY fn trade unionism: Gn the situation in architecture: 3.7 organisation, and to achieve it when it is really needed, however, those obstacles must be overcome. Wa belisve that this can be done by a care~ Fully considered stratégy and committment, hard wark and a willingness to take personal risks. Gniy architectural workers themselves can provide this, I? they do, we balieve that the trade union movement will contribute the essential support that only it is in a positien to provide. But the process will alec taka time. "Seize tha day! Seize tha hour!" Kan Costes and Tony Topham, The New Unionism: The Case for Workers! Control, Penguin Books paperback, 1974, FSSERTIAL READING. Tany Topham, The Droanised Worker, Arrow Booke paperback, 1975, Kan Coates and Tony Topham, Industrial Semocracy in Great Britain, Panther Books paperback, T9706. A Short History af the Architectural Profassion, by Adam Purser, 1976. Available from The New Architecture Movement, 143 Whitfield St., London Wt. Malcolm Mac fwen, The Crisis in Architecture, RIBA Publications Ltd., 1974. Edited extracts publiehed in RIBA Journal, April 1974. (See slec his long article, ‘what Can fe Dene about Competence?" in The Architects Journal, 19 November 1975, po 7083-1084,} Lauie Hellman, "Demacracy in Architerture," RIBA Journal, August 1973, pp 395-403, and "Professional Yeapresentation," Architectural Seaian, Merch 1976, op 156~4159, Paget Four HOW SHOULD ARCHITECTURAL WORKERS ORGANISE? From aur disevesioan of why architesturel workere cugnt to organise, it would appear thet the maximum hanafite of organisation will be reaned were all ware Kare involved in the deeign of the built environment to come tagathar in are coherent union within a larger union covering the entire building industry, which, indeed, cught to form mart ef a eatill larger union of all working pea- pla. Energy which would otherwise go inte censtant defensive eetion aosinst the unified institutions of the employere (including finance, madis, and the atate), net to mention the diversions of defending onate "patch" againat en~ eroscmmant by workere in another "eraft," industry or sector, could be dirac- tad to making real progress in the office, orefeesian, and cammunity. 1? there were ane union for ail architecture] workers it would have the human rasources and committimant not only to sneak for tham articulataly, coherantiy: and forcefully, but also to carry through to completion the task of organi-+ sing. Only such ea union would heve the meana and will’ te undertake the research and diecuseion, develon molicy and take action on vital iesues facing erchi- acture and the built anvirenment, in the office, orafessional structure, buiiding industry, and community. It ia neh only acchitectural woerkars but #iso the bullding industry and the camaunity that need such a union. Until architectural workers are cohearantly orgqaniasd, the big employers, though ea tiny fraction of the orofassion, will sontinus to claim, through theie inati- tutlene, that they ensak for the orofeseion...an we ehali all, workers end community, continue ta pay the price far thet voles, howaver garbled Lb may Sea. It is further ieportant that all workers involved in building design, not juet architectural workers strictly apaskine, Sut salen quantity surveyore, struc- turesl and services engineers, bullding surveyors, landscene architecte, etc., be organised inte ene unian and thet uniscn encemnasa both public and orivate sectors. As contributors te the same oroduch, mutual esunport in industrial disputes is essential. And sines one groun is eftean cepable of doing the fame work ag another fa.9., architects and surveyors, local authority archi-~ tecte or consultants, etc.}, common organisation is assential to prevent not anily explieit or de-facte "scabbing” on ane another but alse deetructive com- patition Por work at the other's expanse and Jealous guarding af possibly gubdated dalineations of sxclusive professionel spheres which prevent tha industry from develoning for the sammon good as datermineabdy ite workers as a whole and by the communities who use ite preducte. And it ig necessary that such a union in the building professions be nart af a union of all building industry workers, and indeed of all workers in 1. sae footnote 1, page 3.3 4.2 all industries, for similar reasone applied to the wider scale, to combat the power and flexibility which capitsl hes at ite command through its Such arguments ae thees have been out forward many times before in the hie-~ tory of the trade union movement and have hed and sontinue to have an impor-~ tant influence upon ite development. iis must face the Fact, howaver, that the historical development of trade unionism in @ritsin has not resulted in the formation of one bia union. Indead, in the building intuetry alone, af- ter numerous amalgamations, the most recent in the late 1960's, there are at least three unions of major significance: UCATT, TGWU (Transport and General Workers Unian} and the electricians and plumbere union. fe for are chitectural workers, because of the split inte privata and public sector am- ployment and the existence of s variety of unions in the nuhlic sacter mir- roaring ite manhagemant atructure, | and considering all the unions already with "a finger in the pieTM (that is, with architectural members, in the conatruction industry or engagad, Like APEX or ASTMS, in organising orofes- sionale from various industries), there are a good dozen unions which ari campanias, conglomerates, finence, state and media. architectural worker might find himeel? joining. If this diffuse situation ie allowed te continue, end uflase srechitectural workers take the initiative, it will, the result will be tnat the inevitable erganisation of architectural workere and workere in the allied profeseions will proceed slowly, sporadically and nesitantiv: will be unnecessarily oro- tracted; will remain incomplete, and will never be able to contribute to the workers, profession, industry and community what an effective, coherent union sould. Wheat then are the prospects of achieving one union for all architectural workers? We are immediately faced with certain orcblema. The unions who have at present the largest memberships of architectural workers are public sector unions like NALGO and the GLO Staff Association who have no interest in arganising workers outsida thair narrow and precisely-defined “constitu- encies." And while the CEI may be only too hanpy to recommend that prafag~ Sional engineers employed in the public sactar Join theese untens, wa avenect that they are among the least likely of the dozen or se *“srospactive" unions to satisfy our criteria for a suitable union far architectural workers, To propose that some other union could organise not anly all the unorganised architectural workers but also those now aither members of or tanresented by a "rival" union 4s alas unrealistic as = short-tarm proposition, thaeuogh such a development over the long term is perhaps more plausible. "RaidingTM of another union's membership would be counter-nroductive and in conflict with the TUCts "ridlington Princinles" qoverning relations between affili- ted unione. Nor is one union likely to be keen on actively arcaniaing on another's "patch," eapecially when that lies in the public sector. The formation, by architectural workere themselves, of @ naw, independent union hae obvious attractions. including the option af amalgamating in the future with e larger, more general union on terme orasarving sufficient autonomy, as the Medical Practitianere Unien did with ASTES. Unfartunately, considering the difficulties which an organising drive in this field will encounter, the likelihood of getting such a union off the ground witheut the back-un which anly an already powerful union could supnly is pretty slim. Organising requires funds for parsonnel, litersture, legal fees and overheads and to cover for inevitable atrikes, lock-suts, and victimisation.- in addition, the expertise which comes from coneiderable trade union exper- ience and the aceess ta trade union allies in case of disnutes area unlikely to be sasily svailable today to «= naw union, however gosnuine it may appear. The immediate mroenents for achievinn one bia union, even juet for atehi- « tectural workera, ate therefore not very encouraging. The only realistic alternative at this point would seam te be that architectural workers join one or more of the dozen or eo “proepectiveTM unienea. But ia that « aufficient recipe aither for launching a successful organising drive or for eventually eraviding an effective trade union orgabisation fer architesturel warkers that will reap the full benafite that cauld come from unionieation? The former may depend on the perceived Likeliheed of the latter. It is sassential at thia point te begin to axamins mare closely the situation regarding “eroanective® unions. Qver the yeare several different types of unions have develonad in Aritein. Thay can be distinguished by different conceptions of their "constituencies" as well as by differences in atructute and orientation. The early unionea de« veloped along "craft" lines {a.g., bricklayers, olumbers, etc.) raminiscent of the medieval guilds. More recently, “white collar" work has been organ- ised acroas industrial lines almoat ae a sort of “elite” craft, by unions like APEX, ASTMS and NALGO as well as by sections of large general unions like TASS (Technical and Supervisory Steff} in the AUEW amd ACTS (Admini~ strative, Clerical, Technics! and Supervisory) in the TCU. in order to match the power and flaxihility of capitel and te srganias hitherto unorganised workers ignored by the oraft unions, induetrial unions developed, grouping ell workers in an industry into one union, The Netional Union af Mineworkers is perheana the closest approach to thie in Britain, though amalgamations have made some headway. Im the linited States, the great erganising drive of the 1830's reeulted in the ecraation of the powerful in- dustrial unions of the ef0, like the Automeblie Yorkers and the Steelworkers, aed In industciss where the public sector haa « virtual monopely, like postal service, rail tranenort, madicine and education, the public sector unions could become industrial unions threugh appropriate amalgamations within aach industry. Gtherwiese, tha public sector unions area more analagous to the staff ageociation of e particular enterprise. Finally, cutting acreas all craft, industrial and sector linea are the generel unions, like the TGWU and the National Union of Senarel and Municipal Workers, on the model of “ane bia union" for sll workers. These "ideal types" herdly exist as such in practice, dua to amalgamations and ether histories] end practicsl circumstances, Lares general unione like the TGWU include craft unions like the plasterers, who amalgamated with it when the sarpenters, bricklayers and painters were joining toe make UCATT almost an industriel union. white collar unions may function as industrial ufiiane whera an industry ie simost exclusively white collar, like banking and ineurance. Perhaps the differances bewtesn unions in-terma of structure and orientation re more significant. Some tand to be like friendly seciaties while others set more forcefully in the inductrisl and political arenas. Soma unions are maneerned almost exclusively with “braad-and-butter® iesues of wages, hours aiid penagions, chile others Sake a broader view of their memberea’ intereste nthe workplecs and in the community. Some defend narrowly theit own inter- este with Little recari for thoee of other workara, while other unions eas their owt oregress «= insenerabla from that of the labour movement in ite broedaat cange and act accordingly beth on the ehap Plaor and in the commune ity. Some have a decile obtitude tewerde management while othere sara mili- tant and incosruptitie recreasentabives af their membere!t intersats. Soma ufiona era tun frow the ten down in a hierarchy mirroring that of capital, while othare function hy a democracy built up from the "orassa roots" and dependont ween an active rank and file, Seme unione Punection mainly by full- tine, permanent "nrofeseionel” trade union ‘adminisetrators,"® while others ars aasentially "amateur" operations, with the bulk of the task left te the "Lay" memberahip rather then ta the “sxperte,;" and officials, generally elected, returning to their old fobs after relatively short terme in union offica.e In the histery of trada unianiam all thase sontrasting positions — have existed, but teday in Britein the differences between end within unions, while significant, ara usually of dagree rather than of kind, can change in a Few years and ara not always easy to diecarn from without, 2H ‘ * WhewadTRANweekteenoantecogjain?Therearesixunionswhichere’ in a position to organises in the eseentially unorganised private sector, and they ate all inucived to some axtent in the public sectdr aa well. These six inslude thres large general unione, the TGWL, GMWU and AUEW: tuo white-collar~ only unions, ASTMS and APEX; and STAMP of UCATT, which ie active only in the building industry. for the purposes of thie dianueeion, wa ahall leok at one union from each of the abeve threa categories; that ie, TGWU, ASTMS and UCATT. why thagse three? It is our impression that, while similar in concantian, ASTMS mey be more effective, dynamic and politically-ceammitted than APEX. nea Fe oc es mas amellan thon RSTMS, although it ts etranger in the con- struction industry. The TGtt! is much larger than the GAWwL! and, in addition, is quite strong already in the building induetry. We have, therefers, nat aeriously considered the GMWU. The AUEW ia another very large union with a reputation for damocracy and militancy and has a atrong base in e¢ivil engin- 4.4 ree ft tee tel aering construction, where TASS Aas apparently elready orosnised same laroe firma of consulting elvil engineere. We ara not csonaiderinn them st this time only because we have not vet had e chance to mest with their officials and to study their literature, ‘fe shall mreesant here only the hriefeet des eristion, inevitably subjective, of thease thres unions. The TSU, ag a oe union, may ef first olanne lack the attraction of UCATT or ASTMS which may lie mainiv in their well-cultiveted imagas: UCATT as the building induetry union and ASTTMS as the union for orofeesionals. 4 The TGWu, though, is the laresst trade union in Oritain with nearly tuo million mambers, one in avery five trade umieniete,and still growing ranid-~ ly. Im addition to its obvious atrenath in road transport, the docks and the motor induatry, it has nearly 300,000 members in the Bit¥ aie industry. Half of thease sre in the production and transport of building materiale and the remaining 159,000 or so work in building construction proper, About a quartear.af those sre skilled trades and the ramaining, “sami-skilled."TM In additian to ite Canstructinn Section, the Téf's white collar section, ATs : hag about 400, 000 membare throughout industry. while there are at oresent few or na architects at all in the TAO, us undatatand thet architectural workers could probably form their own branches where numbers, orpotential numbers, seemad to juatify it. (Fifty is usually considered the minimum for ahranchintheT&S.)Theseoe wouldpresumablyfallintotheACTS meetion, though it might be possible to come under thea building eaction. We underatand that it would alse probably be possible to have senarate bran- shes fer architectural Wedeaee’dand fnr salariad architectursl management. The union emphasizes ite flexibility and raleative spenness te organisational innovation. In addition to the “trade orount structure, there is a parallel geagraphical structure, with tan regione in Britain end dietrict committees {and officials) natusen them and the branches. The rer tan dayote coneid- arable resources to organising, reasearch, publicity and esducation hut em- phasizes ite reliance om an active lay memhershin ena shop stewards. ASTMS (Agaoriation of Seientific, Tachnice!l and Managerial Staffa} was formad im 1668 oy the amalqamation of twa existing white-collar unions and hag grown quickly from under 100,000 members to some 350,006, by further amalgamations and oraanisinga in the fartile fielde of Llarosly private eector white-collar workers, The union prides itself om rapresanting professionals im many fields. Much of ite "nitech" is based on its claim to Help higner~ sclaried ataffe recoup differentials araded in the recent past by manual workere® gains: it hae thus bean acainst flat-rate wage increases im the current crisis. It amnbasizes alsa ite axnert and axtensive services te members: = prafessional union fer professional people, rather than estres- sing a unicn self-managed hy the “sorkers" themeslives. we have not yet been able to make & reasonably sccurate evaluation of its industrial militancy ar its internal damocracy, but it does anonear aften to take mronressive positions on brasdar political issues,nerhane surprisingly for a white- eollaer union. ASTMS would be unlikely to allow architectural werkera to have their own branches until more than i150 in an area had joined. We are concerned not anly about the possibility thet within ASTMS eslaried archi- tectural management might gore easily be able te influence the srchitectu- ral workers! organisation, but slsao ebout the oroblem of architertural workers getting "lost" amano workers from commlstaly unralated industries The Medical Practitioners Unien, whan it amalgamated with ASTMS, was wie to maintain = suitable deoree of autonomy, including “compiste autonomy in racard to all professional matters affecting Medical Practitioners in- cluding the conduct of disputes." In our view, it ig unlikely thet hitherto unorganised architectural workera entering ASTMS would aver be able te achieve such autonomy. Following publication of the CET rapart, &S7TMS has SAERCRA AOENREhnPRNNBet 1. see pagee 3.3 and 3.4 ey heen making an effort to recruit profeesional engineers; we hava no idea as yet what progress, if ary, they have made. We have alrsady discuesed STASP, the non-manual section of CATT, in rela~ tion to the history of the ABT. UCATT as a whole now includes nearly 309,000 conetruction workers, mostly skilled trades, though conetruction aa an in- dustry is still comparatively undar-organised. STAM! now numbera some 15,000 to 20,000 mambere, of which &,500 were former ABT mambers. Be got thea im~ oresasion that there are at present an almost ineionificant naumher of archi- hectural workere in STAMP. Tt anpeare that STAMP is sancentrating mainly on organising eite foremen; it has no plans for en orgenising drive among architectural workers. In sur view, it orabably doses not have the capability of indepandently oroaanising architecture] workers, either. Yet it fa unlikely that architectural workers could have their swn saction in UCATT sutside of STAMP. Surprisingly, the present architectural membershin of STAMP seeme to be dominated by = faw older, ATBA-orianted, mananement-lavel architents in the public sector, which may also explein how (or why} few architects or architectural technicians are actually in STAMP. Aa far es we know, the only architectural office with which STAMP has a collective bargaining agreement is (in canjunction with NALGOG) the Seottish Special Housing Association, a aublie seactar office which funetions in Scotland somewhat as the GLO does for housing in Geater London. cash of thease three orespactive unions has something to offer architectural wokets. Ye have emphasized, howaver, the necessity of having ona atrang un- isn far as many architectural workers es possible. It ja eesential, there- Fore, that architectural workers committed to organisation collectively de- cide as soon es pessible on-one union for the task. The alternative is hav- ing architectural workers straggling into all, of these unions, not to men- tion other prospective unions, baged on "personal orefarance.” Parhaps this is the first test af whether architacts can averceme the “bourgeaie individ. ualiemTM which has sondemnad to failure or inegtonificance ao many of their previous "reform effarte. Tha choice amona TGWU, ASTMS, UCATT ane TASS CAUEW) Le not an eaay one. Tha criteria we think ought to ba apolied ly apparent by now Prom what we have already discussed. We think it is im- portant, nevertheless, to make explicit the mere important ones concerning the union's etructure, its attitudes, and ite sotential rale in a drive to organise architectural workers. 4 b SRL Poa ere *StLuiniaaeioa 4.1 To what extent do tha rank and file run the union, or fia the union actually controlled from the ten down? 4.2 Is there a union “priesthoedTM or do the workers themselves sdminieter the union, returning to the "sehen floor® after brief terms in union offices? 1.3 How powerful are slacted “shon stewarde't in the union structure? Oo thay get full support fram unton officials? 1.4 To what extent does shop floor initiative and action gat smothered usdan the wedeht af union buresucracy and hierarchy? in making that choice sre probab- 4.6 fre union officials salected or easily subtest ta racall? Ys opposition within tha union te its present ia aha nci of Picisi olicies allowed frealy to sesociate and to aire tlatform for its views? ATTITUG Es Moss the union take a clear and urcomproami interests af workers when in conflict with institutions? £ee& will the union militantiy fight mot only for better wane control by workers af all sanects of their workine lives, by &e tant “shoo floor" oroanisation and breader nolitical act what attitude will the union take towards axiating oay and atetus -diffar- antials among architectural workera and what orierity dees it al raising the Lavals of the lowest paid, both in architecture and in the hroader economy? te the union sympathetic toe a broademindad aporoach te imoraving amploy~ meant orosnects in the buiidina srofeaseiongs and to enuviranmental issues as they concern the community (e.90., "Creen Bens," Lucas Aerospace shon steawards-typa proposals, davelopment af inetitutisne far community can- trol, etc.)? Doasa the union identify emnloymea: : Be ity with the oreser- vation of narrowly-defined “nositiaons” rather than with look on the division of lehour and cantinuinog educatio To what extent ia the union willing and able to Sevelon organisational solidarity amone all workers in the building industry? 2.6 To what extant does the union actively combat racism and male chauvinien among iis membere as well aa in diserimination by amployars and tha state’ When the union invests (or evan builds), dowa if taka an anviranmeantally, socially ened politically raspansicla ettitucde? ORGANISING ARCHITECTURAL WORKERS Ys the union willine and able tine ta organise kars in the building nrofsasis they work in nor whateeactor the: ‘office fells. san Will they organise all work re in such offices clarical and arminis ivea 3.3 What is the union's attitude toward organising salsried management in architecture? Wheat safaquards can it provide which ‘oti nravant their qeining eontrol of an organieation of architacturel workers? What degree of autonomy and how clear and coherent identity cauld workera in the huilding nrefeseions enjoy in the union? Would the unian suppert the eatablishment of a rank-and-file Level orneni-+ sation for "inetituteTM} bringing toasther architectural workears from all the relevant trade unions? 3.6 Wihatresourcescantheunionmakeavailablefaranarcanisingdrive? {a.g., financial, personnal, legal, research, publicity, etc.) Unfortunately we are not yet in a position te Fully evaluate the “orospective"TM unians acecarding te the ehoye criteria, though some tenmbtetive conclusions may be amarging. None of the unions, for axamnie, give a clear imnression of ace five and militant grass tonte democracy, unfettered by hierarchy and bureau} cracy. In any casa, it should be borne in mind that beyond the immadiate onrob- Wate a & hy mo it wm ine mo ont c ra ae = £4 o Py oe on at Ny wr} oe 3 ng | ve fe tat tae TM *** iS oe f> m we lem of launching an orgenising drive ie a lang-term committment to trade unlonism,. Unions do change, sometimes quite eiaqnificantly within « few yeare, and further amalgamations remaina poasibility even if none are on the im- mediate horizon. Not thet thie removes the neceesity of a choirs, ag soon as possible, daepite the orasesing need for further investigation. The only conclusion thet can ba reached at thie point, however, ia that none of the three ‘prospective’ unions we hava lonked at satisfactorily fulfille our otiteria. what than ehall we do? Wie cam make four clear recommendations already: 1. Architectural workers thangelves should tekea the initiative in organising all unorganised workers in architecture (tonsther with workers from the ather building professions} into one, and only ane, atrono, militant, demo- eratic snd brosd-minded trade union, preserying maximum autonomy and iden tity within it, The choices emone the TOW, ASTMS, UCATT and TASS (aALEY should be made se quickly ss possible after further research and discua-_ sion. A union with an established presence in the buliding induatry would be preferable. The nossibllity of qetting the four or five prospective unions ta jointly back a new, indenencdent union for the bullding profes- alone, while nerhape remote and unprecedented, should nevertheless be therouohly axploread. » The organising drive should be simed at sil the building profesaions. Just aa the initiative in organising in erehitecture will have to coma from the architectural workers themselves, the cther bulilcine professions. howavar, the same applies to 3. The Pirat tarqat of any organising campeion must be the unorganised expanses of tha privete seecter. 4. In order ta compensate for the ineviteble chitectural workers, architectum] workers should immediately eeteblish and build up a atrong “inatitute," or coalition, of ofaanieed architec- tural workers, open to and uniting at the rank-and-file level all erchi- testural workers regardless of their particular union membership. should also have a student section. Such an organisation could not only bring trade unioniste in archites- ture together to help organiee tha unorcanined but would aventually be able to epeak progressively, clearly, and coherently for 35,000 architec- tips.soniene.fietateeepokece,ondaquas_of:commonindustsial..atve. fessional and anvirenmantel concern where individual unions with small architectural minoritins would have naither the interest, the will or the means to do sa. Uniy them will the reactionary influence of the enployers® orqaftisation, cleiming in the present vacuum to spask for lack of one union for all are < It 4.8 eget fu ese eh a coalition, or "inetitute.," could assist the relevant trade unions in developing and implementing fat oraes raota rather than at haadnuarters level) co-ordinated policies and action campalans on wegen and working canditions, an industry-wide mension scheme, systems of workers’ control and acceuntability to the sommunity in the snecifie context of architec. tural practice, a professional code of conduct in the interests af the workare and tha community, orogressive design and specificetion guidance, on-the-job training and continuing eadunation, etc. Such cooperation is the only way te keep divisivanese between workere in different unians from playing into the hande of a management which is already well-coordinatead, Bavand that, it would probably te the only canceivable organisation which could oroduce an architectural workeral handbook, a progressive journal of architecture, and ba the "official" volee af architectural workers as We consider the eatablishment of such a body of organised architectural workers to be a pressing oriority. while its precise geals, membershins and structure remain, of courae, to be developed, wa mfopose that it be organised ag democratically as possible at local, regional and national levels from the rank and file up, based on 8 "caucus" of workere in every architecture office or department, their elected reotesentatives, and Wie whale orofession, be effectively counteracted, a whole before the community, the state, and fraternal bodies abroad. periodic congresses delegating central execution of policies as nacessary. Part One INTRODUCTION: why is trade unioniem 144 on the architectural agenda now? What ie the problem? Let ue very briefly review tha situation in architec- of architecture, with help from the media, ture todey. The "profeesional myth" perpatuated profession is still (if it ever was) with ap a partnership the eventual outcome of the typical peefeee architec- tural career. The profession is in fact made un of near equals ae fear as ability to do the work of architecture is concerned, which helps to keep by the RIBA and the echools would have us believe that tha a community of equals or near-equals, Nearly a yeer ago, the Council of Engineering Institutions, a sort of supereRIBA grouping the various institutes ef encompassing some 300,000 shartered profesional engineers, iesued a report entitled, "Professional Engineers and Trade Unions." The report moted that over a third of pro» fessional engineers are already in uniona but pointed out that in the pris vate sector, where over 60% of professional efgineere are amployed, only 10% are already organised, The report concentrated, therefore, on that area, Noting the bread~andebutter incentives for engineers to organise and seeifig the elosed shop end aome form of employee partigipation in management meta aging on the horizon, the CEI urged profeesional angineers in the private seator to join emall, elitist “pesudosunions" willing to sollaborate with the Chartered Inatitutione. This, it was hoped, would forestall the growth of the bona=fide, TUC«affiliated unions like TASS (of the AUEW) and ASTMS, who had already begun organising engineers, not to mention the possibility of afigineers organising their own union. Whatever the chances of the CEI pipe-dream bearing fréit, we can expect a similar effort to be made by the RIBA and RICS, if they san get together, assuming the RIBA can get itself together. For even the custodians ofPort- jand Place paternaliem will soon begin to think twice about trying ke once again to sweep the subject of trade unionism under the rug. Notwithstanding an economic crieis which is steadily cutting the real income of architec- tural workers and monumentalising thair lack of employment security, ptee~ sure for job satisfaction end industriel demacracy continues, slowly but surely, to grow. White collar organisation, right up to management level, ie the growth area in trade unionism now, and the virtual collapes of the short-lived and loudly~trumpeted "preeence’ of ealariad architecta on the RIBA Council can only be taken as the handwriting en the wall. Even Church of England vicars have begun organising now, and young lawyers ate starting to join the Traneport and Generel Workere Union. Having nearly recovered from the Modern Movement, and now passing on to energy conservation, his- torical conservation and maybe sven “pattern books," can architecture, we ask, teally be far behind. OF Part Five WHAT ARE THE FIRST STEPS? A, ‘ In erder far our four recommendations ta be carried out, we believe the Pollowing will be necessary: 1. An expanded "Oreanising Committees" should carry on the work of the Unienisation working Group by planning the organisinn campaian; dis- cussing, magotiatinn, and cooperating with the relevant unione;: and, generally, take up the committment to organising architectural workere. 2. The Committee should continues and speedily conclude the researeh into the existing aituation and into prospective sion with those unions toward a mutually acceptable eatretecy. We expect our network of personel contacts among architectural workers to be the = main organiaing tonl, backed up by literature, time erganisera, ete. The compilation of a “diractory of architectural workers, indicating smolovment and any union affiliation, ia an esseftial piece of research both for developing atrateagy and proceeding with aifoan:- purpose Of raising the iseuwe loudly and clearly. Funding and distribution must be arranged. 4 Based on the proposal eventually agread tiate with the relevant union or unione ‘ing which union(s) te work with (unless developed), upon, the Committee should nego- end make a final decision regard- a more suitable strategy can be unione and continues discus- maatings, full- or part- J s sation. It is s difPloult but feasible task. Se fg sbon as the resgerch and development of an aqreed strategy can hej S. The organising drive must bagin ag soon a8 possible. The subject is tanid- sibility of getting some or all the orospective unions to back a combined Moluded, the Committee should publish a convincing repert with the ly moying into the apotlight end if the architectural workers don't move, fast, the boasee no doubt will, making daals with as many ae possible of the moat decile unions thay can find aa asoon as they perceive the threat of a really affective unionisaticn. This ie another reason why the pos- organising drive in the name of a new union for workers in the building professions must be fully exolored, however remote it may bee bie believe that the organising drive itself must be in high gear within three to six monthe from now. { to architectural mansgament, whether partners or salaried. oe A .5 ladt the myth alive. The crucial reality, however , ie that over 90% of tha pro~ feesion is already salaried. The figure je ateadily inersasing. No coubt any amateur mathematician could quickly figure gut the probability of soma- one now beginning a career in architecture aver becoming a pattner. Itfa probably no better than one in six and hardly improved by the evan more remote possibility of bacoming 4 principal in the public sector, which hee by and large modeled its structure and methods on those of privata prec- tice. In the past, we are told, a young architect could ressonably Look forward to the day when he would gain central over hie work, win the res- pact of the community, achieve a level of economic well-being and fulfill his professional obligations by “becoming his own boes." Today, only © tare and aver-decreasing percentage of architectural workers will ever achisis thie status. Tha most thet the overwhelming majority can look forward to is a continuing life of drawing board drudgery, inascurity and slienecion. The fact thet is dawning on architectural workere with ever-increasing clarity and force is that architecture ia, firat and foremoet, a business, Like any other business. But what is an "architestett? ocho" ' other bueinees, the cornerstone of architectural practices ie a division of the “playara" into a small minority of businessmen and bureausrate, the management, on the one hand, and arehitectural workere, be thay acohiteats, architeotural assistants, technicians, draughteman, ate., on the. other Hed « ‘The situation ia slightly obscured by the Architacts Regist:otien Couneiite legal reatriction of the uee of the title, “Arehiteet." ARCUE aside, the term "architect" can be taken to mean, "designer of buildings: who prepares plans and superintenda sonatruction. "| This nanmmoniv accepted definitien obviously rulee out much of architectural management who neve .. _ ceased to be architects (if they aver were), despite thelr continued and legally-sanctioned use of the title. On the other hand, many who actually da the dasigning, draughtino, specifying and eupervieion of construction on site are prohibited by law from describing themeelvas as “architentsu.” In this report we are concerned:with the peaple who by and large de the work of architecture. These.aze tha "oreh*! The current economic crisis, which hae resulted in large-scale redundan~ cies throughout the entire building industry, has begun to clarify for many architectural workers a situation which persiste through boom ae weil as bust. Architectural employment in tha private sector, which com prises over half the profession, is now down 25% from ite level at the end of 1974 and this la axpected to reach 30% by the end of next month. 4. The Conciss Oxford Dictionary of Current English, Sixth Edition, 1975 In the public sector it ie already down between two and four per cent, and the expected redundancies have only just begun. The official Nungm~ ployment rate" among ARCUK's “architecte" is eatimated to be over 10%, and it is predicted in some quarters that it will rise to 25% in the coming year. The architectural worker, whether already on the dole queue or still at the drawing board and hoping that tha next round of redundan- cies will pass him by, 1s reduced to waiting (with the patience that has become expected of him) for the next building boom, though the fear is gaining ground that this may be a long way off if it ever does material- ise. In the masntime, architectural workers have seen their real incomes steadily declining during the past few years. This has been particularly marked in private practices, tha birthplace of ths profession. A deeper and broader dissatiafaction with the situation in architecture runs equaliy through both private and public practice. Taught to consider himael? (or hereelf) technically competent, socially concerned, and pro- feseionally independent, the architectural worker is forcad to work within a system that gives him, just as the workers in other industriesn,o control over his working lifs. His technical, creative and social concerns and cap- abilities are continually frustrated by the arbitrary and unaccountable power of the sane people who are making his economic position increasingly untenable: the architectural businessmen, who are more in sympathy with the bankers and bureaucrats with whom they play golf than with the workers in their offices or the people who must live in the buildings for which they are so quick te take cradit should the critics applaud. The architectural worker ie separated from his fellow workers in the of- fice by axcessive division of Labour, elaborate status groupinga and a competitiveness which owes more to the realitias of employer-employee ra- lationships in the profession than it dees to any artistic preteneionas. At the seme time he is denied the contact with the client, not to mention the people who will setuaily use the buildings he designs, without which it is impossible for him properly to carry out his responsibilities. Con- tact with the building workers who must use the drawings and specification he produces in order to build “his" building is hardly more frequent or profound. Set in this context, the architectural sorkerfe ultimate elisna- tion from the product itealf ia inevitable. While the "myth of the professional" has been waaring thin on the architec- tural worker, the so-called "crisis in architecture," a crisis of both con~ fidence and identity, has been brought closer to the ignition point by the unprecedanted collapse of public confidence in the architectural profession. 163 This has quite undarstandingly followed Ronan Point, Centrepoint, Summerland “Ff Lar 41.4 and Poulson, not to mention the profession's full-scele collaboration in the destruction of, countless neighbourhoods and towne whose only crime was to be out of step with the “demande of the market" and their replacameant with the shabby yet sxpeneive wasteland of arbitrary and oppreasive "ea- tates" and "blocks," motorways and parking.garages, shopping centres,: civic centres and cultural centres which (eave for central heating and indoor toileta) signify ‘modern architectures" for the man in what used to be the street. Communities want control over their environment and architectural workers It is becoming increasingly obvious to beth architectural workers and the public that architecture as it ia now practised serves only the inter~ es$s of the few and remains inaccessible and unaccountable to tha communicy, despite all thea committees, enquirias and reports, codee ef conduct, pilot projects and pious sentiments about participation and public service. - are beginning to realise the need for control over their working Lives, creatively and socially responsible architecture of which they are cepable. But how hes the architectural worker come to find himself in thie situation af exploitation, isolation and alienation? The relentless drive, which no enterprise in the market economy can avoid, towarde an ever-inereasina profit element and steadily declining labour element has resulted, in ar- chitecturs, in larger and more hierarchical practices. Thess are incress~- ingly bureaucratic and arbitrary, remote and unaccountable, unable to utile ise fully the human ekills and material resources made available to them. To eneaurs higher profits, ineluding the maans to pay higher interest and “Insurence charges, the ownere of practices have hed to out their lebour costs by reducing manning, outting salaries, beth proportionally and in real terms, and reducing the time ‘and resources which can be allocated not only to gach job but aleo to back-up Jike on-the- job training, contin uing education, research and other "labour casts," ba thev nenstanea. mbhem payments or social provisions. of course, this cost cuttieg is nat anly against the: interests of architectural workers. By praventing those who must do the work of architecture from doing a competent +d reaponsible job, this cutting of “labour costs" ia againat the public interast as wall. The collapses of public confidenca in the profeesion is no eoincidenca. Osspite the occasional feudal remnants with which we are all too familiar, it is cbvicus, then, that architecture has entered the ege of capitaliainsee or what some describe as “monopoly capitalism." what, then, ie thea seer” of the architectural worker? It le in thie context that we must consider forachancebothtosurviveeconomicallyandtapeesfheBehe? the question of trade unioniem in architecture. Part Two SHOULD ARCHITECTURAL WORKERS ORGANISE? +* demand, for examples: 2. Collective negotiation of salaries, hours, and all other conditiona. of employment,taenaureforallarchitecturalworkersaas aap aa of living. Thie would includes a. Raducing exceseaive and divisive raising the oqrosely oe tural workers. b.Stoppingthedeclineinrealwegeaendeee that by ellow architectural workers to maintain their atandard salary levele of living. pay differentials, particularly esleries of thea lawast-paid architec- We heave seen how architecturel workers are slowly and neinfully becoming aware that their employment security, their standard of living, and the what, how, and why of the work thay do, not to mention the quality of the environment which they shere aa membere of the community, are as much at the mercy of tha market syatem se those of any othar working people. with the "professional myth" going into "progressive collense" and their "pro- laterianieationTM coming home to roost, they begin to realise that they have more interaetes in common with other workers in the building industry, and indeed in all industry, than they have with their own amployere., Rut, lack- ing any organisation of their own, the responae of architecture] workers no far, sepecially in the hard-hit private sector where the problems are Workers thet wera "oroletarianised® long before hava for over @ century seen the answer in solidarity. The trade union movement is the inatitutionel fo rm which that eolidarity hes taken, Through their unione, working people have defended their standard of living and right to work sqainst the ravages Of Lapitcl, FY tke arma time, thay have bequn organising to overthrow the whole market syetem and eetablish democratic control aver all aspects of their working lives, so that the human, natural ene cultural resources af the nation may be used, rationally, for the benefit of all. what could trade fe in othar industries, the firat stan is to make rallebtive bargaining by the organised workers the mathed by which-all queetinne of amployer-employes relations are resolved. The architectural workers union would need to fight for racognition as thair representative and, through collective bergaining, most glaring, has been, not surprisingly, sunine. union orgsnisation secomplieh for architectural workere? 1. An and to arbitrary, unnecessary, and inequitable redundancies. To kean going in tima of crisis, excess nrofite end ag-called "management expen~ see" should be trimmed, not jobs, where any redundancies are agread ta de unavoidable, the "who, when and how" must be negotiated in deteil with the union and thoee made redundant given adequate notice and redundancy pay. (ue ve not renatdes the presant legal minimum at all adequate.) Em ployers should contribute to an industry-wide supplementary unemp Loymant insurance acheme. The use ef architecturel "lump" labour muet be ended. , ide A ‘minimum.of. one aonthi#: paid Oeabtten Poe all arehitectiral WOrKALEs e. One. unified: and adequate: menesn6 plan’ coverinrs ait axel‘itecturel wn, ee ployment. a .f., Adequate paid maternity (and paternity): Teave: aoe ptowlgion of day - Auresties at or near the of fire. : qe Safe cand healthy working conditions, including ‘senting, Lighting and Ti Pe precautions. 3, Sufficient time off with, pay. fon attendance at. releuant éduteens canfer~ ences and meetings, aa well as for - trade union activities: PEGlévence” to | be determined. by the union orhantaation ine the office. Of: ct. In order to.ehare equitably the work available, 9 maximum work week ae “94 houre and no overtime work as a substitute for full employment. I?overtimeworkteunavoidable,iteehepetaandatan<idaa ..,.:Pilaterate. |: 2 ; TpToLe “The ati Beate 9 architecture ‘today, However, makes Lt necasasry, for e “union: to 90) bayond these vital Nbroadaand-buttsr", theues. oe anrer could lydadaay ‘dah had an’ denies 44 An and to “praduction Line" manasemant. techniques, the’ erbitrary divi- sionofLabourandtheartificialseparationa ee “Gorkers into *nrofessionals" and |“technicians,” 2200s ‘ . .2, The opnartunity t6 do gach job opoeaieaenete ed ee SSS gaehge - af corners. _ oe 3. Adherance to a untonedeveloned Suis of conduct* whieh would prevent ' -arehitectural workers from haveing to collaborate in the destruction . Of our netural ‘and architectural heritage, the brasking, up of coherent “popular neighbourhedda, ‘and tha ‘diversion of valuable materiol and human . Tesources from socialiy~useful |pro jects to aneculative, monumental, pres tige, authoritarian and colonial ONGa. “"@. An and to secretive management and erbitrary ducieifone over the lives of architectural workere as well aa over the planning, dasign, construc- tion and management of the built environment. Architectural workere nead Not merely: “open booke,® but complete, damocratic paphon Over every aspect of architectural practices, 4 : 5.Employersto.contribute,parenitraveeptsUiHe CEROfundgetab~ lishing email, damocratically-organised. Locrlly=bes od Parmmind ty design cos emagyten would staff each office with architectural workera, whoea' ‘amp Loyets would be required to orant “lasve of: sbhaance.! Firms’ could he’ given theoptionofconvertingtovamall,moreppnPitymet2.wiganSeem under a suttable framevork eneurtrc atcountability to the communi ty Ril'tes _to-ordination with other community destior offices. Fither WEY, We would begin to. build, from the oraen roots ups a democratically-organiaed and locally-controlled "national cdesiqn service. Joe isu Solidarity dors not Just mean collective bargaining. thoes. famikier:: eith trade undone know hour, in. addition, they defend workers ‘against dscsimt. nation,unfatrdiamisaal eee eitherbytags)seprenaguerion SAVE. + hargaining sgreemente sre,clearly aa pndivany!sachet uranelly architectural offices" to provide an architecture) sarvice ‘accessible toca able to popular-based community: action: groups,” ‘tenants “assotiations, trades councils, ete. The -unton; in coblakoration with the ‘elient," workers. could. bangin to: take control at: their dwn destinies, their. trade Ped union could also act positively and effectively in other ways, in the office, the profession, the building industry and the community. For example: 1. If architectural workers were well-organised, they, together with other organised workers in the building industry, could exert the political influence that is necessary to stop the cuts in socially-necessary building expenditure and investment. The use of the building industry by successive governmants as a handy "economic requlator" (however in- effective) is partly a reflection of the comparative weakness of trade union organisation in the industry. 4. times when a reckless scramble and material resources, are wall reasonable employment prospects in the industry, architectural workers, if organised, would be in a position to campaign for an end to the use of the building industry by the market for bankers and speculators and cultural facilities for whole range of human, material construction sector be used the luxury of the few or to maintain elitist, oppressive available to the and not for institutions at home or are well-organised will ulate and forcefully present designed, well-built, cratically-planned buildings. gun to demonstrate that floor" as well as in the broader political and wasteful abroad. Only if they Its disastrous effects, even in boom for profits stretches inadequate known. But beyond merely fighting system to ensure profit and power instead of decent housing, the community. They could industrial, social demand that the and financial resources for the good of the community fascist and racist regimes architectural workers be able to develop, artic- their demand for the right socially-useful, environmentally=sound The Lucas Aerospace shop demands of this nature can arena. stewards have be- be made on the "shop to produce well and demo- human for 2.3 Collaborate with organised building workers not only in their campaign to end tne "lump," but also to ensure decent, healthy and safe conditions on site and to develop "Green Ban"-type actions blacking politically, socially or environmentally destructive projects. Architectural workers could also begin to refuse to collaborate on projects unless the workers who build them are ensured fair wages, decent conditions and trade union representation. Campaign for changes in the Architects Registration Acts to alter the composition of the Architects Registration Council in order to give it a lay majority representative of the population as a whole and an archi- tectural minority elected directly by workers and employers in proportion to their numerical strengths. Such an ARCUK, removed from control by architecturel management, should stop delegating responsibility for ar- chitectural education to the RIBA and should promulgate and enforce a "code of conduct" which is in the interests of the public and the workers in the profession, not those of architectural businessmen. The code should only permit among architects non-profit, self-managed forms of practice which provide for direct accountability to the community and complete internal democracy. Protection of the title, "architect," and control over architectural education should no longer be used to filter out those potential architects who come from working-class backgrounds or who otherwise fail to fit the mold required by architectural manage- ment to perpetuate the present system of architecture. Architectural ed- ucation should aim instead to produce socially, technically..and creatively competent architectural workers. This need is shared by all“ architectural = workers; a union could fight for an end to education without jobs abd jobs pelisok education by demanding on-the-job training ana@-continuing educa- ion Collaborate with trade unions in other EEC countries to ensure that FEC policies affectino architectural practice, the building industry and the environment are in the interests of architectural workers and the community. im at have not yet been stamped- out. With "modern architecture". discredited, designers have desperately’ ‘searched for more sophisticated and credible technical" answers?''for another would-be solution which avoids the need for changes’ in’ the! structure, of the profession (iva, neo- vernacular, historical ‘conservation, alternative technology, energy conservation, etc.). As consensus: is lacking, however , the latest hope appesars to be a sort of enlightened neo--eclecticism, Lee caramelaie He.gRieseg ‘forward for. the building industry and for the gommauntsy- We don't see or- ganisation. ‘in the work place aS a panacea. We see: it as one Necessary in- gredient, invan interdependent, three- Fold strategy for progress, alongside action in the community ‘to develop structures of direct involvment and .ac- countability and political action on a broader scale. ‘No. doubt there |are: some who are now thinking, "...but surely, there must bo some solution besides unionisation..." A brief look at the recent his- tory of. "progressive directions" in architecture will help provide: ‘the an- aResiers Here are nine. ways that Warchitécte ‘Df conscience". eave attempted, ig Eh ‘varying degrees OF. success, to find a:‘way out: i BIE Various "formalisms" and-other attempts to seek: "technical. solutions" to political problems have always been popular in the profession. (Cyrics might. say that is the profession's main ‘role.) From.the late Nineteenth Century. until after the Second World War, the gréatest en- ergy of many talented and dedicated architects went into the “¢rusade" fot "Modern Architecture," a style which lent itself better t6 a capital- “tintensive building and design industry than did more traditional styles but which acquired an air of social progressiveness because some of its . leading, exponents weré Sdéial Democrats or Communists (and some Social Democrats and Communists patronised the style), thus. encouraging’ the Nazis to attack the, style. This gave it great credibility after. the Second, World War until its massive shortcomings became so painfully and tnagically obvious - that. they could no.,lenger:be glossed: overs: This’ "move- ment" has by now all: but gone into. hiding, though' cits. influence ‘persists and though its simple- minded concern for "pationalissation" and ““indus-— trialisation" of “building continues ta obsess a few die-hards and make: : .headvay where traditional’ labour-intensive building methods and skills 2. Many who realised ‘that formalisms, “including ibdchnandabbac fetishism," would solve none of the underlying problems of architecture and only served: to.mystify the profession andthe public put their faith into ‘the extension of socialism=nationalisation into the. practice. of archi- .tecture. For them, the local authority architect's department was: to be the answer. The notion of a bureaucratic and centralised socialism, however, no longer has the "pull" it once had. The failuroef public sector architecture, modeled on private practice, to change the internal Telations in the production of architecture and its inabilittyo with- stand the forces of the market system externally have created broad disillusionment with local authority practice, as a solution in itself, both from within and from the community. rt a our ‘opinion: ‘that, there are very ‘tau problems facing architecture “today that trade’ union organisation and action could not come to grips with! and, make a real contribution towards resolving. We believe that union- i isation’ is “the only way that architectural workers can begin to gain con- i over ‘their working lives. at the same time it would be -a positive step, UNIGNISATION WORKING GROUP The New Architecture Movement, Central London Group November 1976 ARCHITECTURAL WORKERS AND TRADE UNIONISM Draft report on the organisation of architectural and allied workers PREFACE Thie draft report on the organisation of architectural and allied workere has been prepared by the Unionisation Working Group of Eantral London "NAM" for the New Architecture Movemant conferande being Held ih Blackpédl,y No- vember 26-26, 1976, It is based on six montha of discussion among ourselves, with officials of some of the relavant trade uniona and with interested in- dividuals bath inside and outside of "NAM," ae well aa upon reading of some of the relevant Literature. Ite purpose is te bring into focus and stimu- late discussion upon a subject which the Unionisation working Group believe requires urgent action by the New Architecture Movement and all workers ine volved in tha dasign of the built environment. CONTENTS Part One: INTROGUCTION: why is trade unionism on the architectural agenda now? Part Twa: SHOULD ARCHITECTURAL WORKERS ORGANISE? Part Three: CAN ARCHITECTURAL WORKERS ORGANISE? Part Fours HOW SHOULO ARCHITECTURAL WORKERS ORGANISE? {includes "racommendations"} Part Fiver WHAT ARE THE FIAST STEPS? Short Bibligraphy ADDENDA PAGE Tnloae 2slees Beteos Asteoe 5e7 6.1 Cel Part Une INTROGUCTION: why is trade ufiohiam om the arshitectureal agenda now? Nearly a year ago, the Council of Enginesring Inetitutions, a sort of aupereRIBA grouping the yarious institutes BR oncempassing some 300,000 shartered profeseiofial engineers, lesusd a ceport antitied, "Professional Engineere efd Trade Uniofie.” The report noted that ower a third of pros feesionel engimeere are already in unicne but pointed cut that im the pri# wate sector, where over 60% of profeseional efgineers are smployed, only 40% are already organised, The report concentrated, tharefora, on that areas Noting the bread=andebutter ificeftives for enginesrs to orgafiee and seelifig the glosed shop end eome form of employee participation in management mene eeing on the horizon, the CEL urged profeesional engineers in the private sector to Join amail, slitist "ysoudo-uniwoinllsi"ng to gollaborate with the Chartered Inetitutions. This, it was hoped, would foresatall the growth of the bonas?ide, TUC«sffilieted unione like TASS {of the AUEW) and ASTMS, who had already begun orgsnising spgineers, not to manbion the possibility of angineers orgeahieing their awn union. Whatever the chances of the CEL pips-dream bearing Fraélt, we can expact a similar effort to be made by the RIGA and RIGS, if thay can get together, assuming the RIGA can get itself together. For even the custodians of Port- land Place paternaliem will. soon begin to think twice about trying sa once again to sweep the subject of trade unioniem under the ruq. Nobwithetanding an enonomiec crisis which ia ateadily cutting the real income sf architece tural workers and monumentalising their lack of amloyment security, pree<- sure for job satisfaction and industrial demosreacy continues, slowly but surely, to grow. White collar organisation, right up to management level, is the growth araa in trade unlonism now, anc the virtuel collapea of the sharteLlived and loudly«trumpeted "presence" of ealaried architecte on the RIBA Couneil can only ba taken as the handwriting on the wall. Evan Church of England vicers have begun erganising now, and young lawyers are starting to join the Traneaport and Generel Workers Union. Having nearly recovered from the Modern Movement, and now passing on to energy consarvetion, his- tordeal coneervation and maybe aven "oattarn books," can architecture, we ask, faasay bo for Sohied what ia the problem? Let ue very briefly review tha situation in arohitec- ture todey. The "profeestonal myth" perpetuated by the RIBA and the echools of architecture, with help from the madia, would hava us believe that tha profeseion ie etill (if 14 ever was) s community of equals or near-equals,. with gg a partnerehip the eventual outcome of the typical paefase architec- turel caraer. The profeasian ie in fast made up of near equale as far as ability to do the work of architecturs ie coneerned, which helps to keep the myth alive. The crucial reality, however, ie thet over(209) of thea pro- feesion is alraady saleried. Tha figura is steadily increasing. No doubt any amateur mathematicien could quickly figure cut the probability of some- one now beginning a carser in architecture ever becoming a partner. It?s probably no better than one in six and hardly improved by the even more remote poseibility of becoming 4 principal in the public sector, which has by and large modeled its eteucture and methods on those of private prac~ tice. In the past, wa ara told, a young architect could reasonably look forward to the day whan ha would gain sentrol over hie work, win the res- pact of the community, achieve & lavel of economic well-being and fulfill hie professionsl obligations by “becoming hie own bose." Today, only a tiny and ever-decreasing percentage of architectural workere will evar achieve |this status. The most that the overwhelming majority can look forward to is a continuing life of drawing board drudgery, inaecurity and alienation. architectural assistants, technicians, draughtemen, etc., on the other hand. ‘The situation is slightly obscured by the Arohitacts Registration Council's legal restriction of the uee of the title, "Architect." ARCUK aside, the term ‘architect" can be teken to mean, "designer of buildings; who prepares plans and superintends sonatruction.'| This commonly accepted definition obviously rules out much of architectural management who have long since ceased to be architects (if they ever were}, despite their continued and legally-sanctioned uee of tha title. On the other hand, many who actually do the designing, draughting, specifying and supervision of construction on site are prohibited by law from describing themeelves aa “architecta." In this report we are concerned:with the people whe by and large do the work of architecture. These are the “architectural workers," aa opposed to architectural managament, whether partners or ealariad. The current economic crieis, whish has resulted in large-scale radundan- cies throughout the entire building industry, has begun to clarify Por many architectural workers a situation which pargsiete through boom as wejl as bust. Architectural employment in the private sector, which com- prises over half the profeesion, is now dewn 25% fram its level at the end of 1974 and this is axpected to reach 30% by the end of nmaxt month. 9 Tod The fact that is dawning on architecturel workers with ever-inoreasing clarity and force is that architecture like any other business. Hut what is an “architectural worker?" As in any other bueiness, the cornerstone of archibeotural practice is a divielon of the "players" into a small minority of businessmen and bureaucrate, the management, on the one hand, and architectural ia, firat and foremost, a business, workera, be they architects, In the public sector it is already down between two and four per cent, , and the axpected redundancies have only just bagqun. The official “unam~ a uJ ployment rate" among AACUK's “architacte" ia estimated to be over 10%, WY panditiepredictedinsomequartersthatitwillriseto25%inthe Mud coming year. The architectural worker, whether already on the dele queue or still at the drawing board and hoping that tha next round of redundan- ko, Cies will pase him by, is reduced to waiting (with the patience that has ve becomeexpectedofhim)forthenextbuildingboom,thoughthefearis (ag asee ground that this may be a long way off if it ever does material- [gwibiog ise. In the meantime, architectural workers have geen their real incomes a“ steadily declining during the past few years. This haa been particularly marked in private practios, the birthplace of ths profassion. A deeper and broader dissatisfaction with the situation in erchitecture runs equally through both private and public practice. Taught ta consider himaelf (or herself) technically competent, socially concerned, and pro- feeaionally independent, the architectural worker ia forcad te work within bf aayetemthatgiveahim,justastheworkersinotharindustries,necontrol over hie working lif_—e, His technical, eraative and sacial concerns and cap- ‘abilities are continually frustrated by the arbitrary and unaccountable f \ power of the sama people who are making hia scenamic position incresaingly - untenable: the architectural busineasmen, who are mote in sympathy with the bankers and bureaucrats with whom thay play golf than with the workers in their offices or the people who must live in the buildings fer which they are so quick te take credit ehowld the critics applaud. The archit|ectural worker ie separated from hia fellow workere in the of- fice by excessive division of Labour, slaborate atatus groupings and a - competitiveneas which owas more to the realities of employer-employee re- SG lationshipe in the profession than it deas to any artistic preteneiona. At the same time he ls denied the contact with the client, not to mantion the people whe will actually use the buildings he deeigns, without which it is impossible for him properly to carry out his responsibilities. Con- tact with the building workers who must use the drawings and specification he produces in order to build "his" building is hardly more fraquant or profound. Sat in this context, the architectural workers ultimate aliena~ tion from tha product itealf is inevitable. While the "myth of the professional” has basen waering thin on the architec- tural worker, the so-called "crigis in architecture," a crisis of both con= fidence and identity, has been brought closer to the tanition point by the unprecedented collapse of public confidence in tha architantural profession. Thie has quite understandingly followed Aonan Point, Centrepoint, Summerland a 5s “= : = as 72 —_ 4 CO” 3 2 +) ? anal * hast the queetion of trade unioniam in architecture. 1.4 and Poulson, not to mention the profession's full-scale collaboration in the deatruction of countless neighbourhoods and towne whose only crime was with the shabby yet expeneive wasteland of arbitrary and oppressive "se~ tates" and "blooks," motarways and parking.garages, shapping centres,- civic centree and cultural centres which (save for central heating and indoor toilets) signify ‘modern architecturs" for the man in what used to be the street. It 1s becoming inereasingly obvious to both architectural workers and the public that architecture as it is now practised sarves only the inter~- ee$s of the few and remains inaccessible and unaccountable to the community, deepite all the committess, enquiries and reports, codas of conduet, pilot projects and pious sentiments about participation and public service. Communities want centrol over their environment and architectural workers are beginning ta realise the need for central cvar their working lives, for a chances both to survive sconomically sreatively snd socially responsible erchitesture of which they are capable. Hut how has the architectural worker come to Pind himaslf in thie situation af exploitation, isolation and alienation? The ralentlase drive, which no anterprisa in the market economy can profit slement and steadily declining labour element has resulted, in ar- chitecture, in larger and more hierarchical practicas. These are increas~ ingly bureaucratic amd arbitrary, remote ard unaccountable, unable to util- ise fully the human ekille and material resources made available to them. To ensure higher profits, including thea means to pay higher interest and insurence charges, the owrera of pranticas have had to eut their labour costs by reducing manning, cutting salaries, both proportionally and in real terms, and reducing tha time not only to gach job but aleo te back-up like on-the-job training, contin- uing education, research and other "labour casts," be thay pensione, other payments or social provisions. Of course, this cost cutting is mat only against the intsreate of architectural must do the work of architecturs from job, thie cutting of “Labour costs" ia againat the public interest as wall. The collapae of public confidence in thea profession is no coincidence. and to praduce the technically, avoid, towarde an ever-increasing and resources which can be allocated Oeepite the ecoasional feudal remnants with which we are all too familiar, it is obvious, then, that architecture hae or what some describe as "monopoly capitalism." What, then, is the responee of the architectural worker? It is in thie entered the age of capitbaliames. context that wea muet consider workers. By preventing those who doing a competent and reaponsible Part Tiges necsteameletine seh emesaerNee damend, for axanple: SHOULD ARERTTECTURAL WORKERS ORGANISE? We heve sean how architectural workers are slowly and oainfully hacoming auere that their emoloyment security, their standard of Living, and the what, how, and why of the werk thay do, not to mention the quality of thea environment which thay share ag mambare of the community, are as much at the mercy of tha market syatem ag those of any other working peonle. with the "orofeestonal myth" notsG inte "engreaaive eollagseTM and their "nro- laterlanisstion® coming home to racet, they begin te reallee thet they have mote intersete in sommon with ether workers in the Building induehey, and indeed in all industry, than they have with thede owe amployerea,Fut, lack. ing any ordarieation of their own, the craanpanse of architectural workera ao far, sepaeially in the hard-hit orivate sector whare the probleme sre moet olearing, has been, not surprisingly, suoine, Yarkers that were “nroleatarianiaad® tone; before hava for over « cantury seen the anawer in solidarity. The trade unien movement ia the institutional Fore which that solidarity has taken, Through their uriene, working paanle have defanded thatr standard of living and right to work sqainet the rAayAgan of capital, At the eame time, thay have beaun argeniaing to overthrow the whole market ayatem and eatablish democratic control aver all asnerte of their working lives, so thet the human, amstural and culturel rasourcea of the nation may be used, cationally, for the benefit of all. that could trade union orasmisatian accomplieh for architechurel workers? Ae in other industries, the first satan is to make collective baroatring by the organised workers the method by which all qubetions of amoloyar-employes relations are resolved. The architectural workers union would need to finht for recognition as thair representative and, threuah collective bergaining, 1, An and to arbitrary, unnecessary, and inequitable redundencies, To teen going in tima oP crisis, excess orofite sid so-called “management expan see" should be trimmed, not jotsa. Where any redundancies ara agraad ta be unavoidable, the "who, when and how must be regotisted in detail with the union and those made redundant civen adequate motica and radundancy nay, (We do not conaidar the present leqel minimum at all adequate. ) Em nloyera should contribute to an industry-wide supplementary uneamnloyment insurance acheme., The use of architecture} “lump” Lshbour must be anded. 2 Collective nenotiation of salaries, hours, and sll other canditione of anployment, to enaure for all architectural workers « tassonable stan- dard of living. This would inelurte: a, Reducing axcessive and divisive pay differentials, particularly by raising the grosely inadequate ealariea of tha lowast-paid architer- tural workers. bs Stopping the decline in real wagae and ingurings that selery levale Sllow architectural workers to maintain their etandard of living. c. In arder to share squitebly the work available, a maximum work yaak of 324 houre and no ovartime work as a subetitute for full employment. Tf? overtime work ie unavoldsble, if should he osid, end at an annrape tiate rate. de A minimum af one month'e paid vacation for all ‘srohitectural workers. e. ting unified and avenuere pansion plan cavering all architectural am- ployment. /f,. Adequate paid peiweatey (and paternity) a and provision of day hurseries at or nsar the office. : f qs Safe and healthy working conditions: including senting, Lighting and Fire pracautionsa. 3. Suffielent time off with pay for attendance at relevant. courses, canfer~ “ences and meatingsa,a weil ag for trade union activitise: “"relavanceTM to be determined by the union oroanisation in the of fice.. The situation in architecture today, howaver, makes it necasaary for 2 unien to ao bayend theses vital "bread=and-buttert iasues. Aunton could damands 4. An arid to “‘sraduetion Line” management techniques, the. arbitrary divi- sion of labour and the artificiel separation of architectural workers OTP AEG *profaseionals® and "technicians." fsThaoppertunitytodogechjobreeponsibly!nespeed-upanednocutting of corners. “eo 3, Adhéranée to a unian-develoned "“oode of conduct” whieh would prevent architectural workers feem haveing to collaborate in the destruction ‘af our natural arid architectural heriteags, the breaking up of echerant popular neighbourheoda, and the divarelen oP valuable maherict and human resources Prom agcially-ueseful prejecta to apeculative, monumental, pres- tige, authoritarian and colonial onea. 4, Am and to: necrative management and erbditrary daciatians over the lives “ig architectural workere as well an over the planning,. design, sonstruc~ tian and mananament af tha built environment, Architectural workere need Fe " “not merely “open baoke,” but complate, danocratic control over every eapect of architectural oractics, Ewpleyertso contributepe,ar emnloyes, to a unien-administered fund setab- lishing small, democratically-arganised Locally-basead "community dasign offices” to provide an architectural service accesaible ta and account+ able to popular-based community ation qrouns, tenants associations, trades councils, ete. The union, in callahoration with the "cellent," would staff each office with architectural workara, whoee smoloyearts would be requitad to grant “leaveof absence." Firms could be oiven the option of converting to amell, nonenrofit, salf-mananad practices undet a suitable framework eneurine aeeourtabilfty to the community and en-ordination with other sommunity desion offices. Cither way, we would “ beoin te build, from the grasa roots up, a genaeretigastyse gansaay and ‘Lacally-eontrolled "national design service." Solidarity doea not: juat mean collective bargaining. Thove familiar with trade unions: know howe, in addition, Shey defend workers against discrimi - nation, - unfair diamiseaal or vichimisation, either by Legal renrasantation at tribunals ot by more ‘direct Sehon Floor" ection. And while ecallective “bargaining adreamente are cleerly the nrimary mathod wheraby architectural workers could begin to take control of their own destinies, their trade union could also ant positively and effectively in other ways, in the office, the profession, the building industry and the community. For example: 1. If architectural workers were well-organised, they, together with other organised workers in the building industry, could exert the political influence that is necessary to stop the cuts in socially-necessary building expenditure and investment. The use of the building industry by successive governmants as a handy “economic regulator" (however in- effective) is partly a reflection of the comparative weakness of trade union organisation in the industry. Its disastrous effects, even in boom times when a reckless seramble for profits stretches inadequate human and material resources, are well known, But beyond merely fighting for reasonable employment prospects in the industry, architectural workers, if organised, would be in a position to campaign for an end to the use of the building industry by the market system tc ensure profit and power for bankers and speculators instead of derent housing, industrial, social and cultural facilities for the community. They could demand that the whole range of human, material and financial resources available to the construction sector he usec for the good of the community and not for the luxury of the few or to maintain elitist, oppressive and wasteful institutions at home or fascist arid racist regimes abroad. Only if they are well-organised will architectural workers be able to develop, artic- ulate and forcefully present their demand for the right to produce well designed, well-built, sociaily-useful, environmentally-sound and demo- cratically~planned buiidings. The Lucas Aerospace shop stewards have be- gun to demonstrate that demands of tinis nature can be made on the "shop Floor" as well as in tine broader pelitical arena. 2. Collaborate with organised building workers not only in their campaign to and tne "lump," but also to ensure decent, healthy and safe conditions on site aiid to develop “Green SariTM-type actions blacking politically, sociaily or environmentally destructive projects. Architectural workers could also tegin to sefuse to collaborate on projects unless the workers who build them ara ensurec fair wages, decent conditions and trade union representatisn. 3. Campaign for charges in the Architects Registration Acts to alter the composition a? the Architects Reoistration Cfeuncil in order to give it a lay majority veotesentative of the population as a whole and an archi- tectural minerity 3lected cirectly by workers and employers in proportion to their numerical strengths. Such an ARCUK, cemoved from control by architercturai management, should step deiegatino responsibility for ar- chitectural education to the RIBA and shouid promulgate and enforce a "code of conduct" which is in the interests of the public and the workers in the profession, not those of architectural businessmen. The code should only permit among architects non-profit, self-managed forms of practice which nrovide for direct accountability to the community and complete internal democracy. Protection of the titie, "architect," and control over architectural education should no longer be used to filter out those potential architects who come from working-class backgrounds or who otherwise fail to fit the moid required by architectural manage- ment to perpetuate the present system of architecture. Architectural ed- ucation should aim instead to produce socially, technically and creatively competent architectural workers. This need is shared by all architectural workers; a union could fight for an end to education without jobs abd jobs without education by demanding on-the-job training and continuing educa- tion 4. Collaborate with trade unions in other EEC countries to ensure that EEC policies affecting architectural practice, the building industry and the environment are in the interests of architectural workers and the community. 20 It is our opinion that there are very few problems facing architecture today that trade union organisation and action could not come to grips with and make a real contribution towards resolving. We believe that union- isation is the only way that architectural workers can begin to gain con- trol over their working lives. At the same time it would be a positive step forward for the building industry and for the community. We don't see or- ganisation in the work place as a panacea. We see it as one necessary in- gredient in an interdegendent, three-fold strategy for progress, alongside action in the community to develop structures of direct involvment and ac- countability and political action on a broader scale. No doubt there are some who are now thinking, "...but surely, there must be some solution besides unionisation..." A brief look at the recent his- tory of "progressive directions" in architecture will help provide the an- swer. Here are nine ways that "architects of conscience" have attempted, with varying degrees of success, to find a way out: 1. Various "formalisms" and other attempts to seek "technical solutions" to political problems have always been popular in the profession. (Cynics might say that is the profession's main role.) From the late Nineteenth Century until after the Second World War, the greatest en- ergy of many talented and dedicated architects went into the "crusade" for "Modern Architecture," a style which lent itself better to a capital- intensive building and design industry than did more traditional styles but which acquired an air of social progressiveness because some of its leading exponents were Social Democrats or Communists (and some Social Democrats and Communists patronised the style), thus encouraging the Nazis to attack the style. This gave it great credibility after the Second World War until its massive shortcomings became so painfully and tragically obvious that they could no longer be glossed over. This "move- ment" has by now all but gone into hiding, though its influence persists and though its simple-minded concern for "rationalisation" and "indus- trialisation" of building continues to obsess a few die-hards and make headway where traditional labour-intensive building methods and skills have not yet been stamped out. With "modern architecture" discredited, designers have desperately searched for more sophisticated and credible "technical" answers: for another would-be solution which avoids the need for changes in the structure of the profession (i.e., neo-vernacular, historical conservation, alternative technology, energy conservation, etc.). As consensus is lacking, however, the latest hope appears to be a sort of enlightened neo--eclecticism. 2. Many who realised that formalisms, including "technocratic fetishism," would solve none of the underlying problems of architecture and only served to mystify the profession and the public put their faith into the extension of socialism=nationalisation into the practice of archi- tecture. For them, the local authority architect's department was to be the answer. The notion of a bureaucratic and centralised socialism, however, no longer has the "pull" it once had. The failure of public sector architecture, modeled on private practice, to change the internal relations in the production of architecture and its inability to with- stand the forces of the market system externally have created broad disillusionment with local authority practice, as a solution in itself, both from within and from the community. themselves? NO 3, In an attempt to learn from the mistakes of more conventional practices, a few "enlightened" architects have tried to create small, fairly "respon- sive practices, more or less "democratically" fun.as ‘cooperatives or mod- ified partnerships. As “None-off" cases they have been obliged to compete ‘in isoletion for patronage, manpower, financing, etc. in a completely capitalist system whose business and professional structure has been designed for their more bureaucratic, hierarchical and profit-oriebted copetitors. Yet because of their internal advantages as well as the un- -usual amount of talent, effort and committment which those involved have brought to them, some of these practices have achieved limited.success “bndvheavevneb:eenseizeduponbytheprofessionandmediaassignsof progress. Signs of hope they are, but it would be foolish ‘to believe that inthepresentcontextsuchacourseifrealistiopceanltol:yanymore than a token number of practices,.. Others in a related vein sought to rectify the obvious lack of direct accountability to the community which has characterised both private and public practice and set up would-be “community architecture offices" in the wake of the "advocacy planning" movement. These have been involved, with varying degrees of success, .in:fighting the planning and architec- ture establishment in the name of threatened local, generally wotking- class, communities and providing them with architectural services to: . <Whichthey’wouldnototherhawvei‘asccess.Itappearsthatwhiletoken, scattered local successes may be tolerated, if not ancouraged, in order _,to. give the profession aslightly more’ progressive and dynamic ‘public “image. and to keep busy. and content some:of the more committed young architectural workers while.at the same time isclating them from the “umainstream" of architectural: workers in- the offices, "downtown," there is’alsoreasontobelievethatthisdirecthairdloynac,cesisisbleas -g'Nggneral solution" on any scale without major structural changes in the “-pbofession. In the meantime, lacking a consolidated. power base and. with ‘tenuous sources:of funding and support, such offices may even run the risk of competition from the professional establishment itself, seeking “ ~*to move in on the new "market" they have opened up, recoup some respect- One step farther is taken by advocates of “Nself-build" who attempt to "drop-out" of the building industry and all its frustrations, though they sometimes do reserve a continuing role for the architect. “Others have chosen to try to minimise their connections with the mar- ket system itself by setting up rural: "communes." This again, though presenting a challenging model, is not an option open to large numbers Some thoughtful architects, seeing no socially or creatively positive role possible within practice as it now is, have retreated into afchi- tectural education and theory. While there is no doubt that important contributions can be made in this field, even at times in isolation from practice, there can also be little doubt that there is ai tendency among some of these people to erect a protective shelter of mystification ~around their somewhat vulnerable and isolated professional Sosition. ability and ensure that "things don't go too far." .Seeing the need for basic changes in the professional structure itself, groups like the "New Architecture Movement" have begun to call for its -reorganisation into a national design service of small, locally-based, democratically-run non-profit practices directly atcountable tothe community. But without developing the industrial and political power to _begin to move in this direction. let alone to fully realise the propo- sals,,how will they even be able to realisticaaly develop the concepts ‘In the late Sixties, some salaried architects began the latest attempt to gain influence within the employers! organisation. The Salaried Arch- of people in the ptesent context. itects Group in the RIBA was formed and the RIBA's electoral system mod- ified in the hope of giving the salaried majority of RIBA members some control of the organisation. The group has subsequently spent four years of considerable effort achieving token recognition of the salaried arch- itect in a by now contradictory "Code of .Conduct" whose "enforcement" is still entrusted to the employers.;Meanwhile, involvment at Portland Place has tended to isolate these articulate and committed architectural workers from their "constituency" hile. their:token presence has perhaps encouraged the illusion: that. the RIBA might someday be made accountable to its salaried majority. How seriously would the RIBA'S “democratic framework" be taken if it were placed’ in the architectural..office itself rather than at Portland. Place, given the absence of strong"s nop floor" ‘organisation of architectural workers. We doubt whether the charade — could continue. B8y removing the scene of confrontation:firom the work- place, where the conflicts are,.to a sa-called "professional institute," the illusion of demovracy is sustained. Tactically, by trying to deal with the employers within the RIBA framework, bather than at the place of work, the S.A.G. allowed themselves to.be-separated from many of their fellow architectural workers who are not even eligible for RIBA membership, while allying themselves instead with some salaried architec- tural Management. If this is beginning to read like a "nine lives of architectural reformism," it's no coinciderice. Ali the ebove-mentioned. "tendencies" try to solve the problems facing architecture by a solution within the scope of action by the isolated individual. They demonstrate an increasingly frenzied attempt... to avoid the inevitableth:e need for collective action on the part of arch- itectural workers to bagin. to transform the productive relations within ar- chitecture itself. _It.is our opinion that only when architectural workers” are _organised will these tendencies wgzyx cease to be "diversions" and be- gin. to make a posiitive |and significant contribution to architectural and social progress The extento which this happens will..depenncodt. only on whether architec- . Suen workers organise, but how they co so. we thimk we have shown sort of unionisation will be better than none. ‘The real question now.is whatkionftdradeunionorganisationisappropriateforarchitectural workers toda¥? Although we shall deal with this in more detail in Part Four, it is.useful to outline a general approach here. webéliavethattheproblemistochoanoappsroaech.totradeunionism (from among the many) ‘which will not only facilitate: organisation but will at the same time have tho: best chance of maximisingt.he eventual benefits of organisation to architectural workers, The direction we would recommend mem has already been. implied in our anal - ysis of the situation in architecture could accomplish. It might be termed the "workers! control" conception of trade unionism. the industry. and the community. today. and our .sketch of what a. union that any 2.6 environmental questions. This conception stresses the need for workers to gain“full, democratic: ‘control over all aspects of their working lives, not just wages, hours, job security and pensions. It does this not merely out of a fundamental faith in democracy and egalitarianism, and their ability to mobilise people's productive and creative capacities, nor merely out of a recog- s nition that low wages and insecurity are not the only harmful and oppressive aspects of capitalist control which need to be met head-on. It oelieves that unless wprkers take the initiative and militantly fight and destroy that system of capitalist control where they work, replacing "management prerogative" with democratic self-management , the fight for even decent wages and job security will remain a rear-guard, defensive action, ine creasingly unfruitful. The workers' control approach sees strong, militant and democratic "shop floor" trade union organisation as not merely an aasential means in the struggle for workers! control but the embryo as well for the end which is being sought. While it emphasizes the primacyo.f the work place as the scene of the confrontation between two mutually-antagonistic conceptions of social organisation, it stresses as well the complementary need for militant political mobilisation on a broader plane to replace the market _ system and the institutions which perpetuate it. 2.7 The workers! control conception has a long history which received added momentum from the ferment of 1968 and 1969. Unlike some of the more flam- boyant manifestations of that period which tally suppressed, it has continued to develop and make a stronger impact on the British Odie: Wine movement, as witnessed of they key role of "shop stewards" in the trial occupations and setting up of self-managed pected legislation for a baginning of some formalised "industrial democ- racy" and in the far-sighted and aggressive union activity typified by the "Green Sans" Building Labourers! Union. and. the. proposals a ‘production hich have been made ‘by the combine committee. Even in the USA, where narrow and essentially -"defensive" “bread-and- butter" trade unionism is particularly well-entrenched, large: unions. like the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers have recently pioneered health the giant United Auto Workers (which covers aircraft industry as well) have begun to devote considerable attention to have withered away or been bru- in thé growing recognition union structure, in the indus- cooperatives, in the ex- attitude toward, the Ssocmere? pioneered by the Australian for conversion to socially-use- ‘kucas -‘Aerospace shop. stauards the traditionn of a‘stong but and safety agreements and much heavy machinery and the We believe that this type of trade unionism is the most likely to be rele- vant to the concerns of architectural workers about the nature of the prod- uct they produce and the use to which it is put, about the way the work of architecture is organised, and about the sétisfaction they receive from doing their job. Its explicit call for self-management is pabticularly relevant in architectural practice, where many of the"obstacles" to it which exist in industry are more easily overcome. Moreover, because of its broader appeal and its emphasis on strong "shop floor" organisation, it may also be most likely to achieve significant and lasting progress on "bread-and-butter" questions as well. lle believe that architectural workers need a positive trade unionism whose aim is to combat both the material privations of the market system and the lack of accountability and humanity which it engenders. This requires a unionism based in the daily experience of its members and accountable to their wishes. Trade union organisation firmly based on the "shop floor" will enable members to formulate policies in the context they know best. In this way, too, the everyday opposition of workers to the oppressive and de-humanising forges of the market remains undiluted by remote hierarchies acting on their behalf. Whatever the advantages that the trade union organisation, per se, of architectural workers may have for themselves, the industry and the com- munity, and the significant additional advantages of a workers' control approach to organisation, the reality we are faced with is that architec- tural workers are, in general, not now either organised or in the process of organising. The next question, then, is whether architectural workers are really capable of organising. Part Three CAN ARCHITECTURAL WORKERS ORGANISE? arehitecture and’ ‘ta conaider ite implications, non-manual worker previously in the various craft sectiaong.of UCATT. Ie there raaily any resson to believe that architectural workere actually can get orgenisad, notwithstanding the need to do so? The idea of a4trade union for architeotural workers ip nob, in fact, antirely a new one. we believe at ie instructive briefly to examine the history of organising 3in The "Architects? and Surveyors! Assistante Profegetonal Union" (ASAPU) waa foundad in 1919 amidst the intense industrial unrest ‘and union eaotivity which Pollowad the 1914-1918 war. In 4924, alr3ady 60% of the profsasion was ealaried. The union grew in strength te 2500 by the mid-Twerties, at a time when there were only about 12,000 "architects." ‘In 4924, the name was changed to "Association of Architects, Surveyare and Technical Revio~ tante" (AASTA). By tha mid~Thirties, in tha depthe ‘of the Depression, » though 70% of the profeesion was by ther salaried, unemployment wes 30%and the membership wae agein 2500. Aftar the Seeand world War, the name waa, changed again to the "Association of Bui ding Yachniiniane.TM Membership . was 3500, where it has remained, though today Few members are architect a or atchitectural ‘technicians. The AST ginal gamated with eaveral building craft uniane to form the “Union oF fohsetruction, Qilied Trades and Tech- nicianat (UCATT) in the late Sixties and this yaar waa abeorbed into the Larger sy navly=formed nSUPELVAigory Tachnical, Administrative, Managerial- and Profesaional® (STAMP) section of UCATT, incorporating all salaried, During ite heydey in the’ Twenties and Thirties, the union consisted mainly of architecte and draughtsman and conéentrated ite energy on trying bo gat e minimum salary acala for the profession, to get Ne oeucontatian Par ealar- ded architects on tha RIBA Council and te Limit the number of workers en tering arohitectura by setting more stringent and timea-canauming educational standards. Ite main efforte on these issues were made in megotiatione with the RIBA, rather than directly with the employer in tha architectural office, where if wae naver able to reach a noeiiion of baing recognised aa the rep- tesentative of ite mambers in collective bargaining. It collaborated with the RIBA in supporting the passage of tha Architects Registration Acta, apparently in "return" for expected AIBA agreement to a minimuin gulary acale. Strangely enough, the RIBA never did agree to one. AASTA then adapted a some~ what more militant tone, and mambarahip took am upturn. It didn*t sffiliate to the TUC, however, until 1939,| why, despite ite pioneering efforts and some significant achievements, did the ABT "fade into obscurity" as a trade union for architectural vworkere? iesishiceenp aemasatnemmaneers 4s See addandum for more detailed history of ASAP. AASTA«RAT.«STAMP, ieee e pe syn gee We have identified four related factors which wa believe are relavant: 1. First of all, the union never achieved any real bargaining strength 2. Portland Place. In short, if was never able ta "deliver the gaods."” The attitude of trying to gat invited to dine with the employers Cin- stead af arganising their kitenan atat f) had another serious effect. The union was badly, if not mortally, compromised by its collaboration with tha RIGA. It fought for saats on the RIBA Council, helped set up the RIBA Board ef Education, supported the Architects Reaistratian Acts and devoted much of ites anergy in the Thirties to joint appeals, with tne RISA and Qullding canmtractors, toa the government to gat nelp for the industry. Some of its inadership even took an activa role in RIBA affairs. Yet it had never bean in a position to deal with the employers? orgqanisa~ tion from a pagitian of strength. Lacking a atrong organisational be in the offica, the union structure came to revelve around the branches and nmetional executive rather than around "ehap stewards" directly representing he arqanised worker. This may be OK. for a "friendly society," but wa believe it doas net make for a ebrong union, may facilitate domination by a bureaucratic minority, and results in the leadership gatting out ef touch with the rank and file. Finally, the credibility af the union as the representative of the archi- tectural worker may have been called into question by the prominence in the union of salaried architectural management. One can speculate as well on their effect upon union policy and strategy, especially as some ware active at the sama Lima in the employars?t institutions. More about this later, “- 3. 4, where it counts, on tha “Yahon Pfloar." This may have been the rasult of several factors. As historical context, less of the profession was sal- atied in those days and amall offices were mors mumerous, making affective organising mora difficult. The legislative and judicial situation then alao made union recognition mare difficult’ than it is naw. Much of the union leadership at ane time apparently aubseribed to the then current "soulaliem in one country" line emanating from Moscow and was perhans not oriented towarda industrial mibitanoy in Britain. Instead, several rege to managerial positions in lseal authority (and even private) prac- tice and to prominence in the RIBA, whether in pursuit of the party line or of personal inclination it is difficult to judge. In addition, aa a YeraPt"® union, it had too little interest in organising all amployees, including clerical staff, in the offices. Solidarity at tha place of ,!r wark too often took a back seat to discussions af “Yoraft*® issuas at While the ABT has been the only attempt in Britain at a spanifically archi- btectural trade union, architectural workers im the public sector, who now #}? 542 es" comprises at least 40% of the profession, have in addition had the optioen of joining. the relevant public sectar uniones | By now, throughout the pub- lic sector, trade unisns are racognised as the smployeesa® representatives Far collective bargaining. While there are extrems variations from offica to office, we believe that between 50 and 75% of the architectural workers in the public sector are union membegs, though we have been unable to sub- stantiate this. In any case, with the continued apread of the closad shap this number will inevitably grow. At the moment, though, architectural mem- bership in the public sector is probably lower than among other public sec- ter workers. None of the unions concerned actually knew how many architec- tural workers were members or what per cant of their “architectural con- stituency" thay had organised. Small wonder then that apparently few architectural workere take an active interest in thair public sector unian. Architectural workers have rarely found theae unions relevant to their day-to-day professional concerns, prab= ably because they are tiny minorities in unions otherwise having nothing to do with building and because the career structure in architecture may run not only through more than one union's territory in the public sector but obviously through the unerganised private sector as well. Because of that it is fairly unlikely that an architectural worker will become active in and make a committment to such a union. The public sector unions themselves have generally done Little to encourage sank and file activity or grass roots internal democracy, appearing some- timas to be bursaucracies aping the bureaucracy, They have tended to lack beth industrial and political militancy, too easily falling in step behind their employers? relatively benevolent paternalism. Hardly a good advertise- mant for trade unionism? Mogecver, because of the total lack of organisation’ in the privates secter, the employers there, through their institutions, have been able unilaterally to dictate the shape of the profession, public sec- tor included. There is thus reason to believe that organisation in the pri- vate sentor may be a prerequisite to injecting some life blood into trada unionism among public sector architectural workers. Public sector unionism among architectural workers may also suffer from another problem, one which we believe also contributed to the decline of the ABT. In the public sector, management is salaried. The public sector unions, like the ABT, have always allowad membership not only to the archi- 1. NALGO (National Association of Local Government Officers) in local authorities, regional hospital boards, 'Staff A&Sociation in the GLO/ILEA. IPCs water authorities, ete. GLC (InstituteTM of Professional Civil Servants in the DOE, PSA and other organs of central government. a Le I TSSA (Transport Salaried Staffs Association) in British Rail and London Transport. amployears! insti not unknown to follow a term as chief architect partnership in the private eee ultivated "in the ion can not only hamper in public practice by a calling inta question of the interesta of the ising itself. We believe isation teaches one lesson of the union, but by as the bona Fide defender Taw years confirms this, seeter, nourished by connactions (to say the public service." It is obvious how such a situa- the effective functioning the union's cradibility architectural worker it can prevant effective argan- that if the brief history it is that the short cut of architectural union- to failure lies along. f9% ° ms ct roles of the various design professions. teéctural worker but alee to the man who is the “bosstt for the practical purposes of everyday working life. These architectural managers have at timas been able to influence ar aven dominate unian activity (or inactivity) in their departments. Usually thay share the outlook and concerns of arch- tectural employers in privata practics and often take an active role in the whians,. Given the career structure in archit acture, it is the path of collaboration with management and Lts institutions. That is not the only difficulty to be encountered in arganising architec q “3 tural workers. Une of the classic argunents against the feasi bility of ¥ arganieation is that the incentives ta Join a trade union are Lackinas architects are well-paid; their employers are liberals; their work is neither back-breaking, impersonal nor Wazardous and providas a high Level af job satisfaction; and as "norofessionals" they anjay a high level of control aver the organisation of their work. Without Peginning a discussion af whether this was ayer an accurate picture, and For whom, we think have alrgady made clear that it is by now obvious that this no longer ap~ plies to the overwhelming majority of architectural workers », whose worrias in the present crisis only thinly conceal a deeper uncertainty about the future of the building industry and the aconamy, mot to mantion the future The other claseic arqumant is based upon anobher aspect of the "prefessional myth." The salaried architect, it goes, will aventually become a partner and not only sees his security ina partnership rather than through the solidar- ity of trade union action but already shares the amploayar's manbality. He has no long-term interesitn building the union; quite toe the contrary, he already takes an active intereat in the amployers* inetitutions. Mytha do die hard, but with 50% of evan registered architects already salaried and the figure steadily mounting, the “proletarianis n" of the profession is beginning to be understood. Reality oan only so long be denied. The rapid growth of white cellar and professional trade unionism in the past Others argue convincingly that trades unionism can only be built upon solidarity and that architects will never overcome the individualism and competitiveness which stams from their middle-class backgrounds and aducation. (And because of tha employers? control of tha Architects Reg~ istration Council and thus architectural education, the titla, "architect," is by now virtually restricted to people with that background and educa tion.) Fortunately, the education system is less than 100% afficient and even a middle-class background can be overcome (with effort). A corollary to this argument is that the architect is anxious to maintain a social status which places him “above” trade unionism. If wetre to believe the resulte of recent sociological surveye, thar's apparently not too much | left of the architect's vaunted "status." The current form of thie argument is perhaps that trade unionism isnt trendy" enough for the architect. Un- fortunately, ons can’t pay the rent with "etatus," and “trandiness" is no substitute for a full stomach, fulfilling work, and self-respect. Thies is baginning to dawn on those who have hitharta been too easily satisfied for their own good. Likewise, we have shown how architectural reformism is run- ning out of rope. We believe this is also becoming increasingly apparant, despite the frenzied effarts of the media to market the latest paneceas. The most serious arguments against the feasibility of organising among architectural workers are of another sort, however. Thay all hinge upon the extreme fragmentation of the profession, This fragmentation takes three forms: 1. Tha employers’ classic form of fragmentation divides architectural workers into several categories, each of which is supposed to have its own epe- cial interests which override common ones. This is done first of all by statutory division (aimed at reinforcing existing differences in class background) of architectural workers into those who are "architects" (and may on occasion be invited to dine with the lord of tha manor) and those who are “architectural technicians," otherwise known as draughtemen. This type of division is carried further by the creation among salaried archi- tects in private practice of "associate" status (a sort of standing invi- tation to dinner with the potential of an eventual partnership). The tech- nician, of course, is one step above the clerical staff. This fragmentation has a second form, which is “division of architectural workers "horizontally" (though with a poorly concealed vertical component) into distinct "crafts." (The distinctions tend to blurr easily when therets @ scramble for work.) Thus we have the intricate and cultivated division of building design inte tasks for architects or surveyors, town planners or urban designers, structural and sarvices angineers, quantity surveyors, building contral officers, stc. The division we are told is the result of maximising efficiency. Ne comment. tactural “minority! of thelr members. we believe that, given the situation in arehitecture today, exacerbated by the current employment crisis, a carefully designed organising campaign would succeed in convincing the 50,000 unorganised workers in the buliding profesaions that their common interests call for common organisation and that their fragmentation works only in their amployers’ interests. It has become apparent ta us, hewaver, after meetings with high-level officers in sogeral *oroapective” unions, thet no trade union is ab this point eeriously interested in launching in the building professions the kind of organising drive that would have a realistic chance of suecess, cormidering the diffi- cubties we have just outlined. We must have no illusions about this. te should consider the possibility, however, that should an effactive argani- ging campaign gat started, hitherto thusilasm for organising, encouraged are in "good industrial relations." We Nave come to the conclusion that kere is foasible. In fact, we believe that despite all the obstacles, some Porm of trade union ocrmanisation is inevitable. To achieve really effective luke-warm unions may show a sudden an- by an equally sudden interest by amploy- the organisation of architectural wore 6G an inevitable historical process of speeielieation for the purpose of . The employment pattern in architecture, particularly in the private sac- tor, is’ characterised by a great number of small effices. Thie always makes difficult mot only organising in tha firet place but maintaining what organisation has geen achieved, especially when combined with high staff turnover, another characteristic of the profession, particularly when times are good and in Landon, where probably half of the arehitectu- ral workers in Sriteain are amployad. 3. The "typical" career structure in British architecture, when combined with the prasent form of the Britieh vhstacle to organisation. it's nat at all unusual fer an architectural _ worker to move from local autharity te private practice, to teaching or research, to cantral government or a nationalised industry, inte a con- tractor's office or private industry, working lifetime. He may mot only pass or four different trade unions but may ganised ta unorganised territory. Thie an incentive to the architectural worker to take ar active part in his or her trade union and make the kind of Long-term cammittmant upon which or- ganisation depands. The corollary is that the trade unions ara alen quita understandably discouraged by this fragmentation ganising architectural workers or paying from either actively or- much attention to a small archi- trade unian movement, adds a further and perhape back again, all in one through ths territories af threa aleo pass back and forth from or- atate of affairs hardly provides ht BRIEF BIBL TOGRAPHY On trade unlonism: Gn the situation in architecture: 3e7 organisation, and to achieva it when it is really needed, however, those obstacles must be overcome. We believe that this can be dona by a care~ fully considered strategy and committment, hard work and a willingness to taka personal risks. Only architectural workers themselves can provide this. If they do, we balisve that the trade union movement will contribute the essential support that only it is in a positien to provide. But the process will also take time. "Seize the day! Ssize the hour!" Kan Coates and Tony Topham, The New Unioniam: The Case for Workers? Cantral, Penguin Books paperback, 1974, FSSENTIAL READING. Tony Topham, The Organised worker, Arrow Booke panerback, 1975, Ken Coates and Tomy Tephem, Industrial Democracy in Greet Britain, Panther Bocks paparbeck, 1970. A Short History of the Architectural Profession, by adam Purser, TI7G, Available fram The New Architecture Movement, 143 wWhit@iald St., London wt, Malcolm Mac Ewen, The Crisis in Architecture, RIBA Publicetions Ltd., 1974. Edited extracts published in RYSA Journal, Anoril 1974. (See alec his lang avticle, “what Can 8a Done about Competence?" in The Architects Journal, 19 November 1975; po 1063-1084. Louis Heliman, "Democracy in Architerture," RIBA Journal, August 1973, pp 395-403, and "Prefessional Representation," Architectural Besign, Merch 1976, on 156-459, Patet, Four HOW SHOULS ARCHITECTURAL WORKERS ORGANISE? From our discuseion of why architercturel workera ought to organise, it wavuld appear thet the maximum hsnefite of organigation will bea reamed were all wore kare involved in the design of the Built enviranment to come tagathar in ane coherent union within a larger union covering the entire building industry, which, indeed, cught to form mart ef a still larger union of all working peo- plea. Energy which would otherwise oo inte constant defensive esetion agsinat the unified ineatitutione of the employera (ineluding finance, madis,. and the etate}, not to mention the diversions of defending onafs "patch" againat sn~ creschmant by workers in another "erafi," industry or sector, could be dirac- ted to making teal progress in the office, srofeesion, end community. Tf there were one union fer ail architecture] workers it would have the human resources and cammittment mot only to soeak Por them srticulately, coherantly: and forcefully, but aleao te carry through to completion the task of organi- sing. Only auch se union would Mave the meane and will to undertake the research and discuseion, deveslon oolicy and take action on vital desuea facing erchi- hecture and the built environment, in the } office, orafessional structure, huiiding industry, and community. IF ia nob only sechitectural workers but also the building industry and the community that need such a union. Until atehitectural workera are coherently organieed, the bio amnisyers, though a tiny fraction of the mrofassion, will sontinue ta claim, through their ineti- tuitions, that thay speak for the orafesasion...an we shall ell, sorkers end community, continue to pay the orice for thet volee, however garbled it may SRR. Tt is further important thet ali workere involved in buiiding deafon, mat just architentural workers strictly speakine, Sut aleo quantity surveyore, ebruc- tural and services engineers, bullding surveyors, landscene architects, atc., be srashised inte one undan and thet union encemnasa beth nublic and orivate sectors. Ags contributors te the same oroduch, mutual sunport in induetrial disputes is essential. And sines one group is often capable af doing the Same work as another {a.9., architects and surveyors, lotal authority archi-~ tects or consultants, etc.), common orosnisation ia assantial to prevent not oniy exolieit or de-facta "aeabbinaTM om ane another but else daatrustive com- petition Por wark at the other's expanse and isalous guarding af possibly subgated delineations of exclusive professionel spheres which pravent the industry from developing for tha samman goad an determined by its workers as a whole and by ths communities who use ite preducte. And it ia necessary that euch a union in the building professions be part of a union of all bulldina industry workers, and indeed of all workers in iB or all industries, for similar reasons applied to the wider scala, to combat the power and flexibility which capital companies, conglomerates, finance, state and media. Such arguments as theses have been out forward many times before in the his- tary of the trade union movement and have tant influence upon ite development. We must face the fact, howaver, that the historical development of trade unionism the formation of ona big union. Indeed, in the building industry slone, af- ter numerous amalgamations, the moet at least three unions of major significance: General Workers Unien)} and the electricians chitectural workers, because of the and plumbere union. As for sr- with "a finger in tha pie" (that is, with architectural members, in the econatruction industry or sengacad, sionals from various industries), there ployment and the existence of a variety roring ite management atructure, ° and considering all the unions already union sould. 4, aaa footnote 1, peqe 3.3 has at ite command through ite had and continue to have an impor~ in Sritsin hae not resulted in recent in the late 1960ta, there sre UCATT, TGuWU (Transport end split inte orivate and nublic sector ame of unions in the public secter mir- like ABEX or ASTMS, in organising are a good dozen unions which an orofes~ 4.2 architectural worker might find himeelf joining. If this diffuse situation ie allowed to continue, end unlees architectural workere take the initiative, it will, the result will be that the inevitable organisation of architectural workere and workere in the ellied professions will proceed slowly, sporadically and hesitantiy: will be unnecesserily oro- tracted; will remain inconrlata, and will never be able to contribute to the workers, profassion, industry and community what an effective, coherant Wheat then area the prospects of achieving ona union for all architectural workers? lie are immadiately faced with certain oroblema. The unions who have at present the largest memberships of architectural workers are public sector unions like NALGO and the GLO Staff Association wha have no interest in arganising workers outsida their marrow and pracisely-defined "constitu- encies." And while the CEI may be only too hanpy to recommend that profas~ sional engineers employed in the public sector join theee unions, we suspect that they are among the least likely of the dozen or so "srospective" unions to satisfy our criteria for # suitable union far architectural workers. Yo propose that some other union could orgsnise not only ail the unorganised architectural workers but alec those now aither members of or reoresented by a "rival" union te alas unreslistic as a short-term proposition, thouch Ths formation, by architectural workere themeelvee, f 2 naw, independant union has obvieus attractions, inclucling “oroeanactive" unions, 4sedeaeFiFp omedaneoe 6? te the option of amalgamating in the union on terms oreserving sufficient Putute with a larger, more general autonomy, as the Medical Practitioners coneidering the difficulties which an organising encountert,he likelihood of getting such a uninan off the oround witheut the back-up which only an already slim. Organising requires funds overheads and to cover for inevitable In addition, tha expertise which comes ience and the access ta trade union allies in case of disputes are umlikely Union did with ASTMS. Unfartunstely, drive in this field will powerful union could supply ie pretty for oaraonnei, literature, legal atrikes, lock-nuta, and victimisation.- fees and from considerable trade union exper- i.3 Es such a development over the long term is parhans more olausifle. #Raiding*® of another union's membership would be counter-nroductive and in cenfiict with the TUCts "Heidlington Principles" anverning relations between sffili- Sed unione. Nor is one union likely to be keen on actively sroaniaing on The immediate mrospecte Por achieving ena bic union, even juet fer arechi-+ tactural workers, ara therefore not very encourecing. The only realistic alternative at thie point would seam te be thet architectural workers join one or more of the dozen or soa “prospective” uniene. But ie that « eaufficient recipe aither for launching a successful organieing drive or fer eventually praviding an effective trede unian orgabisation for architectural workers that will reap the full benefits that could come from unionisation? The former may depend on the parceived likelinoed of the latter. It is essential at this point to begin ta axamins mora closely the situation regarding another's "patch," sapecially when thet liee in the nublie sactor. to be easily available today to @ naw union, however genuine it may appear. Qvar the years saveral different typas of unions have develonad in Britain. Thay can be distinguished by different concestions of their "constituencies" as well as by differences in structure and orientation, The early unions de« veloped along "craft" lines {a.q., bricklayers, olumbers, ste.) reminiscent of the medieval guilds. More recently, "white collar" work has been organ= ised across industriel lines almoat ae a sort of “slite”TM oraft, by unions like APEX, ASTMS and NALGO es wall as by eectione of large general unions like TASS (Technical and Supervisory Staff) in the AuUEY and ACTS (Admini~ etretisea. Mlanisset Tashminal are fonarviegry) in the TG. In order to match the power and flaxibility o* cepital and te organise hitherte unorganised workers ignored by the craft unions, induetrial unione developed, grouping all workers in an industry into one union, The National Union of Mineworkere is perhane the closest epproach te this in fritain, shough amalgametions have made some headway, In the United States, the great arganiaingdriovfethe1930'sresultedinthecreationofthepowerfuline GUSeSio. UMSSns of Ina CIO, like the Automobile Workers and the Steelworkers, In industries where the mpublic secter hea « virtual monopoly, like sostal service, rail tranenort, medicine and education, could become induatrial unions through aporoorietea amalgamations within each industry. Otherwise, the publie eacter unions are more analagous to the staff association of e particular enterprise. Finally, cutting acresa all craft, industrial and sector lines are the general unions, Like the TGWU and the National Union of General and Municipal Workere, on the model of "ane bio union" for ell wotkers. Theee "ideal types" herdly sxist aa such in practice, due to amalgamations and other historical and practical circumstances, Largn general uniona like the Tew include craft unions like the plasterers, who amalgamated with it when the sarpenters, bricklayers and painters were joining to make UCATT almest an industrial union. white collar unione may function as industrial unione whers an industry ie almost exclusively white collar, like banking end insurance. Perhaps the differences bewtesn uniona in terma of structure and orientation are more significant. Some tand to be like friendly societies while others act more forcefully in the industrial and political arenas. Some unions are sencerned almost exclusively with “bread-and-buttar® issues of wages, houre and pansions, while others take a broader view of their members? intersate in the workplace and in the community. Some defend narrowly their own inter- este with little regard for those ef other workers, while other unions eae their own pregress as inseparable from that broadest senee and act sccordingly both om the shap floor and in the commun- ity. Some have a docile sttitude towards management while others are mili- tant and incorruptible renresentatives of their membsret interests. Some unions ara run from the ten down in a hierarchy while othare function by a democracy built up from the "qrase roots" and dependent upon an active rank and file. Somes unions Punetion mainly by full- tima, permanant "professional" trade union are essentially "amateur" operations, with the bulk of the task left to the “Lay" memberahip rather than to the "axnerte," and officials, mafnerally elected, returning to their old fobs after ralatively short tarme in unian office. In the hiatery of trade unioniam have existed, but today in Britain the differences while significant, are usually of degree rather than of kind, can change in a few years and are not always easy ta discern Prom without. What union should architectural workers join? There are six unions which ere’ in a position to scrganise in the assentially unorganised private sector, and they are all invelved to sone extent in the public sector aa well. These six include three large general unions, the TGWU, GML and AUEWs two white-collar- only unions, ASTMS and APEX; and STAMP of UCATT, which ie active only in the building industry. For the purposes of this discussion, we shall look atone union from each af the abeve threa categories; that is, TGWU, ASTMS and UCATT. Why these three? It is cur impression that, while similar in conceptian, ASTMS may be more effective, dynamic and nolitically-committed than APEX, APEX is also much smaller than ASTMS, although it is etranger in the con- struction industry. The TG) is much Larger than the SRuti and, in addition, is quite strons already in the building industry. ive have, therefore, nat setiously considered thea GRU. The AUEY da another very large unich with a reputation for democracy and militancy and has a atreng base in civil engin- the public seetor unions of the Labour movement in ite mirraring that of sapitel, "administrators," while othere all thease contrasting positions between and within unions, 4.4 firma of coneulting civil engineers. tie are not tonaidering them at this time only because we have not vet had a chance to meet with their officials end to study: their literatures, “fa ahall mresent here only the briefest des- erintion, inevitably subijective, of those thres unions. t9 & : nos ible te s3enarste brene We underetand that it mould alec orobably be ches For architectural workers and for salariad architecture] management. The union emohasizes ite fPlexisility and relative cpennecs to arqanisetiansl innovation. In addition to the “trade croup" at geographical structure, with tan reqiene in Briteir (and officials} between them and the branches. ghasizea its reliance on sn active lay membership anc shan i tate sega: ataneimastent, 1. 988 Dagee 3.3 and 3.4 daity ware is a oarallel sict committees devate cansid- oe ty oriva'te sector tir g procmfessionals :ih nai highear~ recent cast by manual 4,5 aering construction, where TASS has appsrently already organised some large The TCM, ss s ganerel umion, may plance Lack the attraction of CATT of ASTMS which may lia mainly in theirs well-cultivated images: UCATT as the building industry union and ASTMS ss the union fororofessionals. The” Towel, though, is the largest trade union in fritein with nearly twa million mambere, ome in avery Five trade 2, and still groawine ranide ly. In addition to its obvious atrancth in road transoort, the docks and he motor industry, it haa nearly 300,000 members in tre bullding industry. lalf of these are in the production and transport of building materiale and the remaining 750,900 sr se work in building construction proper. anal 8 quarter of those sre skilled trades and the remaining, "sami-skilled.” In additian to its Construction Section, the hite collar section, ALTs has sbout 400,000 mambers throughout induatry.’ while there are at oresent few or no architects at all in the TAC, wa undarstand thet archite ctural workers could orohably form their awn branches where numbere NUMDSLES » seamed to justify it. a branch im the T&S.) Theses branchae would presumably fall apetion, though it might be possible to came under the arable resources to oroanising, Fessarsh, punl earian hut arte (Fifty ie usually coneiderad ASTMS (Asancistion af Selanti and Manenerial Staffa) was Formad in 1968 ov thr amslgqar SeTSn of “a ‘eetettt 9 teenoilar unions and has grow quickly from under 490,000 Benner to some 350,000, by further aralogemations and orqant: white-collar workers, The union in many fields. Much of ita "pitch" salsried ataffe recoup differentials workers’ caing; it haa thus hesn against Flaterate uace inctaases in the current crisis. Tt amohasizes sisa and extensive servicas ta members: a orafagsional union far profession ai geoble, rather than strar- aing a union self-managed by the Wworkears® theaselves. We have mot yet been able te make & reasonably sceurate avaluation of its industrial militancy ar its internal democracy, but it does annear often to take progressive nositions on broader solitical issues, oerhaps surprisingly for a white pridss itself or ray is based an its lier union. ASTMS would bea unlikely to allow architectural workers to have their own branches until mora than 150 in an aree had joined. de are concerned not only about the possibility thet within ASTMS sslaried archi- tectural management might gore easily be able to influence the earchitectu- ral workers! organisation, but also about the problem of architectural workers getting "lost" among workers from complately unrelated industries, The Medical Practitioners Union, whan it amalgamated with PSTMS, ues able to maintain = auitable daorea of autonomy, including “comniete sutonomy in tecard to all professional matters affecting Medical Practitioners in- cluding the conduct of disputes." In our view, it ie unlikely thet hitherte unorganised architertural workera entering ASTMS would ever be able to achieve such autonony. Following sublication of the OC] report, ASTME haa aradead i: 4 vee ‘Act gactiaon. =e. cr et re] x om 1734 “sm et 4 bean making an effort ta recruit professional engineers; we have no idea as yet what: progress, if any, they heave made. We have already discussed STAMP, the non-manual section af UCATT, in rela- tion te the History of the ABT. UCATT «9 a whole now includes nearly 309,000 cenetruction workers, moahly akilled tradee, though construetian as an ine dustry ia still comparatively under-orgahised. STAMA mow cumbere some 19,000 to 20,006 membera, of which 3,500 were former ABT mambers. We got the ime oression that there are at present en almost insignificant number of archi- tectural workers in STAMP. Tt anpesra that STAMP ie sancentratina mainly on organising eite foremen; it has no plans for em orgenising drive among erchitectural workers. In our view, it probably dosa not have the capability of indeapandently croanising architecture] workare, either. Yet it le unlikely that erchitectural workers could have their own saction in UCATT outside of STAMP. Surprisingly, the present architectural memberahio of STAMP seems to be dominated by a few older, RIBA-criented, manacemant-lavel architects in . the public sector, which may also explain how (or why) few architecte or architectural techniciane are actually in STAMP. As far ae we know, the only architectural office with which STAMP has a collective bargaining agreement is (in conjunction with NALGG) the Seottish Special Housing Association, a public sectar offices which funetions in Scotland somewhat ae the GLO does For housing in Geater Londen. fash of thase three preapactive uniona has nomathing to offer arehitectursl wokers. te have emphasized, howaver, the necassity of having one strong un- ion for as many architectural workers es possihle. ft ig eegantial, there- fore, that architectural workers committed to organisation collectively de- cide as soon es possible on ona union for the task. The alternative ie hav- ing architectural workers straggling into all of these unions, not to men-= tion other proepective unions, based en "pereonal oreferance." Parhaps this is the firat test af whather architacts can avarcome the “bourgeois individ- ualiomTM which has condemned to failure or ineionificance ao many of their pravious “reform effarta, The choice amone Tou, ASTMS, UCATT and TASS CAUEW) ia not an easy ona. Tha criteria we think ought to be applied in making that choice sre probab- Ly apparent by now from whet we have already discussed. We think it is im- nortant, nevertheless, to make explicit tha more important ones concerning the union's structure, its attitudes, and ite sotential role in a drive to organise architectural workers. 4.0 STRUCTURE 4.1 To what extent do the rank and file run the union, or is the union actually contrellad from the tap down? 4.2 Is there a union “priesthood” or do the workers themselves sdminister the union, returning te the "shan floor® efter brief terms in union offices? 1.3 How powerful are elacted “shon stawarde" in the union structure? Se thay oet full support frem union officiala? 4.4 To what extent does shop floar initiative and action gat smothered under the weight of union bureaucracy and Rierarchy? 4.6 %he umianm ta iLisa aad freely io eseociete 2,4 Deaa the union take a clear and tuneomorc ard of ficial ‘opm for its views? 3imm pueition in deafenes of the interests of workers when in comPliet with those of management or ites institutions? 2.7 Will thea unten militantly fight moat only for better wanes but for Pull control by workersaf all napeets of their — ine lives, by beth mili- tant “ehoo PloorTM ‘orwandeetion and broader nolitical action? 2.3 What attitude will the union take towards axiating cay and atatue differ- antials amone architectural workers and what orierity dees it dive te reiging the lavels of the lowest paid, both in architecture and in the hroader economy? 2.4 fs the union symnethati agemifdad aporoach to imoravinn amolay~ mant orosnmects in the Fidina 6 ofessione and to anviranmental iseues as they concern the eikaeace {e.0., "Sraen Bans," Lucas Aerospace shan stewsarda-type propos Seth on te of inetitutions oe community con= trol, etc.}? foes aeHa idantifyF emniovmant sen: vation of seteweuiieisengs( “posits comet rather she loak on tha divieion of labour and continu 2.8 To what extent ia the union wil solidarity amone all workers in 2.6 To what extant does the union actively among iis mambere ae walk aa in diserimination t oretere ste 2.7 When the union invests (or evan builde}, does it take an anviranmentslly, socially and politically respansicla attitude? 3.0 QOASANISTING ARCHITECTURAL WORKERS 3.7 Te the union willine and able «x v to aroaniee all unarganisad wor kers in the buiiding profassions, no matter what typos aor size of office thay work in near whateestor the offices falls in? 3.27 Will they organise all workers in such offiees or danartmente, including clarical and administrative? 3.3 What is tha unionts sttitude toward oresnising s riedmanraement in architecture? What safequarde can it provide ee would oravenk their gaining control of an oraanieation of architectural workers? 3.4 What dedree of autonomy and how clear and coherent identity cauld weorkera i in the building professians anjoy in the union? 3.5 ould the unian support the eatablishment of = rankeand-file level ornani- sation (or "inetitute") bringing teqether architectural workers Prom sl) the relevant trade unions? 3.6 What resources cen the union make available for an orcanising drive? (e.g., financial, personnel, legal, research, publicity,ate.) Unfortunately we are nat yet in a position to fully evaluate the “orosnectiveTM umians accarding te the ahave criteria, though some tenbetive comelusions may be anarcing., None of the unions, for exemmis, give a clear imoression of ace tive and militant grass reote democracy, unfettered by hierarchy and dureau- cracye In any cage, it should be in mind that bayand the immediate orob- % ao is] my 2 im lem of launching an organising drive ie a lang-term committment to trade unionism. linione do change, sometimee quite significantly within « few yeare, and further amalgamations yemailn a noesiblility even if none are on the im-~ mediate horizon. Not thet this remeves the naceasity sf a choles, as soon as poseiblse, deepite the oreasing mead for Purther investigation. The only conclusion thet can be reached at thie point, nowaver, ia that none a? the three “proepective” unions we hava looked at satisfactorily fulfills our oriteria., that then shsil we do? 7 ie car make four clear recommendations already: 4. Architectural workers themeelves should take the initiative in organising all unorganised workerea in architecture {together with workers from the | ather building professions} inte ona, and only ons, atrono, militant, demo~ eratic and broademinded trade union, preserving maximum autonomy and idere tity within it, The choice among tha TOwU, ASTMS, UCATT and TASS (AUEL) should be made eas quickly as possible after further research and discus-_ sion. A union with an estebliehed presence in the bulidino induatry sould be preferable. The nossibility of getting the four or five prospective unions toa jointly back a new, indenencent union for the buliding profas- gions, while pearhape remote and unprecedented, should nevertheless be theraughly explored. 2. The arganising drive should be aimed at all the building profesaions. duet aa the initiative in organising in arehitecture will have to come from the architectural workers themselyes, however, the same applies te the other builcine professions. 3. The firat tarqat of any organising campaign must be the unorganised axpangses of thea private secter. 4. In order te compensate for the inevitebls lack sf one union for all ar- < chitectursl workers, architectuml workers should immedistely establish and build up @ atreng “inatitute," or sealition, of organieed architec- tural workers, open to and unitinn at the venk-and-file level ell archi- tectural workers reqardieas of their particular union membership. It ahould also have a etudant aection. Such an arganisation could not only bring trade unioniete in architec- tures together to help organiee the unorganised but would aventually be able to epeak progressively, clearly, and coherently for 35,000 architec- tural workers architectural workers on issues of common industrial, oro- fessional and anyvirenments!] ecancern whare individual unisne with emall architectural minorities would have neither the intereat, the will or the means to do so. Only then will the reactionary influence of the amployers' organisation, claiming in the preeent vacuum to anpaak for 4.8 the whale orofession, he effectively counteracted. Such a noalition, ar “inetitute,"” could essist the relevant trade unions in cdayeloning and imnlemantina (at grees roota thar than ab baad eanditions, am industry-wide nenalor echeme, ayeteme of workeral contral and ancaurtability to thea community in the snment tural oranticea, a ofofessianal code of conduct in the interests af the workere and tha community, orooressive design and specification guidance, on-the-job training and continuing sdumation, etc. Such cooperation is the only way to keep divisivensee between workers in different unions from playing into the hands of a management which is already well-coordinatad, Bavond that, it would probably be the only conceivable organisation which could produce an architectural workera' handbook, a prograssive journel of architecture, and be the "official" voice af architectural workers as a whole before the community, the state, and fraternal bodies abroad, We consider the satablishment of such a body of argenised architectural workers to be a otessing priority. hile its preciae aqeals, membershic and structure remain, of couras, to be developed, we mropose that it be organised as democraticaliy as possible st icecal, reqionmal and naticnal levels from the rank and file up, based on a “ecaucue" of workere in every architecture office or department, their alerted ranresentatives, and periodic congresses delegating cantral execution of policias as nacessary. 4.9 $ why wo fie oe vt? 4 9 level) co~ordineted policies and action campaigns on wegee and working Dart Five WHAT ARE THE FIRST STEPS? In arder for our four recommendations to be carried out, we believe the Following will be naceseary: 4. An expanded "Oraanising Committee” ahould carry an the work af the uUndonieation Working Grou by planning the organisinn campaian; dis- cussing, negotiating, and cooperating with the relevant unione; atid, generally, take un the committment to organising architectural workers. 26 The Committee should continua and speedily conoludea the research into tha existing aitustion and into prospective unions and continue discus- sion with those unions toward a mutually acceptable etratecy. We expect our network of persanel contacts among architectural workere to be tha = main organiaing tonal, backed un by literature, meetings, full- or part- time oraanisera, ete. The compilatian of 9 “directory of architectural workers, indicating employment and any union affilistion, ia an essential piace of reseateh both for developing atrategy and proceeding with argani- vation. i= is a difficult but feasible tesk. Be Ae sbon as the research and develooment of sn aareed atrategy can he comelucded, the Committee should publish a convincing repert with the purpoea of raising the iseuse leudiy and claarly. Funding and distribution must be arranged. 4. Based on the proposal eventually agread uoon, the Committse should nege~ tiate with the relevant union or uniena and make a final decision recard- ing which union(s) te work with (unless a more suitable strategy can he developed). Be The organising drive must baqin aa scan as poesible. The subject ie ranid- ly moving into the apatlight and i? the architectural workers don't move, fast, the bosses no deubt will, making deals with as many as poseible of the moat docile unions thay can Find aa soon as they perceive the threat of a really affective unionisation. This la another reason why the pos- sibility of gettines some or all the orospective unions to back a combined organising drive in the name of a new union for workers in the building profegsione must be Pully explored, however remote it may be. te believe that the orcanisina drive itself muet be in hioh gear within three to six manthe from now. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource NAM Unionisation Group Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Allan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 1976 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/7413e7d83382f3c9ef6dcc70af396cde.pdf 36996f13d5762201ce0abfa00ec164ec Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Trade Unions and Architecture Description An account of the resource Themes included action on asbestos and Health &amp; Safety, and involvement with Direct Labour Organisations and Building Unions. Following comparative research of possible options, NAM encouraged unionisation of building design staffs within the private sector, negotiating the establishment of a dedicated section within TASS. Though recruitment was modest the campaign identified many of the issues around terms of employment and industrial relations that underpin the processes of architectural production. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Asbestos - The Killer Dust Subject The topic of the resource Warning Leaflet Description An account of the resource A Rank and File Factsheet ASBESTOS : The Killer Dust Howwidespread iscontact with asbe: stos’ reverytinyinded.Inoneinch,youcanfitside Butisn'ttheasbestoshazardmainly athing of the past? rehavenot,of course,beenanycourtcases agaistihepersonsresponsibleforthisslaughter, insulationisapureafterthought. Youflingupa building and then after you've done it you hire someone to fling on some asbestos. The purposeis not toprotect people butpi nd itmatters littleapparently. that this"protection’ exposes millions upon millions of people to disease. remember, wheneveryoucomeacrosssomething unsafe at work, don’t work on it or near it. h But people in important positions are saying that asbestos, even blue asbestos,isalrightin‘residential bought and paid People keep saying that white asbestos is safer than blue. Is this true? mite know about what's going o Your life is in your hands! Noir re Whit bys »)human hairs.Hat10th sameinchyou Nothing could be further from the truth. Asbesitsoevserywhere, ininsulation, pipelagging, in acoustic ceilings, in screwlix, brake linings, corrugated sheting, lino backing. And although stofurther companies’ profits, notto Asbe it should be banned and placed with alternatives, But the mn kent, ever anxiousto protectth refuses even to consider Hinder them: asbestos companies’ slaughter isofcourse Sectorcutsmeannvenleseffectiveinspectorate and les and les inspectors fandwomen{0 safet id that hildren.[tisuptotennea scandal:ofasbestosisbecomingsowidespread, anywhereandeverywher: Iiguecandiightlkosbellé-forthetiteefaub= RI) showed, the Health and Safety and file workersofigtohcomtpel thegovernm tochange tack Nowthatthey'remectingtroubleinBritaiand stitutes. Thesesubstitutes, Executive ind the rest arecontinuing with the Organisations such astheAsbestos Information Committee keep talking pout safelimits.Are there any? asbestos for road signs, airplane parts and a thousandandoneotherthings. hazards of asbestos and cynically murdered people? Safety Executive and the Factory Inspectorate?Aren'tthey incontrol of the situation now? Theappallingscandalofasbestosshows just what theywill doif they get even half a chancenottoaffordsafety concentra replied: cannotp Motmaethatstatement,1wishIcould, Huge. Morethanthat,it’sdificulttosay, though the foremost American researcher Dr IrvingSelikoffestimatesthatonemillionpeople wil die from asbestos induced disease in that country by the end of the centu OK. So what can we do about the hazard? The only therefore And anyone who tels u,Sometimesthe TntheGlasgowlaggersbranchoftheTransport What'smore, thisslaughter forprofit, involving flagrantbreachesofthesafetyregulations,went on with the ful knowledge of the Factory Inspectorate. 40relyonyourown strengthandorganisat Make linkswithyourfelowworkers nd ByDlckingasbestos,buildingworkerswillnot yotouthec Union, at least 10 union members have met a tragic and premature death from asbestos in the last nine years! one-tenth of the branch membership and there's many more members who wildieinthefuture. only be defending their own health. be defendingthehealthandsafetyofeae occupant of the houses and buildings they put up, of every person who chances to walk past a site where asbestos shets used to be Cut up wate them mast o forfrontsoftheasbestosemployers At Hebden Bridge in Yorkshire, Cape Asbestos have murdered 50 people so far, with another 20 estimated asfuture deaths. Are there ready substitutes for asbestos? rank and file workers gcta massiveapowball itsofany kind What's the scale of death and dis- ease’ word—yes, They most certainly did know how hazardous asbestos was in theearly years of this century. By 1931 laws regulating the process- ingofasbestoswerebrought for40years after this, the asbestos employers cynicaly exposedworkersatHebdenBridge,Barkingand many otherplacestothedangersofasbestos Mostdefinitelynot.Thaerer80e,000 policemen in Britain for protecting the outside of factories, on picket lines etc. There are only 800 inspectors foralthefactorainedsworkplacesinthelan ed urd) to rely on the ugh if you'rfrcwelloMoemepniageatwtCocdelsfron Rank and file workers who come into contact withasbestosshouldstopdoingso,Theyshould blackthesul. Theonlysafeasbestosis‘blacked asbest truly world-wide, Thousands upon thousands of lack miners inSouth Africa and Rhod the long term we must fight for a society thebigasbestoscompaniesareswitchingto teenslaughteredbytheirlustforprofit.Peo oesighsproperyivewaytotherights hat’smore astheRankandFileOrganising Committee'sprevioussafetypamphletonthe yworking diferentformsofinsulationmaterialnowthatthe havediedinIreland,France,Belgium,Germany, ofhuman intheshorttermweshould Health‘andl Safety at Work Act, ACAUSE FOR alsopushingfornewusesofa atKinnersly,authorofthebest-sellingbook theUSthey'removitoncgount hazardous. Thereforethey ionofpersuading employertso afordsafety ardsofWork,hasstresedthisintworecentieiodasePoeatEneaKCraREeneceoncdWiththesameprecautionsasthelawissupposedAexperienceshowsthatoertimeand leterstoTheGuardiannewspaper.TheGuardian Taiwan toinsistonforasbestos, timeagain, havetobeforcedtoaffordsafety refuses to print his leters although it does of forced by the endeavours of good stewards and courseprintpaidsupplanedmadverntistemsents Are you saying that the asbestos But what about the Health and activists, forced by the rank and file. fortheasbestosindustrywhichextolthevirtueosf companies knew about the health There are substitutes such as fibreglas, rockwool and foam. But the truth isthat most jelagers ani workers who've been fighting the asbestos monopolies for years. know of various groups of workers in your area who are concerned about conditions in theirworkplaces, inhospsichotolsaanldesta,tes, informal asbestos action group with a phone number for people to ring to get informa- Mion and advice. Publicise it widely in the local tradeunionmovement andinthelocalpress and please let the Rank and File Organising Com- The Rank and File Organising Com- mittee has organised dozens of safety schools with expert technical and trade union speakers. Ifyou are TION OR ADVICE ON HEALTH AND SAFETY, contact: ROGER COX, 214 Roundwood Road, London, NWI0. TELEPHONE: 01-451 7039. a OW TOFIGHT THE KILLER DUST FIBREGLASS me vend3¥58° wherever posible asbestos 14) dustproducing,workshouldbe Inadition, you should have plastics. But hisstu canTcherpleura istheoutercasing of Convince the American medical the lungs, Asbestos causes Community thatfibreglasitselfwas mesothelioma, which iscancerin a problem the pleura of people, so evidence of = rePrice10p Grose, Postage More post tr pagesof injee ak h1oOWweto,eiadeas’on Blue asbestos dust has long ben recognisedasparticularly lethal inany quantity. Itshould be banned. As itis, although it’s pecpleraturaliyoe anwonderingl If asbestor produces canect in Htcould hurt ople its chemical ® ned about a PcoP F Bothersome. itching, a burning TMake-up. the towear. They usehasdeclined,itisoftenfoun in de-lagging operations, or in: Tests on laboratory animals and examination of workers, however yielded) no conclusive evidence of ticles that causesthe cancers, cationcanbe. tndthayiarenota6¢ sly’sbok,ait-fedhoodswhichtakeyoucutThelawdemandsonlythat Even very rect lesmay frequently bein hesam trasdescribedinmedicallit uresin snbestosparticles,and of the atmosphere altogethe blue asbestos should be storedin special air-tight contain as ‘biologicaly inert are similarly persistent. In 1961 acase was reported ofa But wherever you use one, you that employers give 8 days make su your hi orfits,thatyoucanwear Inspec s F in 1969, Dr MearlF Stanton at problems from fibreglas. His job the National Cancer Institute porary removal of the respirator ina safe part ofthe factory. jone’ in isolation from other proper showers and airpressure workers. Ifasbestos orasbestos decontamination, You “should products are dampened before ecnuriaad work is caried out, much les Pesratle daly, froeot charge: Tathemid-1950s,aphysicianin In1972,speakiasnymgpoasitum. Saranac Lake, New’ York—the famous tuberculosis inLyons, France,Stantonrevealed Devonport dockyard’s prac: ti roviding air-tight space suits with air-fed hoods should be used as a guide, but never eguiation 7 forgetthatexhaustequipment town-—reported serious lung his findings. He said: eis carta that inthe he equipment must be installed tfaoseaincomlbajbnoratiorny oafnifmiablrsegleaxsposaend plas of smal diameter isa potent deed where lagging has roted On the other hand, if it is the physical character of asbestos par- premisesand al plant andequip- process (likely, tol crest whichc dustin oy process. (Regulations are an absolute necessi and rust be used forthe sskeof your ‘own health and that of your family. Do not do anything which could mean you could take the dust home with you. You should have @ proper changing room designedsoasto preventtherisk of asbestos dust contaminating your own clothes. (Regulation fold hot water heaters, and Gloudyoffibreglassurroundedhi1970and1971, 3 OSCE aCe ing! snd "washing facilitiesarenat@luxury. Th ever miled some. fibreglas. p Seea oaloet McFactor downtosmallersizesandimplanted hadtoremovepart‘foneJung. theminlaboratoryanimals ment clean and fre {rom asbestos dust ofa asbestos waste and dust factory where dust couldiget in cently. several researchers The only conclusion you can haveconcludedthatshetmetal sonablydrawisthatfibreglasis workers.and.insulationworkersdangerous,Ifitisoffetroeyoduasa Sulfer‘long-termuperrespiratory Al loose asbestos and NOT INCONTANERS... estoswastemustbestored anywhereasbestosdustislikely ‘andmovedinclosedcontainers, tobeproducedorfound.These air-tight plastic sacks, which shouldmakeclearthatnoquanti iritation’fromhandlingfibreglas replacementforasbestosyoumust insistthatyouareaffordedalthe protection the law ix supposed to Bnd protective clothing provided prevent the escape of dust ty of asbestos dust, however Regulations15and16).Workers smal,canbesaidtobesateand insistonforasbesto: tromFiberGlasbyi Cover shows MrBobSmith,46(foreground),withhis. MrSmithworkedfortheCentralAsbestofastheCro,mp2a3iyearsolder. The Killer Dust shouldrefusetohandleasbestos orasbestosproductswhichare in such containers and should insist that this standing risktohealthshouldnotbelefton thepremisesoranywhereelse. that al workers who risk breathingthedustarerisking their health, Montague than ny, Bermondsey,foreightyears.‘Ihadneverheardof4isbestosis Inaddition, workers under 18 pgested that chronic ‘bronchitis TENbeafictingsomeives AsStanfonresent)ad Cx wo ‘considered tainlythissemstrueforthepleura must not by law be employed on yoeveitie.andibreglasewasstill_ oftherat, anditisunlikelythat Considered safeoralltobreathein_sliferent mechanisms areoperative moderate amoutnts. mi HIcomplaintstomanagement shouldbeinwritingandminuted bytheunioncommittee. inpeople. Intact,asbestos1snow considered the most dangerous Meter Asso buildingmaterialinusetoday, {nmEnvironment’Vo16lNo7.1973 unti1wlas told Ihadit, he says. Thickenoifntghe} ofthesymptomsofthedisease. Jingersisone BEWARE nfibreglasbegancoming becauseolsremarkablecapacity intocommereis usearound1940, toproducecancers sensation in their eyes, and vTeOry Tidaengersou tion of fibreglas nger, and. fibreglass fibreglasmaybeayeryhazardous retlabeledrolepeaymfustanceindeed.Fibreplass_par- ee eesaah chemicalcompositionoffibregla isquite diferent from asbestos. Evenwhenastudyoffibreglas cancerinthepleuraofratsisof workersuncoveredevidencewhich interestalso Printed by SW Litho (TU alDepts) London E2 IF YOU can't compel your ticable This is not good enough s respirators can wastoearthefibrelassinsulation reportedthatlarge-sizedibreelas roduce Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rank & File Committee Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Allan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Undated https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/020d4a4959c19f76aa700b90916e4b59.pdf c28eb73fd0b96c4613071ae924d2cd21 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Trade Unions and Architecture Description An account of the resource Themes included action on asbestos and Health &amp; Safety, and involvement with Direct Labour Organisations and Building Unions. Following comparative research of possible options, NAM encouraged unionisation of building design staffs within the private sector, negotiating the establishment of a dedicated section within TASS. Though recruitment was modest the campaign identified many of the issues around terms of employment and industrial relations that underpin the processes of architectural production. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Asbestos Kills ! Subject The topic of the resource 2pp advice not to specify any material containing asbestos Description An account of the resource DON'T specify ANY building material containing ANY kind of ASBESTOS! More and more architects are refusing to specify building materials con- taining any type of asbestos, despite a massive, slick and deceptive pub- lic relations campaign being waged by the asbestos companies and their propaganda arms, the "Asbestos Information Committee" and the "Asbestosis Research Council." Remember these FIVE POINTS: 1. Evan slight exposure to asbestos dust can cause slow and painful death not only from asbestosis (an untreatable form of pneumoconiosis), but also from lung cancer, mesothelioma and other cancers. Mesothelioma, of which asbestos is the only established cause, is "a painful, untreat- able cancer (of the membrane lining of the chest or abdomen) which kills by slow suffocation." It can be produced even by the slight exposures to which members of the general public are subject and usually does not develop until at least fifteen years after such exposure. 2. All forms of asbestos, including chrysotile (mined principally in Can- ada, Rhodesia, South Africa and the U.S.S.R.) and amosite (imported from South Africa and used for most thermal and acoustic insulation products containing asbestos), are highly dangerous andcan be lethal, not merely the "blue asbestos" (crocidolite) which is no longer widely used in Britain in new construction. 3. 4. 5. The only safe level of exposure to asbestos dust is zero. Current safety standards in British industry, even were they enforced, do not make the hazards negligible and, of course, do not cover the wor- kers in the largely British-owned mines and processing plants in the countries from which asbestos is imported. Asbestos is a hazard not only to the people who work with it in mines and factories and on construction and demolition sites but also to the people they come in contact with and to the communities in which they live and work. Due to weathering, abrasion, maintenance, repairs and alterations, the people using buildings containing asbestos are also subject to the danger. Asbestos cement flat and profiled sheets, tubes and pipes account for most of the asbestos used in the construction industry, but it is also used in a wide range of insulation and fire-resistant products, vinyl asbestos flooring tiles, asbestos-asphalt roofing compounds, many sarking felts, et.al. For all asbestos products used in construction there are safe alter- asbestos kills! natives. (though glass or mineral fibres are probably not among them). Many cost no more. For others, the difference is insignificant compared to the medical and human costs involved in the continued use of asbestos. Don't put your faith in inadequate "standards" dependent upon unfeasible measuring techniques and understaffed and ambivalent enforcement agencies. Don't wait for your firm or department (or your client) to ban the use of all materials containing any kind of asbestos, or for the workers on site to refuse to handle them. Take the initiative! Don't specify any product containing asbestos and don't allow any on site. Get your colleaques, quantity surveyor and engineering consultants to do likewise. Strong pressure now from architects and other specifiers, along with the pressure already being exerted by organised workers in factories and on building and demolition sites, can help force the merchants of death out of the asbestos business. And don't worry about their "crocidolite" tears... eeethe big asbestos companies are already diversifying into other products and may well want to "cut their losses" before a boycott of asbestos is obliged to spread to their other lines. To prevent potential unemployment in the asbestos industry, the trade union movement must force the companies involved to provide alternative, safe employment rather than continue to subject their workers and the community at large to a lethal hazard. Don't depend on the asbestos companies and their propaganda fronts for in- formation. Refer instead to: Nancy Tait, Asbestos Kills, The Silbury Fund, 1976. (Available for 25p from Exchange Publications, 9 Poland Street, London W1V 3DG.) Paul Brodeur, Expendable Americans, The Viking Press, 1974. British Society for Social Responsibility in Science, "The Prevention of Asbestos Diseases" (submission to the Government's Advisory Committee on Asbestos), September 1976. Pat Kinnersly's The Hazards of Work (Pluto Press, 1973) covers asbestos among many other hazards of work. On the British asbestos industry, refer to The Monopolies Commission report, "Asbestos and certain Asbestos Products," HMSO, 1973. Note also: 1. Cape Industries continues to mine "blue asbestos" (crocidolite) in South Africa and has, indeed, been increasing production. More and more of this deadly production is apparently exported to Third World countries where the trade union movement has not the power to get it banned. 2. The main sources of chrysotile asbestos, which accounts for 95% of world asbestos fibre production, are Canada, South Africa, Rhodesia and the U.S.S.R. Britain imports it from Canada and South Africa. It must be re- membered, though, that Rhodesian exports, since the white racist regime's takeover there, have been known to reach Western markets under the quise of South African exports. For additional copies of this leaflet, send a stamped addressed envelope to the New Architecture Movement, 143 whitfield Street, London W1. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource NAM Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Allan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Undated https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/414694fde4879638917442af9f646135.pdf 80fee0b368eca4fbd1e50df9fad1adab Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Trade Unions and Architecture Description An account of the resource Themes included action on asbestos and Health &amp; Safety, and involvement with Direct Labour Organisations and Building Unions. Following comparative research of possible options, NAM encouraged unionisation of building design staffs within the private sector, negotiating the establishment of a dedicated section within TASS. Though recruitment was modest the campaign identified many of the issues around terms of employment and industrial relations that underpin the processes of architectural production. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bargaining Rights - Which Union Subject The topic of the resource Article on NAM's consideration of four potential unions to join Description An account of the resource 2 BUILDING DESIGN, April 22, 1977 IDINGRDESIGN il Editor Pater Murray News editor Wie Tapner Chief reporter Pater Marsh Reporter Ted Stevens Fantures ecto Stephanie Wilams Crvet sub editor Jane Huschings Sub estor Jon Clare Editorial Secretary Marton Franklin PublisherStanArmold Advertisement manager Tony Arrokd Classdiedadvertisernentmanager Paul Nudds Production manager Paine Rogers Buliding Design is published from Woolwich, London SE18 60H (01 ms nGramolen House, Calderwood Street for economic Just consider the difference wood chipboard can make. Technical and Managerial Staffs (ASTMS); the Tech- nical, Administrative and Supervisory section (TASS) of the AUEW, representing several hundred professionals in heavy industry con- struction; and the Transport and General Workers Union (TGWU). In this respect Black was tn sympathy with Ray Moxley, president of the employers’ Association of Consultant Architects. He opposed the NAM claim that “more and more architectural employees can only look forward to a continuing life of drawing board drudgery, insecurity polite line with the DoE. It has been den started in Store Street after the war impressed by the genuine Interest of have been immense, and many of the Minister Freeson in its problems, but improvements may be traced to work done groupslikeCILGtendtotakeonthealr attheBuildingCentre. of extensions of the Government machi- nery rather than stern critics. When the Ing operation has inevitably required a industry is planning for growth such more sophisticated information system liaison is vital for sensible progress — and many areas of the building industry Easy and quick to lay (few joints and fastenings).Largesheetsizes,precisely manufactured to give smooth, flat surfaces readyfordirecttrafficorasabaseforfloor Floorsforflatsandhouses,aticconversions, merely poorly meetings. by going attended along to branch of an independent union embracing architectural workers. thermal and sound insulation and fire resistant properties. Quality control at al Stages of manufacturing to ensure utmost unbiased advice and technical informatioTnh.e coupon ora telephone call isal that’s necessary. Please special conference for May 14 step in to prevent the mem- at which ASTMS hopes product reliability. Just think w here it can be used. Floating and suspended flooring on groundorupperfloors(makesureithasthe CPA Flooring Grade mark stamped on it). Each of these unions is and alienation.” keen to include a NAM group He added that most within its ranks. Alan Black, architectural workers were national organiser for happy to work for a partner- STAMP, told BD that even ship or promotion, as in the an united branch of SO past. members could enjoy a great But Moxley saw no reason influence within his union to object to the establishment The increasing complexity of the build- have introduced more efficient methods of when not even a slice, but only the crumbs ofthecakearetheretobesharedout,itsrelatingandretrievinginformation.How- i nirvana: aas Its1977calendar. use is questionable. ever, not always does the system chosen But the RIBA remains a member of match up to user's requirements. The CILG and one would hope for some magic word “systems” has often fooled the pn rights: which union? Moves to set upa single union for the building professions face severe difficulties. Michael Foster looks at the options open. architect Into thinking that the more you file the more useful your filing information is. With the result that many offices hold libraries far too complex for thelr needs and because of that, are not used properly either in putting Information In or taking information out. The corp mind of the archi! has over the years built up an enormous guilt met at a dinner to toast the service of complex about throwing anything away. Gontran Goulden to the Building Centre But Goulden, as recorded in an interview fireworks from that quarter at the group's next meeting following the announcement of the latest catastrophic workload statis- tics (page 1). ON Tuesday night two hundred of the building Industry and professions Ib in particular and to industry in general. with him In BD some weeks ago, is a The changes that have taken place in believer in discriminate filing. The wpb Is THE New Architecture in which each union guards building Information systems since Goul- often more appropriate than SfB. Movement will face more those members of the build- problems from the trades ing profession already union moyement than committed to its side means offices, shops and light industrial areas. strength and impact resistance. Excellent Just ask the CPA forreliable and ) because the TUC would soon NAM has organised a coverings. Good dimensional stability, workers union was impossible necessarily endorse its aims. ASSOCIATIONLIMITED [i]Stepmheneadnisecussmy asitdidnotinterferewithestablishedunion. 7a Church Street, Esher, Surrey KTI0 8QS Telephone: Esher 66468 Recommended Brand Names Agnes. Aicher. Arbor. Broby.. Byggelit..Caberboard..Edsbyn..Fenolex..Holdan. Huntospon. tives..isku-Board..Karistad Fineboard..Lockne.,Orkla..Orsa. Oulux..Pellos..Plyta..Rexboard.. Royal Span..Ayab..Sasmoboard Schauman..Scotboard.. Sokopan..Spsandex..S-Skivan..Timark — Tromsboard, Truboard..Trysilboard..Umelit..Vanerboard..\Weyroc For instant information tick [2] on reader inquiry card interesitnchopboard establishedtradesunions. ItseemstimeforNAM to In its policy statement throw caution to the winds Working for what? NAM has and elect to join an estab- noted the fragmentation of lished trade union movement the architectural profession with no guarantee that its and the split nature of trade members will be united within union representation in it or prepare itself for a Britain. But the jealous way lonely existence outside. Adkiress: Company Positon in company: — Tel. No 80 _— To. Chipboard Promotion general secretary of ASTMS, make a choice of union to and a TASS representative affiliate with. Black feels this Association Limited. 7aChurchStreet,Esher, unions’ right to represent the that NAM seemsto be “enjoy- architectural worker and ingtheconspiracyratherthan Surrey KT10 BOS send me further in strongly opposed trade union the action,” which it would poaching. To support a NAM only be able to embark on union would be fine — as long after affiliation with an on the use of chipbo: employers ifitopts to form that a united front within the an independent union to TUC would be difficult for workers in architects’ offices represent professional to attain. architectural workers in A TUC spokesman said the private sector of the that his organisation was construction industry this concerned that every newly year. admitted union should be So far NAM has been “stable”. It would be difficult at the unions which represent moment for a NAM union to certain groups of professionals prove this. Although two or in the construction industry in three new members of the the hope that it will gain TUC are admitted every year suitable terms for affiliating these are invariably unions its members en bloc from one with. long..experience,.of of them. These unions arc the negotiating with four trade Supervisory, Technical, Administrative, Managerial and Professional (STAMP) section of the Union of Construction and Allied Trades Technicians (UCATT) which represents about 500 construction _ professionals; Clive Jenkins’ white collar Association of Scientific, in private practice. | bers changing sides. But Stan Davison, assistant architectural workers will bothdefended their respective decision is overdue and said negotiating with management over conditions. As concerns the private architectural worker not yet affiliated to a trade union, Black saw no reason why he or she should want to get | involved in a NAM union. He felt that NAM had over- stressed the would-be political activistnatureofanarchitect But he explained that PatrickHarrison,Secretary “poaching” members from of the RIBA, did not oppose other unions like TASS in an the idea of forming a union attempt toform aS0000 andpraisedtheenthusiasmof strong united architectural NAM, although he did not The end ofa liaison? the quality material THE resignation of the building workers union UCATT from Reg Freeson’s Con- struction Industry Liatson Group (CILG) 1s hardly surprising. What ts more surprising Is that It Is the only resignation. Whenthe group was set uptwo years ago everyone was optimistic that It would be an important weapon In the Industry's fight to claim a fair share of the public expenditure cake. Clearly that has not happened. It seems that after each consecutive meeting of CILG (or the NICC, or Neddy) there have been high hopes of positive action. Hopes ralsed sometimes by promises of Treasury Interest and even, as a special treat, someone from the Treasury to attend a meeting. But each time the Industry has walted for pro- nouncements from Messrs Shore or Free- son, the results have been disappointing. Liaison machinery Is a yery useful tool for Government — for while It creates co-operation and Improves understanding it also lowers the temperature of the argument and removes dangerous con- frontation. In these hard bargaining times the Industry has lost out by taking a far too WOOD CT PBA RG Rumpus over prison project EMBARRASSED senior staff at London architects Richard Sheppard, Robson and Part- ners have been casting round anxiously for the culprit who leaked details of their latest project — a prison cum gallows block for the Libyan govern ment, cuphemistically labelled a “rehabilitation centre’ — to the national newspapers last week. After the report appeared, the hue and cry started. The design work for the project had already caused enough rumpus among the firm’s staff. One of the points of concern was the design for the gallows. During the work the specification had to be changed to strengthen the super- structure, apparently to allow for a greater number of people to be hanged in one go ‘Fire_risk’ oratory experts. It involved the now building iszero-rated. Tomy Aldous looks at thishard-hitting will be supervised by the newly formed Norfolk Historic Baulldings Trust, whose board of managers Includes setting alight of a mock-up of anomalous situation in News é members of the county council and the Norfolk Societ: The trust will buy threatened historic buildings, restore one section of the hospital to Focus. Page 7 them using materials kept in the Dersingham store — and resell. Norfolk County Council has given the trust assess in particular the effect of £26 000 to start the scheme. It Is up to the managers to decide which architects or builders should be employed for fire on the podium roof any project. Renov: ation work costing £4 300 has been carried out on the tithe barn under the supervision of There have been fears that A spokesman for the practice told BD he could make no comment. ‘We cannot discuss our client's business publicly — council on the understanding this would be done — the building was ased by a local farmer as a grain store until deficiencies in the construction it is a matter of professional 1973. It will now hold bricks, tiles, decorations, motifs and any article which may lend ahand to the effort to preserve could lead to a fire hazard. etiquette,” he said. historic buildings In Norfolk. A spokesman for Merseyside Regional Health Authority said the hope was the tests would show the problems were not as serious as had been thought. Results should be known within two to six weeks. Housing chief SIR Lou Sherman, former London cabbie and chairman of the London Boroughs’ Associ- ation,istotakeoverfromLord COMMENT 2,News36and Christopher Warns of the county planning department. Sandringham Royal Estate gave the barn to the county design and material ALMOST25percentofarchitectsemployedinlastsurveyin1972showedtheresuchassurveyorsanddraughts-October. were about 3 500. This rose in men. The other two-thirds were private practice were laid off during the past year the 1973 boom and has since lost entirely from the industry as a direct result of the plunging workload. declined, probably to around Also released today by the Out of this total, about half have managed to find the same figure. RIBA are two other statistical alternative architectural employment, but 10 per cent of A Building Design survey surveys covering new commis- those who lost their jobs have been forced out of the published last October showed sions received by the profession that offices were closing at the and architects’ earnings. New profession into a variety of occupations ranging from pub rate of about 10 per cent a year. commissions continued their management to farming. These alarming figures were released today by the RIBA and were obtained from statistics gathered by the Institute's By Vic Tapner In the public sector the decline of the past two years picture was different, showing dropping by cight per cent in the that 37 per cent of offices had fourth quarter of 1976 to £765 reduced their staff, but that million (constant prices). only five per cent of employees The areas worst affected were regional chairmen. Although it RIBA Council, which was hold- had been laid of. The regional the public sector and private was the fifth chairmen’s survey ing its quarterly mecting in chairmen said this combination housing. The only sources of to be carried out, according to London of figures was “difficult to work which picked up were the Institute it was “the first The survey covered 2 141 accept” and “seems unlikely in commercial and industrial comprehensive national survey private offices where 10 000 view of the critical situation in buildings of architectural employment architects had been employed in local authority offices,”’ On the question of architects’ since the current recession March 1976. But by March this Perhaps the most disquicting earnings, private sector salaries began to affect the construction year, 41 per cent of the offices result of the survey was the rose by between 7-12 per cent industry's workload and had reduced their staff, invol- numbers of architects being lost compared with a 17 per cent employment.” ving 2 377 employees. from the profession. The average among industrial em- The figures were received The RIBA has no firm idea of number redeployed was 230, of ployees. Public sector architects earlier in the week in an the total number of private which about one-third took were “more in line with the atmosphere of gloom by the practices in existence, but the other building industry jobs national average." RIBA votes to keep links with South Africa RENEWEDattemptstoper-nationofalliancewithover-they“gavesupporttostaffandbodies.Thisincludedthe suade the RIBA to sever its seas societies, now withdraw students in the schools who South African Institute. connections with South Africa recognition of the architec- by withdrawing Its recognition tural schools in South Africa.” of the republic's schools of After a ballot — rather than architecture failed again this an open vote, so that week. according to the President were defying the Government and openly fighting apartheid.” The anti-apartheid move- ment condemned the action as being “a marginal adminis- Criticism from anti- trative move”. Architects in apartheid lobbyists has long South Africa would still be The decision to retain its Eric Lyons “consciences were been aimed at the RIBA for its able to become members of Whatever project you have on hand —restaurant, hospital, school, office or works cafeteria — call in Bartlett the experts. We offer a free kitchen planning service backed by over SO years specialised experience in the manufacture and installation of commercial kitchen equipment For further information please write to G.F.E.Bartlett & Son Ltd Maylands Avenue, Hemel Hempstead, Herts. HP2 7EN ; Telephone Hemel Hempstead 64242 linkswastakenafteraheatednotairedinpublicforcontinuedrelationshipwiththeRIBAthrtoheuregcohgni- debate in the Institute's Coun- posterity” — the motion was South Africa. This was not tion of the schools. cil chamber on Wednesday defeated by 25 votes to 18. quelled when, at the Com- The anti-apartheid move- following a motion put for- Tom Watson of the monwealth Association of ment told BD this week that ward by George Oldham. Commonwealth Association Architects’ Conference at the next move would be to try The motion read: “That the of Architects who attended as York last September, an and get a postal vote on the RIBA, in light of the present an observer told Council that agreement was made to sever issue Involving all the Insti- discussions about the termi- the links should be retained as formal links with overseas tute’s members. asze on reader inquiry card hospital seeks cure THREE partners from Holford Associates, consulting archi tects for the ill-fated New Royal Liverpool Hospital, made a 400-mile round trip this week to watch an experiment which could finally decide how much remedial work is necessary on the project The test in Cardington Bedfordshire was being carried out by Fire Research Lab- FRIDAY APRIL 22 1977 Now INSIDE Cedric Price designed » Pam The hospital's cost has Palace and Phun City. Emter- jumped to £54 million since work started in 1965. But this does not include the price of the work which may have to be done to make it fire proof — this could run to another £10m. Action did the Pun Arts Bus and many Fun things. So they beth got together and producaemdew building. Page 12-13. Tax anomaly Eight per cent VAT is levied on repairs and maintenance, yet Goodman as chairman of the Housing Corporation. He takes up the three-year appointment from May 1. Lord Goodman was appointed Master of Uni- versity College, Oxford, last Appointments 22-23. For instant information tick A new Perspective om the changing skyline of the Thames at Pulham. Page 1 Index 24, News in Focus 7, Letters 8-9, Perspective 10, io 1, Week by Week 1, Law Report 14, Platform 16, Japan Letter 17, New products 18-19, Reader inquiry service 20, Datefime 21, The weekly newspaper for the building team AN 18th century tithe barn at Dersingham, West Norfolk, has been renovated to store building materials from structures of architectural interest so they may be used afresh on modern restoration work. The store-cum-museum New RIBA figures show disturbing trends MASSIVE PRIVATE PRACTICE SLUMP Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Building Design Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Allan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 22 April 1977