13 10 310 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/115ed8e73d25d45b6ddbc509a7deb384.pdf 4086fe868f9479dc972cbec233bf8316 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Miscellaneous Subject The topic of the resource Miscellaneous issues Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Various Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1976-1980 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Architectural Profession Subject The topic of the resource A Short History of the Architectural Profession. A5 Booklet inc. 23 pp. Description An account of the resource bia. A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ARCHITECTURAL PROFESSION SYSZ IFCRIME DOESaNT PAY... LUHEREGE |ARCHITELTS AL THEIA Mo NEY? Preface The purpose of this thesis is to show the development of the architectural profession from its origins to the present day. With its development it has become obvious that to do the subject justice, it would need to be a book in its own right. Therefore, it is much regretted that too many issues are dealt with far too briefly, but I do believe that it is of sufficient credibility to be worthy of note, and a valuable introduction to the subject for people becoming interested in the profession for the first time. There is a short reading list at the end for those interested in understanding my source of material. I hope that within a few years it might be possible to create the book this subject demands. My thanks to Brian Anson, George Mills and the year I spent as a member of the Architects Revolutionary Council, which enabled a concentrated study of the architectural profession. I hope that this study reflects a socialist perspective and I thank the Communist Party of Great Britain for improving my Marxist analysis, at which Iam no expert. I dedicate this work to the principle of the New Architecture Movement: "For all, a better environment", Front illustration by kind permission of L, Hellman. Other illustrations courtesy of ARC. ma ~-=_Go.e NEW ARCHTTECTMRE WOVEYENT CONTAVT ADDRESS c/O J. Broming, 36 Elm Grove London N.8-. over Europe separated it from the cultural tradition of these other European states. 1 In England, this had the effect that anyone claiming to be an architect could not just develop from his home culture, but had to deliberately study the architecture of Italy, and later Greece. This was the first impetus to separate master builder from architect. Inigo Jones was the person responsible for introducing classical architecture to England. He is also significant because his position as Court Architect revealed the need of the Crown to create its own impressive buildings. It also helped to make the style fashionable and created the demand for more architects capable of designing in this style. Right from the start we can see how an idea or fashion is introduced by the elite of society, the Crown, taken up by the nobles and lords, made popular, plagiarized and finally, scrapped when it has become common, by the introduction of a new style. The timescale of this cycle is dependent upon the amount of building being done at any one time, i.e. fashions come and go much quicker when there is a lot of work about. Architects found that the application of styles was both helpful and unhelpful in the struggle to maintain their position in society. Styles helped architects because they were the people who chose the new fashion and, therefore, were the leaders. Styles hindered them because the styles were quickly copied and circulated amongst builders, which meant that the architects’ leadership was constantly being undermined. Architects began to feel that being dedicated followers of fashion was not likely to be a lasting solution to the maintenance of their status in society and other means should be found for spreading the influence of architects to strengthen their position. The great fire of London in 1666 provided the first opportunity for architects to spread their authority in a more general way. Wren's plans for London, whilst not being wholly implemented, clearly show that the architectural role had developed aspirations for the total control of the built environment. Another aspect revealed was the difficulty of construction supervision and the number of jobs an architect could handle. Wren found it necessary to concentrate on the construction of St. Paul's to such an extent that he moved into a house with a clear view of the Cathedral. This meant that he had to rely on juniors toa large extent to detail and supervise the construction of the many parish churches that bear his name as architect. After Wren, it is possible to trace the history of the architect “through a number of architects at any one time, Hawksmoor and Vanborough, the Adam Brothers, etc. This plurality of architects developed an awareness in the higher classes of society of architecture and architects. Though some builder craftsmen became acceptable architects, it was quite common for the gentry to dabble in architecture themselves. Indeed, any man pretending to be educated in the eighteenth century was expected to know the classical orders of architecture and to be capable of creating a classical composition himself. 2 The purpose of this thesis is to show the development of the architectural profession from its origins to the present day. It is not a history of architects or styles, though they are significant factors, but it relates more specifically to the role of the architect in society, and how he has organised himself to fulfil that role. The term "architect" at a basic level means a designer of buildings. The word itself comes from the ancient Greek and Latin via Vetruvius etc., but it is probable that the role of the architect started long before the Greeks. The origins of architecture lie in vernacular buildings, which simply stated means vernacular build- ings are not designed, but grow from the skills and traditions of a particular culture. Ina culture where men are not equal and where kings and lords wish to show their power, or that of their religion, large and impressive buildings are an ideal medium for their needs. It follows that vernacular buildings are inadequate for the purpose due to their common character, but no one knows how to build anything else. To build something extraordinary needs planned instructions as to how to proceed with the construction, and in order that this may be done, plans or pictures or models of the finished product have to be made. Generally, any culture that begins monument building takes its vernacular building as a starting point and then proceeds to scale it up. Some people have said the Pathenon was a scaled-up Greek house. In Europe, this meant that until the advent of the renaissance the architect's role was played by a master craftsman who applied his art and skill ina scale greater than his vernacular origins. As these buildings grew from vernacular scale buildings they took with them the relationships of that society as expressed in built form, and while they created some vast cathedrals, castles, etc., it was still possible for them to relate to the people they were built for. Self- conscious man, or modern man, is often thought to have come about with the renaissance. the vernacular traditions still continue for the majority of buildings, special buildings that needed to be uncommon were designed as a conscious choice of styles and systems, not necessarily related to the culture of the society for which they were intended. houses of Venice, Milanetc. In architectural terms, this means that while Italy was the founder of the modern renaissance man, in part due to the development of capitalist enterprise, hence the great trading The rise to power of traders, such as the Medici, had to be demonstrated publicly through the patronage of the arts andan impressive building programme. reflected the need of the nouveau riche to associate themselves with the wealth and authority of previous ages. That is why, not unnaturally for Italians, they turned to the glorious past of the Roman Empire for inspiration. Thus, whilst the renaissance very clearly had historical and traditional values for Italy, its subsequent stylistic application all The buildings 3 an architect often measured his own building works. Coupled with this was the extent to which "contractors" or master builders could mis-manage the accounts of projects. This led the public in the form of clients, or the higher classes of society, to complain that the whole building industry was immoral and criminal - they made no distinction between architect, measurer or builder. The growth of the industry had led to the establishment of many people claiming to be architects, and many new building firms or contractors. This caused such confusion and disarray that the more thinking architects began to try to find solutions to the problem. Though the solution to the problem was probably never seen clearly by anyone or any section of the building industry, it is true that architects were the first section to crystalise their views and form a pressure group to achieve their aims. Evidence shows that there were five groups whose separate positions were beginning to clarify from the confusion caused by the sudden growth of the whole building industry. By looking at each section and how they came to terms with their problems, we may obtain some idea of the complexity of the problem. Firstly, at the top of the tree was the client, either personal or corporate. His problem was that he did not know whether he was being cheated or not. This could only be solved if there were ways of ensuring that the people employed were honest, and if not there was some way of checking on what they had done. In essence, the separa- tion of jobs did this because each section could then be checked and played off one against the other. The problems were more complex for the architect: - he had to convince the clients that he was honest. - his social status was being eroded by the number of people claiming to be architects. - his role was threatened by confusion with, and takeover by, contractors. - he was restrained if involved in one building firm, by the geographical locality and workload capabilities of the firm. In about 1820 a number of architectural societies were formed to discuss and learn about architecture. These appeared in London, Liverpool, Manchester, etc. and reflected the growing popularity amongst the bourgeois for "learned societies". The formation of the Institute of British Architects in 1833 was an attempt by the profession to use the disguise of "learned society" to create a trade association for the profession. Consequently, the Institute could not become just a London-based "learned society" like the Royal Academy, but had to become the federated control of all the architectural clubs inthe country. Because it allowed membership of measurers (the forerunners of quantity surveyors) it was not felt satisfactory by a small but professionally-orientated number of architects. They believed that to overcome the problem of dishonesty in the profession, it was necessary that architects should not measure their own, or other architects', work. This would then clear architects of the charge of measuring dishonestly so as to increase their own fees. + This initial popularising of architecture in high society enabled it to be talked about and discussed as an entity in itself without which it is unlikely to have weathered its first crisis in the 1820s and 1830s. The growth of architectural awareness was considerable during the eighteenth century buts its examples were naturally restricted by the amount of buildings undertaken. It was not to be until the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the boom of the Industrial Revolution that architecture was to take its next step. Before going on to the effects of the Industrial Revolution, it would be wise to have a look at the building industry and its organ- isation. As we have mentioned, the architectural profession was a very elite service industry and because of this, it was possible to enter it from above, or by sweat and graft from below. that those who attained the acceptable title of architect found it in their interests to preserve, as far as possible, their elitist position. This meant that though many master craftsmen aspired to being architects, very few actuallymade it. of buildings was basically carried out intwo ways. the owner or his agent, whether he be an architect or master builder, would contract a mason to do the masonry, a carpenter to do the carpentry, etc., all ona separate agent-contrator basis. way, which developed increasingly towards the 1800's, was that the owner would sign one contract with one man, who then either carried out the work from his own firm, or sub-contracted for the separate tasks. This gave rise to the "contractor", whose traditional unpopularity grew from two main points evident initially. the skilled tradesmen thought he was poaching on their right to make direct contracts with the owners and, secondly, architects feared that he might try and take over their role as co-ordinators and designers of the project. During the eighteenth century construction The first was that However, the craftsmen were the most obviously upset for the traditional craft guilds dating from mediaeval days were not disposed for either one craft or another to dominate the industry. felt even more snubbed bya non-trade "contractor", they were 80 unprepared to co-operate between trades guilds that they were powerless to prevent the development of contractors. Indeed, their frustrations were so acute and so lacking in ideas as to how to surmount the problems that there was considerable violence on sites in and around London during 1824. This led to discussions in the House of Commons on the subject, but from lack of evidence to the contrary, it appears the skilled tradesmen were sadly forced to accept the position and loss of responsibility. Their weakened state has since led them into narrower and narrower specialisation and reduction of their skills, 80 as to enable the eventual mechanisation of their tasks. From the end of the Napoleonic Wars trade and industry in England began to develop under the influence of the Industrial Revolution. There was a noticeable increase in building with the re-investment of war bond money. This first property boom brought to the fore all the ongoing trends and antagonisms. Apart from the building site riots, there were problems at the other end of the profession too. The pricing of building construction was often done by architect measurers ~ This ensured The second Firstly, Whilst they g The effect of the Arts and Crafts Movement on the architectural profession was minimal. Stylistically it offered a great wealth of ideas as expressed by people like Ruskin and Morris, and built by Nash, MacIntosh, Voysey, etc. However, in terms of the trend of the ages it was seen as old fashioned, romantic and impractical. Whilst it had cause to complain about the reduction of craft skills due to technology, it failed to realise that the main alienation caused by machinery was for the workers an economic problem. It was no good working in a nice jug if it cost twice as much as a manufactured jug, and consequently was never sold. People were not in a position to complain about their intellectual exploitation if they could not afford to provide themselves with food, clothing and shelter. The Arts and Crafts Movement was basically an upper or middle class concern, they could not really come to grips with any solution to the problem as expressed by socialism. William Morris had a great influence on the Arts & Crafts Movement, and socialism had a great influence on Morris, but the confusion of the Movement came about as a result of its romantic approach to the past. This lack of perspective created a mixture of inadequate solutions to the problem that could never be put strongly in public due to their own weaknesses. If the public arena for debate was not fertile ground for the Movement, it could only retreat into itself, turning its back on the world and living out a romantic dream in the hills of the Cotswolds or in Wales. It isa pity, but understandable, that the Arts and Crafts Movement was not of major importance for it was developing in architecture the qualities found in English vernacular buildings and it would have greatly added to our present cultural condition. As such, the only influence it had was to slow down the technical professional development of architects by its insistance that design and art are not measurable standards and, as such there could be no measure of the competence of an architect. Over the period 1890 to 1920, the profession felt that it had proved itself and its place in society but still suffered from the actual disposability of its services. There was no legal definition of what an architect was, and there was no necessity by law to employ one. These insecurities were well founded for during the 1914-18 war, the Government made no special use of architects, and the depression of the 1920s clearly revealed the vulnerability of the profession. The depression, therefore, brought to the front all pressures for registration of architects and for legislating for the use of architects. In this way, it was intended that all design work for buildings would have to be designed, by law, by architects, and that all architects should be registered with the government in a similar fashion to doctors. This would have provided the architect with an unquestionably secure position in socicty, it was after all their vulnerability to unemployment and replacement by engineers, builders, etc. that worried them most. The RIBA's report of 1943 revealed that architecture necessitated extensive planning and that in the theme of the report, outside central London itself, there were very few buildings of architectural merit, i.e. what Hitler was not going to blitz the RIBA would. There was much discussion on planning and groups like the Mars group drew up plans for the near total rebuilding of London. The expansion of the professional arena and examples of planning proposed by Corbusier, etc., led to the development of the Town and Country Planning Act, passed shortly after the end of the war. Town Planning became a profession in its own right which furthered the cause of expanding the profession while maintaining an increase in status. The other aspect the war created was the substantial growth of government influence and work in the building industry. The future for the architectural profession seemed set fair to prosper after the war but it is important to realise the contradictions now apparent to us were in existence then. profession after the war became synonymous with talking about the RIBA. The RIBA asa private club is governed by a democratically elected Council. The Council is responsible for the actions of the Institute. However, it must be remembered that the RIBA was founded to further the existence of private practice architects, and had been very successful inthis task. therefore, fell to those who had helped, or were helping, in this task. The Council clearly aligned itself to the interests of private practice. The method of election to the RIBA Council was by national elections and this meant that you had to be reasonably well known to become elected. This process naturally favoured the big names of private practices. Since the war an increasing number of architects have been employed by the state and while they have not directly contributed to the existence of the private practice sector, their existence has been ured to demonstrate the size and usefulness of the whole profession. During the 19408 and 1950s there was an architects’ and building technicians’ union (ABT) which was the only organised voice of architects to express the salaried-architects' viewpoint. This union was for a long time communist controlled and due to an increasing divergence between its executive and members, it faded into obscurity by the 1960s. Members of the union were responsible for the "peoples detailing" era of the London County Council, but their influence ind; recent years appears non-existent. However, the existence of this group with alternative viewpoints to the RIBA did show the diverging directions of the architectural profession, The modern movement in architecture only got off the ground in this country with the Festival of Britain in 1951. In this it was aided by the new Town and Country Planning Acts and by @ mixed inspiration of Scandinavian furniture and plastics, the Mediteranean derived architecture of Corbusier, plus the usage of technical terme "functional and "mechanical aesthetics". The architectural The control of the Council, te This small group of eight has slowly been whittled down by over-work, absorption, promotion and even rejection, toa total of four, three of whom are now such high-ranking public architects that their ties to the Salaried Architects Group is more history than fact. After four years of considerable effort, they have achieved the improvement of the Code of Conduct relating to salaried architects and their responsibilities. However, the code is useless without any backing or testing of its validity. The influence of the salaried architects group was reflected in the RIBA Council's choice for President for 1973-75, Fred Pooley. Fred Pooley was the first public architect to become president of the RIBA and although he started out fairly succes sfully, the financial difficulties of the Institute did not allow the development of Alex Gordon's Action Paper, regarded as a very progressive pro- gramme for the RIBA. Added to this, the collapse of the building industry in 1974 created a strong dernand from private practice for the RIBA to appeal to the Government for more work. At this task Pooley was ineffective and not cut out to do the tasks the times demanded of him. On finishing his term of office, Fred Pooley became the head of the GLC's Transport Planning Department, 2 nice cosy job. During his last year as President, he was nea rly completely ignored in favour of the president-elect, Eric Lyons. Due to the circumstances of architectural depression and RIBA stringency, the salaried architect group should have mounted a big campaign to protect the interests of their group. However, their absorption in altering codes of conduct and involvement with the RIBA Council isolated them from the mass of public architects. That they are less effective than the Association of Official Architects reflects their isolation and lack of organisation. The challenge created by the emergence of the SAG did lead to the formation of an Association of Consultant Architects. This group is for private practice principals only and having a formal and well- financed organisation, is beginning to have effect. They produce policies and express opinions in the architectural journals which are consistently unsocial. Eric Lyons had been chairman of ACA in the past, but to enhance his attempts to become president he left the organisation. He had all the grooming for presidency necessary, 4 good profitable practice that did work considered to be progressive, SPAN housing etc., and from the moment he was made president-elect he ran the RIBA ina manner to which the ACA was accustomed. The building boom also gave rise to another radical architects’ group. The fight to save Covent Garden and other town centre battles gave rise to people like Brian Anson and the wave of trouble in architectural schools in 1972-73: Hull, Kingston upon Thames, Northern Poly and Cheltenham. In 1973 Brian Anson and others founded the Architects Revolutionary Council, and through an article in the summer of 1973 in Building Design and through public meetings, gave the group a public face. There had been Architects Registration Bills before Parliament since 1890 but because the RIBA had never sponsored these Bills, due to the action of the Arts & Crafts Movement, nothing had come of them. However, with the pressures of the depression, they joined in and finally championed the fight for the Architects Registration Acts. This also healed the split in the architectural profession between the RIBA and the Society of Architects, which would have challenged the supremacy of the RIBA if the RIBA had failed to champion the cause for registration. In the course of the fight the two institutes merged in favour of the RIBA. The Architects Registration Bill put to the government sought the registration of architects and their statutory usage on buildings over a certain size. Due to the number of exceptions to this rule, which would have been necessary, the opposition of other interest groups, the views of the Arts and Crafts Movement, felt that while it was necessary to ensure the quality of architects, it was not necessary to enforce their usage on the public. Fortun- ately, the compromise that the Acts of 1931, 1934 and 1938 evolved was to protect the. public from incompetent architects by government registration and no statutory usage of architects, which ruled out an architect monopoly, The architectural profession had obviously hoped for the complete statutory provision but accepted that its own lack of prestige ruled this out for the time being. Clearly, the profession had to use the provision of the Act to strengthen its own position and so gaina better point of advantage to grasp the final part later. The Act of 1938 registering architects and setting up a body to administer the Act was designed to give the profession as a whole a major say in how it should be run. The theory was that architects knew best about architecture. The Act set up a Council of members of the profession and there was also representation of other interest groups in the building industry and government agencies. The representation of architects on the Council was proportional to the number of architects registered with the Council and it was also divided into the number of clubs and societies that represented architects. It had to represent all registered architects and there is even a section on the Council for those not attached to any organisation, although the fact that they were uninterested in organisations indicated their lack of concern in the Architects’ Registration Council of the United Kingdom, and so these seats are nearly always vacant. Due to the growth of the representation of architects and the static and out of date representation of other interests, architects’ control of the Council has increased over the years. The RIBA, after its amalgamation with the Society of Architects, was the largest body representing architects on the ARCUK Council and as some of the other bodies, such as the Architectural Assoc- ation, were also RIBA members, it turned out that right from the guises the RIBA had a majority membership of the ARCUK Council. etc., it was (S$ It was widely believed by architects that the introduction of industrialised buildings and/or components would lessen the cost. This is not the case. The introduction of industrial components lessened the amount of labour involved, which meant a greater potential for profit for the producer, once the item had been produced, transported, erected and paid for its capital investment of factory production, it was no cheaper to use than normal methods. These factors created the modern style that gradually caught on. That its later stylistic title should be Brutalism and Neo Brutalism accurately reflects its human commitment. The other aspect to emerge after the war was the building consortiums, CLASP, SEAC etc., where it was hoped to produce the "standardized system", but while these may have reduced costs in steel purchase initially, they are no longer economincally competitive. The existence of these buildings in Britain has always been disliked by the populace at large for whom they have no connection with their culture. Financed by financiers and construction magnates for their potential profit by reduction in labour hours and skills, the architect could do nothing about the situation. Most were happy that a modern movement had at last arrived, those that disliked it were unable to counter it because their ideas were more expensive, which led them to being regaled as fuddyduddies and in search of large fees. The modern style became equally popular in the public sector, where many of its worst attributes were developed, CLASP, tower blocks of flats, etc. The modern movement was acceptable to architects as being the first style created by modern technology controlled by modern bureaucracy: two elements of today's ruling class which architects wished to be part of. During the 1960s the avant-garde was the focus of architectual attention and such groups as Archigram and Super Studio dominated the media. The purpose of Archigram and the avant-garde generally is to pose alternatives that look like the way ahead without fundament- ally altering anything. This diversion of focus from the true restraints on architecture by the avant-garde is often confused with being the revolutionary side of architecture, it quite clearly is not. The acceptance of technology and land ownership patterns show that Archigram postulates a fashion and nothing else. As with the formation of the RIBA in the 1830s it is discernible that the dedic- ation to fashion is a shallow ambition. In the late 1960s the ''Eco-freak" broke on the architectural profession, Street Farmer, Blue Print for Survival, etc. There is much of importance in the rational use of technology and points in two directions, one a more rational local use of energy and resources and secondly a national and international policy on energy and resources. It is interesting to see the effect of Street Farmer and green ie beautiful on the revamped Archigram, "butter wouldn't melt in my mouth". The growth of the architectural profession has been most spectacular in the public sector where 50% of architects are now employed. Addedtothis,ofthe50%intheprivatesectoronlyabout th : ARC had a slow beginning in 1973-74 but a strategy aimed at ending the RIBA and the creation of an architectural role serving the public was formulated. 1973 also saw the formation of the Schools of Architecture Council. This body was to replace the defunct Heads of Schools Committee of the RIBA. It was intended to give more of the role of a forum to this and they felt it necessary to have not only heads, but other staff members too. It was then also decided to have students as well (God knows how!). The result was a Council of 38 British Schools of Architecture, with 38 heads of schools, 38 staff and 38 students, The SAC has had three annual conferences since 1973. These conferences have given the students a focus of action and since Easter 1974 at Bath, every SAC AGM has been preceeded by a two-day student conference. Suggestions at these gatherings on forming another national architectural student organisation have always come to nothing. During 1973-74 the two RIBA student councillors visited over half the schools of architecture and produced an irregular news sheet. This work was carried on the next year by Cliff Collins and Dave Taylor, and.some progress has been made with keeping students informed. The main alternative organisation during 1975 has been ARC, which in the summer of 1975 set out to attack the RIBA and expose ite failures. This campaign met with some success and thanks to some advantageous publicity about their work in Ealing, the group gained considerable notoriety. a new movement in architecture and this was formed at a congress organised by ARC at Harrogate. The New Architecture Movement is now a body in its own right with a growing number of similar movements in other professions, including planning. The possi- bilities for the N. A.M. are discussed in the last section. ARC's next step was to instigate This brief review of architectural organisations active since the war has highlighted the non-RIBA organisations, but it must be remembered that during all this time the RIBA has grown in numbers and strength. The RIBA's most recent moves show its direction for the future. Firstly, the attempt to reintroduce the fellowship status reflects the disatisfaction of the higher echelons with the general status of being a plain ARIBA member. They believe that now the profession is so large and specialised into so many separate areas that it would not harm the profession to reintroduce the master- craftsman classification, legislation for the use of architects ina statutory fashion, and they believe that now there are enough architects to make this practicable. They want the average architect as office fodder, with only Fellows as bosses. Thus, they have to put up with the temporary loss of Thcy hope that eventually they can gain elitism of the profession just so that they can eventually get their pan on all the work by law, and then reinstate the elitist fellowship class, 13 Ib The effect of the present economic depression has also accelerated a change in.the structure of practices. The depression has closed many small offices either totally or by mergers into larger practices. Only those offices with sufficient funds have been able to crawl to the OPEC countries for work. The combination of reducing the number of practices and earning foreign money is a typical capitalist development, the only surprise is that it has not happened so strongly before. There is also at present the first call from the RIBA for architectural practices to be able to "certificate" designs for building regulations. This is unlikely to help architects as if it were ever implemented it would probably be ona practice basis and, therefore, only help established practices. It would also make it far more difficult for new practices to start up and so further accelerate the reduction in the number ofoffices. However, the main reason for rejecting this idea is that it would not guarantee the public from unsafe buildings. At the moment, building inspectors are appointed and supervised by the government which ensures the principle of public accountability. The architect- ural profession is controlled by its own private club and the public would have no way to gain accountability from architect building inspectors in private practice. Needless to say, any office that had the power to certificate its own designs would be very open to the possibility of bending the rules and creating buildings which were not sound. Any attempt on behalf of the private practice to gain legislation which puts its usage into the statutory monopoly direction must be stopped. The suggestion arises out of the frustration architects face with local government bureaucracy, ways must be found to increase the effectiveness of these government agencies without losing public accountability. The RIBA in its role as guardian of private practice, has tried to appease the criticism levelled at architecture by the public. The criticism is of all the boring, inhuman creations of architects, both public and private - tower blocks of offices and flats being the main enemy. The RIBA has, however, not countered this criticism by complaining about the inadequate resources made available for buildings, but in two different ways. Firstly, European Architectural Heritage Year (1975) was used as a promotion exercise to gain rehabilitation work and, as usual, failed to point out the real problems facing architecture. This involved their public face and was regarded by them as a good public relations exercise. The second method was not public and related to the architectural clients specifically who are now almost completely composed of commercial giants and government departments. These bodies and their juniors are interested solely in the economics and technicalities of projects. The modern client is addicted to technical bureaucratic competence and to appease them the RIBA bas embarked on a major drive to improve the "competence" of architects. 20% of architects can claim to be principals or partners in : practices. This change in the profession from a near complete membership in private practice principals to where now 70% - 80% of architects are employed and salaried, has not yet altered the character of the profession. During the 1950s and 1960s architecture had a more or less constant growth both in quantity of work and number of architects, and as is usual with architects, when there is plenty of work they are found at the drawing board, not creating new philosophies of work. However, over this period certain small groups appeared on > the scene. The chief architects of local authorities, both county and borough, formed their own separate association, which have only recently merged to form the Association of Official Architects. The AOA as a body composed of principals in public offices has never spoken as the voice of public architects, and indeed many of its members are akin to the aims of private practice. This lack of support from what should have been its grass roots job architects has made it virtually ineffective. Whilst it could have been useful in putting forward different views to the profession, it appears that it is absorbed and in agreement with the role of the RIBA as the guardian of the profession. There was for a number of years a British Architectual Students Association which grew out of the difficulties and worries of students during the 1960s over the way the RIBA was hustling and closing schools. This reached a peak in 1968 when BASA sent a delegation to the International Union of Architects in Vienna. 1968 being the year of student revolt, the world around, it was not surprising that there was a scene at the conference which led to the walk out of a number of student sections, Spain and Italy inparticular. Out of this walk-out group came the Vienna Manifesto which was published as the first copy of ARSE, Architects, Radical Students and Educators. This group published about eight magazine issues, the quality and content getting heavier with each issue, until in about 1971-72 the group dried up with many of its members violently disagreeing. Some felt architecture was worth fighting for, others felt that you had to change the rest of society before anything could be ¥ done about architecture. BASA ran out of steam a little earlier, after it had been given the kiss of death by receiving money from the ? RIBA. The radical stirrings of ARSE and society in general from 1986- 1970 did lead to a movement of large numbers of salaried architects in the profession. This focused on the RIBA in the AGM of 1969 when Kate MacIntosh and a few others complained that salaried architects were unable to get elected to the RIBA Council because of its national election methods. This led to the formation of an ad hoc informal Salaried Architects Group who persuaded the RIBA to have regional as well as national elections for Council, and over 1971-72 eight salaried architects were elected to the RIBA Council. 14 20 to attempt to change architecture, we need to know not only the history of our profession, but also the character of our architects. As previously stated, if architecture is to be of use to society, it must be of service to the majority of the population, and as we know this is impossible until the public has gained real power. We must clearly understand this and work towards its solution, both in society at large and particularly in architecture. The character of architects can be looked at from various points of view: family background, aspirations, education and personality. The majority of architects come from middle-class families, a high proportion from creative familities one way or another. There are obviously a minority from upper and working classes. The pre-college education of architects has now become standardised to the realisation of two 'A' level passes necessary to enter a course in architecture. This requirement introduced by the RIBA from its 1958 Oxford Conference on education was seen ae one step to raising the status of architecture. It had, of course, a desired side effect of severely limiting those gaining architectural qualifications by working up from tea boy to technician to architect. It also resulted in giving an advantage to middle classes and above, because as we all know the working class child has far less chance of getting a good enough education to get to college. There follows several points where Ibelieve policies and actions must be-formulated. They are not comprehensive in range or quality but Ihope will be useful. Of the people who do arrive ata school of architecture, a surprising number aspire to use their creative skills for the benefit of others. so they have been restricted in improving the quality of their environ- ment. The Self Help attitude can only help a few people, while an architectural service could help those without the time or resources of their own. The National Health Service was not created by doctors and patients on their own, the government had to doit. Similarly, neither the architect nor the people can create a national architectural service without the government's help. Action must be taken with Very few are openly in it for the money: slightly arty career and the hoped-for status in society. However, many socially minded aspirants are to be found tied down with a mortgage, car and two kids by the time they are thirty, and naturally enough their prime concern is earning a living for the family. The creativity side of the skill provides the growth of the desire for non-conformity and competitive individualism, this always contradicts with their social aspirations for society, for it makes them loath to work with other people. Whilst an architect is aware of the complexity of society, he is, because of his cult of the individual, very wary of co-operating with others to fight for the individual. This gives rise to the common problem for architects, they see combining 2. Many of the frustrations of architects are due to the distance between designer and user, and these are reflected in the quality of their work. Red tape that hinders the process must be fought against, is there any reason why publice offices could not have architects or groups responsible to geographical areas, and workthere ? Take advantage of the RIBA's new code of conduct which stimulates the responsibility of the individual architect. If our aims are genuinely in the public's interest, we will all benefit from designing with government building agencies as well as the users. This policy is being encouraged in the private sector, where of course, it is doubtful if the public will benefit at all. 3. So that people can have a direct control over their environment. At the moment, people have insufficient power of control over changes in their environment, in terms of planning and the use of resources. The Green Paper of Neighbourhood Councils now passing through Parliament gives only token participation to the people and by not giving any real democratic power, restricts these councils toa purely advisory role. This advisory role will not give people any greater control, it is just a confidence trick. Action must be taken with the government to give real power to the Neighbourhood Councils. 4. The public's safeguard against bad architecture is now totally inadequate and ARCUK's role is more of a hindrance to progress to solve a problem as a negation of the individual and, on the other hand, clearly desire to create more individuality, but are loath to co-operate to achieve it. Architects in this state will participate in debates on how to improve architecture, but will not commit themselves to any action to achieve it. They will only participate so long as their total individuality is permitted. It is probable that the majority of architects join the RIBA not to further architecture but to gain the initials RIBA, which they wrongly believe essential to practice as anarchitect. This is why the RIBA is run by a disproportionately small minority. What must be done to achieve co-operation and action from architects is to make perfectly clear that the course of action taken up is to further the individual it still has the feeling of a 4, To make architectural services available to all sectors of society. At present, the architectural profession works for just two small sectors, firstly the nich minority and the powers of industry, commerce and finance, and secondly, for local or national government bureau- cracies, insensitive to the public they pretend to serve. The majority of the population has never had access to architectural services and the government to set up an architectural service available to all of society. thana help. The architectural profession and education should be development of all people - not, as many fear, to reduce us all to the lowest common denominator. controlled by a body equally representative of the public and the profession, Books which may be of interest to you: February, 1976, BB oo daily ADAM read the PURSER Those people who see the need for national collective action must not move 80 fast as to isolate themselves from what politically ies not a very advanced mass of architects. However, it is already necessary to have some services provided for the movement as a whole, newsletter, liaison, conference organisation. Here it is essential to see these needs as services to the whole movement, there must be no domination by an executive body. As such, I would see any person acting in this capacity strictly as a servant of the movement. ARC mectine This course of action must be the basis of the movement for some time, indeed it would be negation of my principles to suppose any other ideal, other than full individual participation in the movement. We must all be aware that this degree of total decentralisation aleo has its dangers. Firstly, it may lack a competent approach to key issues that could be provided by collective resources. it may produce different views on the same subject and so confuse an attack on some issues. What is essential is that the differing views lead to the best attack on a common enemy. The tool of organisation is a double-sided weapon, lack ofit advances confusion, heavy handed use of organisation reduces the participation of the membership at large and so decreases the strength of the organisation. In the future, the New Architecture Movement will have to develop a democratic process that promotes personal participation and collective action, At present, the membership is informal and we rely on voluntary work to respond to as many of the issues a6 possible. movement grows, it will necessitate more action in a more concerted way onissues. Eventually, it will be taking on 60 many issues that it will only be effective if it is capable of day to day decisions, though this is some way away. My commitment is to changing society and architecture. not set a dealine for this to be achieved, but I will do all I can to develop it in the best and most viable way possible. As the Secondly, I have "For All, a Better Environment" and the Cornish motto, "One forAll and All for One". The Development of the Architectural Profession, Barrington Kay. Architect and Patron, Jenkins. Town and Revolution, Anatol Kopp RIBA Journal, June 1975, Article on the Architectural Profession. Adam Purser, Morning Star The Paper of the Left Eile es arenas in, LO Artominnr” Qe! Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Adam Purser Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Allan/John Murray Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Feb-76 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/e775f9e6c7d10bbd89245677aa4d74aa.pdf 5075c5f4d28c2765a260be0a6a40c4b5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Miscellaneous Subject The topic of the resource Miscellaneous issues Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Various Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1976-1980 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Historical Perspective Subject The topic of the resource 9 page historical essay summarising modern architecture viv-a-vis NAM (2 copies) Description An account of the resource INIO4dSH3d ‘IWIIMOLSIH S i HISTORICAL PERSPECLIIVE Hawser Trunnion "The past is not for living in; it is a well of conclusions from which we draw in order to act. " (John Berger) The selected history of modern architecture from which NAN draws its conclusions for action can be told as a ghost story. That is to say, it is the tale of how a once lively modernism lost its social radicalism, became comfortable then senile, and finally died —- but only to transforin itself into a ghost which continues to haunt us the more effectively for this deceptive transformation. Like most good stories, there are several versions with significant differences that shed more light on the narrators than on the story itself. The most recent official version was told by ‘he Architectural Review, that ageing glossy now totally debauched by its own rhetoric, in its Preview Issue of January 1976. The punch-line came first : "that Kiodern Architecture as one has been experiencing it has gone into hiding. Gone (well, nearly gone) are those massive rectilinear packages; the towers, the slabs and (since Burolandschaft) the too big urban footstools. Gone (or nearly gone) are those self-assertive, diagramatic buildings which made a point of having nothing to do with the neighbours. Gone is the will to assert, the will to shock." That the wills to assert or shock have gone is debatable. That the buildings referred to have "gone" should presumably be taken to mean the new commissions for such buildings, not the buildings themselves. But the most disagreeable aspect of the article is the mixture of wise complac-— ency and indulgent penitence. Unfortunately we find our version of the story rather more worrying. The effects of the process of radicalization induced by war could be seen in It has indeed taken almost exactly twenty-five years for the impetus behind the first Modern Movement in this country to be exhausted. The Festival of Britain and European Architectural Heritage Year, 1951 to 1975, might be taken as the official milestones at the inauguration and closure of the period respectively. We appear to stand now at the beginning of a new phase in which the criteria of 'relevant' action will be determined as much by the understanding of this legacy as by our particular political standpoint. 205 1945 in the arrival of the first modern Socialist Government, with longer an imperial power. young man of 30. "When I first came in contact with new architecture in Germany I was struck by two things; the first, this version of a grandly proportioned urbanism taking in everything: dwellings, roads, factories, markets, down to the small paraphernalia at the closest personal context. Here is an architecture, I said to myself, capable of everything. Here is a true resolution, the end of discord. This is it, I wasgwept with a fervour that was the reflection of a release of creative energy which was to spread from Europe to every part of the world and change the character of architecture decisively. its far-reaching social reforms on the domestic scale, and in our modified nation status in NAYO and the realization that we were no In matters of environment the New Towns Movement, the Town & Country Planning Act 1947 etc were the first expression of a new vision and confidence that had already permeated other sectors of society, including for example the health services. One recalls the bright-eyed article by the Smithsons in which they referred to themselves as "The 1947 Generation" denouncing the bygone equipment of the pre-modern architect, the screw pen, the classical grammar, in favour of their own new weapons, the development plan and the C.P.0. The South Bank Exhibition and the associated housing schemes for Lansbury, East London epitomised the mixture of exhuberance and ‘committed concern' while showing that modern architecture was not simply a flat roof or a corner window but a comprehensive urban language. The underlaying had of course been worked out long before, in Germany, Holland, Sweden and most completely in Russia. In this ideas, France, typically slow on the uptake,it was codified visually country, in the 1938 Exhibition of MARS group, which itself derived the parent CIAM movement in Europe. The architecture was first embraced by a radical is best captured by Max Fry's own description few in this country of himself, as a “hen the second thing was added to me when I fell in love with a house by Miss van der Rohe, his Turgendhat Haus, in the Taunus Mountains. I fell in love with this building, which is to say that I gave my heart to it and it entered into my emotional its premises from — spirit in which modern recesses and filled them to overflowing. For me at that time it was as though, my mind cleared, rinsed and invigorated by the noble rationality of the Bauhaus, the breadth and grandeur of the proposition that it and the Modern Movement represented to me, suddenly my heart was taken, by one work, not essentially different, but of a quality of which I had not imagined the movement as yet capable.” The sincerity is exemplary; the combination of rationality and passion the best modern architecture can offer but it now seems incomplete. Wells Coates, Fry's contemporary and fellow traveller put the vision more bluntly. "As creative architects, we are concerned with a future which must be planned, rather than a past which must be patched up". from the thirties But the climate of 1945 was different/ both in degree and in kind. The post-war era for the first time saw the alliance of the ‘new wisdom! hitherto the preoccupation of dissaffected intellectuals and enlightened bourgeous patrons, with all the executive force of government and the major institutions. At the very moment that the pioneers! thesis appeared to be vindicated, so the process of institu#tionalizing its assumptions began in its adoption by a new establishment due to become infinitely more sophisticated and bureaucratic than any hitherto. Naturally it was intelligent enough to absorb the precepts and personalities that would otherwise have been dynamite, and throughout the 50's the professions of architecture and planning were happy to be included in the monolithic drive for reconstruction. (For 20 years it has been considered an unjustified luxury to conceive of L.A. housing as anything but a numbers problen.) The antithesis,which was bound to arise in conflict with this centralist orthodoxy, appeared early in the 1960's in phenomena ranging from the satire movement, to student protest; that is at about the time when on the threefold premise of cheap energy, expansionist economics and enlightened paternalism, 'progressive' architects and planners (now comfortably established in government institutions and well-connected practices) were ready for the big boom. The extent of development, publicly or privately sponsored out afresh". Martin went on to diagnose the failure of modern architecture in the neglect by architects to attend to the 3rd item. But he himself was neglecting another factor infinitely more important, because while concentrating on changes in form and technique he quite ignored the question of changes in patronage - the underlaying governing function which determines the very boundaries of change of the other two. Its the same blind spot as Fry and Coates, but after 30 years of social change - how much less forgiveable! during the 1960's is unlikely to be equalled during the lifetime of any reader over 20,and the housing, new towns, universities, — of this period will somehow or other have to do for the majority of us and our children till the latter are middle-aged. The future which Wells Coates generally wanted to plan is now the past that we will have to patch up. transport infrastructure etc. -- But for the architectural profession, the boundaries of their sphere of action were still essentially the same. Even Leslie Martin, one of the most advanced thinkers of the movement, took stock of the situation in the mid 60's like this:- Referring to the 20's, 30's he wrote in 1966 "However complicated the historical situation may have been, three powerful lines of thought appeared. The first came from the passionately held belief that there had to be some complete and systematic re-examination of human needs and that as a result of this, not only the form of buildings, but the total environment would be changed. The second line of thought interlocking with this was simply that change in the form of buildings or environment would only be achieved completely through the full use of modern technology. These 2 ideas produced a third, which wasthat each architectural problem should be constantly re-assessed and thought whats best for him. S, preside over a process that was already in decline. What could follow now? Obvious with hindsight: a simple coronary case with complications. We ran out of fuel - petro-chemical, financial and most important social. For by now the assumed popular consent on which all this development had been based was solidly organised into community groups, environmentarists, conservation lobbies, spaceship earth economists,etc of increasing expertise. It began to seem once more that the people with the power were less intelligent than the people without it. The complications? Almost as fast as the development boom fever was dying in the establishment the antibodies were being absorbed. Participation, piecemeal planning, rehab and recyling have been hastily substituted in the official policies of national and local authorities and the professional institutions such that the concepts of 'Community Architecture' and 'Neighbourhood Participation! are already barnacled with bogus concern and trendy humbug, without much noticeable advantage to the intended beneficiaries. The courtesy with which Nicholas Harbraken was received at a County Hall lecture, when his whole theme was disposing of the very basis on which the Department operated, was quite astonishing. Thus the wise Authority rejects not with brick wall but with cotton wool. Sociologists call it "Rejection by partial incorporation", and the British Establishment is uniquely gifted at it. Not only is there nothing you can complain m Max Beerbohm had called the 20th Century the "century of the common man", but in architecture and planning, after now more than 50years of modernism, he is still assumed to be less qualified than remote architects and planners to know Meanwhile arteries were hardening. In 1970 the D.0.E. - a concept that would have seemed revolutionary 25 years earlier - established itself in the now familiar tastefully separate from Whitehall, its bland combination of technocracy faulty towers, sited and expressing so precisely about - there's plenty you must be grateful for. shus the host was born. and officialdom, to and to penetrate. aie Salaried architects - the vast majority of the profession - who may be hopeful of more direct and satisfying relatiaships with the users of their products, in view of the changing climate, have little to be optimistic about. Their governing body, the R.I.B.A. in no way representative of their concerns, continues to be dominated by the assumptions of private principals and no other organisation save ARC and ourselves shows any sign of challenging it. Such a state of affairs, when 80% of a profession is misrepresentated by default (or not at all) would be at best unsatisfactory, except that the current economic depression has begun to show that more immediate aspects of employment may be none too cosy either. Government cuts and the Middle East Klondike can only temporarily disguise the fact that large sections of society who can avail themselves easily of the services of doctors and The current climate is pluralistic and diverse to the extent that, given the right form of words, everyone can apparently claim to be progressive — the D.O.E, R.I.B.A, most L.A.'s, the R.T.P.I. etc etc - concealing the fact that major ideological change is occurring with little or no commensurate redistribution of power. Environmental matters continue to be determined on the basis of power, not of need, and the status quo is effectively maintained. It is this situation that N.A.M. was formed to study So much for what amounts to our context in the outside world. Meanwhile, what of our context in the profession? In the same period under review the profession has transformed itself from a craft-orientated elite of aesthetic gourmets supported forelock - tugging draughtsmen, predomminatly private, into an army of professionals dependent on a very different calibre of recruit - a university educated, mainly middle-class mass of aspiring principals whose habit of identifying with employers has blurred their vision of the political reality both within their offices and within the RIBA as a whole. lawyers have no access to architects except through surrogate by is drawn. At the deliberately unlikely venue of Harrogate, rather less than a hundred people met for a weekend in November 1975 at the invitation of the small group named ARC (Architect's Revolutionary Council) which had already for a couple of years been preoccupied with such questions. The outcome was the nucleus of a New Architecture Movement which has since distinguished its own identity from that of ARC and at the same time consolidated its membership and its aims. Of the latter more will be said later, but beforehand the two essential characteristics of the movement that Harrogate established require explanation. First its attitude: it was felt that this must be positive and constructive, no matter whether this involved more work. Nevertheless we must beware of getting bogged down in research. We would guess that it's all on the shelves of College libraries already. What we need are the people who wrote it. The second feature is our structure. If there is a single obvious lesson in the past period it is that the more general the precept the more diverse must be its application. The structure is therefore federal, national. Our object is to seek strength in numbers such that any individuals or groupings that share the basic aims contribute to the consensus for action. Apart from rudimentary liason processes, therefore the resulting character of the movement is its diversity and its localised basis. A centralised power elite dictating policy seemed both alien and unworkable. The N.A.M. is a microcosm of the social structure it foresees revolutionizing architectural patronage. clients whose patronage they can in no way initiate. It is out of this ghostly atmosphere of reality and appearances, wisdom and duplicity that N.A.M. developed and it is mainly from this section of the profession that its current membership lies in the actions of many. ae Individuals and local groups spread throughout the country make up the Movement - all of equal status in so far as they can develop their own programmes in support of the generally agreed aims - any material produced therefore is signed for example "N.A.M., Edinburgh Group", or "N.A.M. North London Group". The essential function of making a sustaining contacts, together with arranging national congresses is carried out by a small Liason Group - which at present happens to be situated in London. This function could of course be transferred to any group who wished to take over it. If you wish to join, the contact list will probably already contain the names of individuals or groups in the area and you can join their meetings or alternatively establish a group of your own. Ideally a network of groups will develop, covering the entire country, with overseas contacts also, each one working on a number of topics, local campaigns etc which it would present at national congress for review. The Congress would also of and tweedledee of form and technique - competence and the course be the place for overall aims and strategy to be reviewed. The key to this decentralised structure is that of local antonomy. If a particular topic or local issue is your interest then you pursue it. We are not a movement with presidents or celebrities and its strength lies not in the words of a few. Its strength Anyway we started telling a ghost story, and want now to tell how it ends. Well,for the A.R. it ends about here, because Moder Architecture they tell us has gone into hiding. Actually they were more honest than they intended when they added: "This disappearance is not caused by any great change in the accommodation asked for: clients are still calling for immodest cubes of space and be given this city bursting character. But, by and large architects are displaying them differently and are putting a more sociable face on them". Well what a surprise. Plus ca change. Still the old tweedledum in the course of our work. Now NAM must measure its strength; dispose of this ghost of moder architecture, and build a social reality in its place. design guide. We leave you to guess whether this preservation of the status quo is because the RIBA is too preoccupied with bread and butter issues, or because it knows all too well which side its bread is buttered on. The ‘questionis now not whether the politics of the profession matters or not, but whether anything else does. A profession which once came near the brink of radical change - donned a mask instead and now its face has grown to fit it. But behind the new sociable face practising its "social art" the architect with integrity (a word much in the news on which we had something to say to Monopolies Commission) knows quite well that his formal windmill-tilting and technical guesswork hardly touch the real forces and desires of the people or groups that literally form the life blood of the environment. The radical question is not "what forms? or "which techniques" but "who are my patrons? for it is this link which draws up the whole chain. Without seeking to answer it, modern architecture can well stay in hiding, while its ghost roams more sinister for its new disguise. It visits most of us daily far and wide; all the Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hawser Trunnion Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Allan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c 1976 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/7842940760d83486fef39b449f7b1545.pdf 311796437b1bdad2165d5291d2f27468 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Miscellaneous Subject The topic of the resource Miscellaneous issues Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Various Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1976-1980 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Draft Presentation Subject The topic of the resource Hand-written draft presentation examining the reasons why NAM appeared now Description An account of the resource N.AM. is a movement of architects and laymen committed to radical change in the relationship of the profession to the public, and within the pro- fession itself. N.A.M. believes that architecture is a public service which should be available equally and directly to all sectors of society. Therefore we are working to redistribute power in architecture among the 80% of the population who at present have no say in the design or use of their environment. The following pages give a synopsis of our background, structure, aims and programme of action. If you wish to find out more or join us, contact :— Nex. Aiden70K MOU ERT Bia Reeatibinee/LDBac Ghana) 4 40, Bla Ahurre aie etek, faye gf te rmMtr AsLiiiol ® firlx Jb her. MPUOMAQ UL! baOw &£9&4OnRol &Bek9GrQa: VS1 Qo Beads OPS mghe|62MAW Q!heYoh ? |frteOe7Ks Gey ge. JAsrivel “AumreAyey ANP I<h— 7 miley Qe Ax wWQreurQde Quo Couire Ky Hes agHyArocesFDBachan!Olocse CQ Arik 27%, fis Sax asclen WSoudtwe Onan, AME nk iG -OLAS Vereot AS ou Ae Aemitc OQ Guo WOon ASG fr20k Kjhen hebeeZmab'eGobet| Q moe GIR Ga Swe Cuentue” pmhlrad WOmabamict JL. 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(Ao Acer, Aveslbers opars AQ WOW Are yate ) CBA ret foe KOA See oh Je @ =< =) A920. irre ; Tho ‘Enktsre Wee & rrnetorre Q Alan GHmslembieoeAe ARCQruolOKKevOug Cin2 Cerrehole G now hig Qucl if Ques, Of Ks. Btn reno onll 2 VQ COLD, A909 LR £0OLhenkeof MP5ane Gn foe.. Rat ksfoneAO af Rebun Gust Cont TTMacine 40 H.QtQR Oak the UMDbrsol Amr2 Work, Alnth,OnAictrek, MSA lak ERAIO QLLARSryou0l ueShee|Qinck g Ra Leg QPreyCom Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource John Murray Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Murray Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1977? https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/d52aeff0665a062b5836b6b5fca6a5eb.pdf 21caca75cd76e86f29081cf7f930ab18 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/7d03c81cb5f0bf1d90d0cceb25da9d19.pdf 2ef6dbe5cce1fa02246126c82d321fa2 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/424e7dc6cda2d0d5af47d238235463ab.pdf b1932c2f2c93689a66319e1d62360588 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Liaison Group Including London Group Subject The topic of the resource Liaison Groups: NAM was initially structured as local groups. There was also a Liaison Group whose role was to coordinate the different groups, deal with correspondence and arrange the next annual conference. NAM campaign groups, which were largely autonomous, worked across local groups to develop their ideas. They arranged their own conferences and reported through SLATE and annually to the NAM Congress. The seven different campaign groups listed had members from a variety of local groups. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1976-1979 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource LIAISON GROUPS Subject The topic of the resource New Liaison Group formed every year; 1975-76: John Allan, JB, John Murray, DR. 1976-77: Andrew Brown, BM, NM, KP, MR, IT. 1977-78: NA, SB, DB, DB, DG, CL, RM, JS, BS, DS. Five files: 1. Harrogate/Liaison Group Nov 75-April 76; 2. NAM 75-76 Liaison Group; 3. NAM Liaison Group 1976; 4. NAM Liaison Group 1977; 5. NAM Liaison Group 1977-78: Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Liaison Group Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Allan/John Murray Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1976-77, 1977-78, 1978-79 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/8634a354dd698f244cb4fe64d4a53ed8.pdf 71e0fd5162a6987fd0273bfaabf09ce8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Liaison Group Including London Group Subject The topic of the resource Liaison Groups: NAM was initially structured as local groups. There was also a Liaison Group whose role was to coordinate the different groups, deal with correspondence and arrange the next annual conference. NAM campaign groups, which were largely autonomous, worked across local groups to develop their ideas. They arranged their own conferences and reported through SLATE and annually to the NAM Congress. The seven different campaign groups listed had members from a variety of local groups. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1976-1979 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource What is NAM? Subject The topic of the resource What is the New Architecture Movement ? Summary 2pp 2 copies Description An account of the resource reee what is the The New Architecture Movement ("NAM") aims, through the col- lective action of architectural workers and other concerned people, to play an active role in radically altering the sys- tem of patronage and power in architecture. It seeks an archi- tectural practice directly accountable to all who use its pro- ducts and democratically controlled by the workers within it. NAM aims thereby to promote effective contol by ordinary people over their environment and by architectural workers over their working lives. NAM is completely independent. It is not, and ...@iving technical advice to the Birmingham Green Ban Action Committee, ...submitting evidence to the Monopolies Commission investigating alleged price-fixing among architectural firms, ...preparing a Draft Report on “Architectural Workers and Trade Unionism," concerned particularly with the situation of unor- ganised workers in "the building professions," ...-holding an informal seminar in Covent Garden, London, attended by over fifty people, and another in Cardiff, AIMS ORIGINS ACTIVITIES institute" or trade union. which was held in Blackpool in November 1976. New Architecture Movement? does not seek to become, a "learned society," "professional The New Architecture Movement was founded in November 1975 at a National Congress held in Harrogate for the purpose of build- ing up a broadly-based, progressive force for accountability and democracy in architecture. Out of that Congress came a Contact List, several local NAM groups and a Liaison Group delegated to maintain and extend contacts and to organise a Second Congress, During NAM's first year, the activities of various groups in- cluded: ...-planning a campaign for reform of the Architects Registration Acts, to make the Architects Registration Council (ARCUK) more accountable to the public, ..participating in a campaign to prevent the destruction of Cardiff city centre, ...developing outline proposals for a "National Design Service,” ...developing and distributing the "Interior Perspective," a questionnaire on conditions and attitudes in architectural practices, STRUCTURE PARTICIPATION AND SUPPORT ENQUIRIES (ARCUK) for 1977-1978. (LG, 2/77) ,..-working towards the establishment of a "Community Design Service" in Cardiff, and ...publishing the 1977 New Architecture Calendar. Further development in these and other areas is expected during 1977 and 1978. In addition, NAM nominees have been elected to six of the seven seats representing over 3,000 "\nattached architects" on the Architects Registration Council The structure of NAM is more a "network" than a "pyramid." It consists mainly of autonomous locally-based and/or issue- oriented groups of, typically, five to fifteen members. Each group defines its own role in furtherance of the overall aims. Broader contact is maintained through 4 Liaison Group, which consists of six members elected by the annual Congress as well as delegates from the groups. The Liaison Group is accountable to the Movement as a whole and is responsible for subscriptions, publication of the Newsletter, encouragement of local seminars and organisation of the next Congress. ture. Interest in NAM is steadily growing. The Second Congress decided to consolidate and strengthen the existing structure and finances of NAM by collecting subscrip- tions from the membership. For 1977, membership costs £5 for employed people and £2 for students and unemployed. A seperate subscription to the NAM Newsletter (distributed free to members ) People active in NAM, and those who support its aims, are drawn poth from within the field of architecture and from the "lay" public. From within architecture, workers in architectural prac— tices predominate, followed by students and teachers of architec costs £2 for five issues. Contributions are also welcome. Subscriptions and contributions are intended to cover Liaison expenses (Newsletter, postage, stationery, rent, telephone, travel, miscellaneous) and to "Float" activities that are, in principle (given the present financial situation), self-support- ing, such as the Congress, seminars, literature for sale, etc. At present, each NAM group finances its own activities. All enquiries to The Secretary, Liaison Group, The New Architec— ture Movement, 143 Whitfield Street, London Wl, from whom member- ship forms and publications order forms are also available. STRUCTURE PARTICIPATION AND SUPPORT ENQUIRIES ...publishing the 1977 New Architecture Calendar. (ARCUK) for 1977-1978. (LG, 2/77) ...working towards the establishment of a "Community Design Service" in Cardiff, and Further development in these and other areas is expected during 1977 and 1978. In addition, NAM nominees have been elected to six of the seven seats representing over 3,000 "unattached architects" on the Architects Registration Council The structure of NAM is more a "network" than a "pyramid." It consists mainly of autonomous locally-based and/or issue- oriented groups of, typically, five to fifteen members. Each group defines its own role in furtherance of the overall aims. Broader contact is maintained through a Liaison Group, which consists of six members elected by the annual Congress as well as delegates from the groups. The Liaison Group is accountable to the Movement as a whole and is responsible for subscriptions , publication of the Newsletter, encouragement of local seminars and organisation of the next Congress. People active in NAM, and those who support its aims, are drawn both from within the field of architecture and from the eae public. From within architecture, workers in architectural prac-— tices predominate, followed by students and teachers of architec— ture. Interest in NAM is steadily growing. The Second Congress decided to consolidate and strengthen the existing structure and finances of NAM by collecting subscrip- tions from the membership. For 1977, membership costs £5 for employed people and £2 for students and unemployed. A seperate subscription to the NAM Newsletter (distributed free to members ) Subscriptions and contributions are intended to cover Liaison expenses (Newsletter, postage, stationery, rent, telephone, travel, miscellaneous) and to "float" activities that are, in principle (given the present financial situation), self-support-— ing, such as the Congress, seminars, literature for sale, etc. All enquiries to The Secretary, Liaison Group, The New Architec— ture Movement, 143 Whitfield Street, London Wl, from whom member- ship forms and publications order forms are also available. costs £2 for five issues. Contributions are also welcome. At present, each NAM group finances its own activities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Liaison Group Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Allan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Feb 1977 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/43815ac6706fece98f3aba9a34a85e32.pdf 37d46aac6d215c078191880aa7653731 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Liaison Group Including London Group Subject The topic of the resource Liaison Groups: NAM was initially structured as local groups. There was also a Liaison Group whose role was to coordinate the different groups, deal with correspondence and arrange the next annual conference. NAM campaign groups, which were largely autonomous, worked across local groups to develop their ideas. They arranged their own conferences and reported through SLATE and annually to the NAM Congress. The seven different campaign groups listed had members from a variety of local groups. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1976-1979 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource NAM Subject The topic of the resource New Architecture Movement 1 page summary introduction Description An account of the resource Information NEW ARCHITECTURE MOVEMENT This sheet gives basic information about The New Architecture liovement. If you wish to join N.A.M. or obtain copies of further N.A.M. literature please write to The Secretary, NAM Liason Group, 143 Whitfield Street, London, W.1l. ORIGINS N.A.M. was officially founded in November 1975 at the Harrogate National Congress, although several of the constituent members and ideas had been assembled up to two years previously. This Congress achieved a consensus on the essential direction and structure of the movement which was issued as a Press Statement. A Contact List was started, several local groups were established, and a Liason Group was delegated to maintain and extend contacts and to organize the next Congress. AI N.A.M. is working through the collective action of architects and others to alter radically the system of patronage in archi- tecture. We wish to reform the existing power structure in architecture, dominated by corporate or wealthy clients and principals (public or private), with direct relationships between users and designers. The aim is thereby to restore effective control by ordinary people over their environment, and real social responsibility and accountability in the work of architects. Programmes for action are formulated from detailed MEMBERSHIP fembers are drawn from all areas of architectural activity in critiques of the current situation and its background. addition to the lay public. In the former category salaried architects in private practice from the majority, though Local Authority officers, teachers and students are also a substantial element. The contact list is growing rapidly. STRUCTURE The Movement's structure, which was established at Harrogate, is a network not a pyramid. It thus consists mainly of locally based groups of up to about a dozen members, who are kept in touch by a small Liason Group. There is no hierarchy, each group pursuing its defined tasks in furtherance of the overall aim. The object is to avoid bureaucracy or celebrities and the Liason Group's role is therefore basically administrative : circulating documents from other groups, making new contacts and arranging the National Congress, when Liason Group members may be redelegated. Local Groups are now working in various parts of the country, and if you wish to become involved the Liason Group will introduce you to the FINANCE PREMISES LITERATURE to act as postman for the group. in the HNovement. up to date by The Liason Group. 5 nearest group or alternatively help you to establish a new group. No enrolment fee as such is asked for, membership being based on agreement with and involvement in pursuing the Movement's aim. Individual groups are for the most Contributions are however payable at conferences, and for specific items such as some of the larger reports etc. These funds are caged in the N.A.M. account, for which three Liason Group members are signatories. Application for grants is currently in hand. The Liason Group operates from 143, Whitfield Street, London, W.1., to which all initial enquiries should be addressed. The local groups make their own arrangements, the normal practice being to meet at the residence of each of the members in turn, the host member acting as chairperson for their meeting. One member agrees part self-financing. REPRESENTATION The Movement's overall aims are refined and endorsed at national Other N.A.M. documents recently produced, all of which are available on request, include: "NAM — Historical Perspective", NAM — Brochure, "A National Design Service", "Ihe Case Against Mandatory Minimum Fees" — the report of NAM to the Monopolies Commission (elds "a Short History of the Architectural Profession" (10p). A complete list of all NAM documents, press cuttings etc. is kept and local conferences, which have received fair coverage in the architectural and technical press. Local groups and individual members are free to present their own work or to propose changes Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Liaison Group Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Allan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Undated https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/93d41bd15f750908561e618903735d57.pdf 55b07b994ad225f0ea9322c8abed0401 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Liaison Group Including London Group Subject The topic of the resource Liaison Groups: NAM was initially structured as local groups. There was also a Liaison Group whose role was to coordinate the different groups, deal with correspondence and arrange the next annual conference. NAM campaign groups, which were largely autonomous, worked across local groups to develop their ideas. They arranged their own conferences and reported through SLATE and annually to the NAM Congress. The seven different campaign groups listed had members from a variety of local groups. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1976-1979 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Tower Mill Subject The topic of the resource Programme for Weekend meeting in Norfolk 2 pp Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ian Tod Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Allan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5 Feb 1980 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/07427136600206bf3eaee4316bd3e912.pdf 9a4925a45c456eabae628f8804f34bdf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Liaison Group Including London Group Subject The topic of the resource Liaison Groups: NAM was initially structured as local groups. There was also a Liaison Group whose role was to coordinate the different groups, deal with correspondence and arrange the next annual conference. NAM campaign groups, which were largely autonomous, worked across local groups to develop their ideas. They arranged their own conferences and reported through SLATE and annually to the NAM Congress. The seven different campaign groups listed had members from a variety of local groups. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1976-1979 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2nd London Seminar Subject The topic of the resource Programme for the event Description An account of the resource AGENDA 10 00 Chairperson's introduction | 10 05 Historical perspective on NAM 10 25 Reports from NAM groups 1100 Coffee 11.15 Presentation of papers and discussion on Unionisation, a critical history of the Profession, proposals for a National Desing Service, and others 30 Project presentaion 00 =Lunch 00 Group workshops 30 Open debate and 00 Tea Open Topic 00 Review of seminar 30 Preparation of press 00 Seminar closes CHAIRPERSON : Peter Wheelan FURTHER INFORMATION FEE: £ 2.. 00 AND BOOKINGS : NAM, 36, Elm Grove, London N8. individual statements and proposals for future statement action TO BE HELD ON SATURDAY 22ND MAY AT COVENT GARDEN COMMUNITY CENTRE, SHELTON STREET, LONDON ,WC2. , “NEWARCHITECTUREMDVEVENT -LONDONSEMINAR The New Architecture Movement was set up at a national congress in late 1976 by a group of architects, most of whom are in practice, who know that the way forward for architecture is not through any new aesthsteic dogma or revamping of the profession but the radical revision of the architects role in society. NAM's two principal propositions are the appropriation of the priviledge of architectural patronage , now vested in the bureaucracy, by the 80% of the people who currently have no say in the use of their environment and, secondly, the institution of forms of practice rid of the economic and spiritual exploitation of architectural workers. The Movement is constituted to act both as a voice for change in the profession and as a platform for action in the field of architecture, building and planning. The structure of NAM lays stress on decentralisation: autonomous local groups are engaged simultaneously in theoretical analysis and immediate action, supported by a liaison group whose function is to maintain contact between groups. Recent years have seen considerable changes in architectural theory and practice ; the ideas of the Modern Movement, whose mainstream adoption in this country corresponded with the consumer boom of the fifties and sixties, have finally brought about their own demystification. Industrialization and systematization meant ugliness and insensitivity in the streets, and boredom and frustration in the office. The reaction on the streets is well known: the Community Action movement has been instrumental in blocking or ameliorating certain notorious projects and has, in some degree, been responsible for reformist legislation in planning and housing. The majority of architects, however, have continued to tolerate increasingly repressive working conditions, while the RIBA takes a protectionist line and they retreat in their attitude to design to a sort of effete romantiscism which even the fathers of the Modern Movement would have found reactionary. - (G28 The London Seminar has been called to review the progress of the Movement in a concerted way. It is open to all who wish to attend. Those who share our views but who are not yet involved with NAM are especially welcome, not simply to offer their tacit support, but to contribute to, and expand our area of action. Dw ESEwNh=p Ww So "NEWARCHITECTURE MOVEMENT - LONDON SEMINAR Recent years have seen considerable changes in architectural th the ideas of the Modern Movement, whose corresponded with the consumer boom brought about their own demystification. meant ugliness and insensitivity the office. The réaction on the movement has been instrumental projects and has, in some degree, planning and housing. The majority tolerate increasingly repressive protectionist line and they retreat ry and practice ; mainstream adoption in th country effete romantiscism which even reactionary. in their attitude to design to a sort of AGENDA 10 00 Chairperson's introduction 10 05 Historical perspective on NAM a hinaniiollon. Ca.-7,) —v.b.¢, Gr/be)- 30 Preparation of press statement 00 Seminar closes CHAIRPERSON : Peter Wheelan FURTHER INFORMATION AND BOOKINGS FEE: £ 2.. 00 : NAM, 36, Elm Grove, London | N8. “ | (a, of the fifties and sixties, ha Industrialization and syst@matization in the streets, and boredom and frustration ~ streets is well known: the Community in blocking or ameliorating certain in Action notorious been responsible for reformist legislation of architects, however, have in continued to working conditions, while the RIBA takes a the fathers of the Modern Movement would have found finally CR TO BE HELD ON SATURDAY 22ND MAY AT COVENT GARDEN COMMUNITY CENT E, SHELTON STREET, LONDON ,WC2. , 1025R fromNAMgr ~BoteyOnEna.) icc... - 2g [NEG [Lig[4Ree.. ) | The New Architecture Movement was set up at a national congress in late 1976 by a group of architects, most of whom are in practice, who know that the way forward for architecture is not through any new aesthsteic dogma or revamping of the profession but the radical revision of the architects role in society. NAM's two principal Propositions are the appropriation of the priviledge of architectural patronage , now vested in the bureaucracy, by the 80% of the people who currently have no say in the use of their environment and, secondly, the institution of forms of practice rid of the economic and spiritual exploitation of architectural workers. The Movement is constituted to act both as a voice for change in the profession and as a platform for action in the field of architecture, building and planning. The structure of NAM lays stress on decentralisation: autonomous local groups are engaged simultaneously in theoretical analysis and immediate action, supported by a liaison group whose function is to maintain contact between groups. The London Seminar has been called to review the progress of the Movement in a concerted way. It is open to all who wish to attend. Those who share our views but who are not yet involved with NAM are especially welcome, not simply to offer their tacit support, but to contribute to, and expand our area of action.. 11.15 Presentation of papers and discugsion on Unionisation, a critical history of the Profession, proposals forja National Desing Service, and others 30 Project presentaion 00 =Lunch 00 Group workshops 30 Open debate and individual statements 00 =Tea 30 Open Topic 00 Review of seminar and proposals for future action | T4784, DUI & Ew Nh= Pp gcissetg ons vt pls 388 Soe , #OGHGs .T33a1 igtudos3ino ws ai espns ofdsise 2 sven etasy tnesseh a3 of het hacia Meoigenism seorw .snoms aiebok oft to essbi ac d ,e9itxie bie esistit eft Fo mood +snuencs oft dsiw bebnogesstco , yiisar? noiseasitegeteye bas noisesilsinteubal .noiteaitizeymeb wo tied? ivods relpuotd ni.#oisgeyv!47bremobsi]6d—=~2d9siiesndfioe brieeesniipudnssm noeistoA yvFicuemed siz Paw 2] edeauze ait as £56149689 of? .651Tto ont zvoiiagan sist+95 Sirkaad Fae 40 prititoold si fsinsmuiteni need ean ‘Inemevem ni nolssizipel szimiots: 207 std enoqesy nesd .osipsb-eméa fi .2en bas 2iastory ot bovAlinos averi ,yevewod ,atastidayus to yiivoism of? .prieuord bane oninnsig 6 2eoies AGIA eda sflinw janoitibnes onisdyow aviezesigeay ylanics Yot1026otApiesboFabutisistioddai36SOO DAS bnue? oven bluow JnemeveM aisboM edd to azartis* or neve do ABNEY ols =,ah4 \ _ AtHaaz Mie, nolstouboutni a'aesisqrisdd 90 G1 | MAH no ovisoeget9q lesivotziH 20 OF: i aquowpMAWwo7?etyogsh afOF sstied «00. TT (ades\ .ast .teod a ee / ; -SER QE Bay G29 i D “it 4A weak sll TihsviRUMOD4320842.FHAVODTAYAMGHESoe _33438OT quote {p90f evomonojus cnoiseeilervinisoes no eeotse eysi BAK to atwisutse ort Notice steitemai bas 2eleyfans Issisetosrly ai yfevoonsifumie bspepus 916 .2tuo79 qeawred tostnos nisiniem 03 21 soijonu? seotiw quowp rozisll 6 yd Betaogqque ,fotos Yo 6975 1u0 bneqxe brs ,oF otudittnos oF sud .i70qque Jios3 fons| .B84 nobnod .svo7d mia (af MAM 2 2BRINOOH GH HOTTANAOAWi AAHT NGS 4! 6ydAtelssainiseoposfenoitsn636qufeezewineievOMsiydasdifs yo? biswiot yew off ted? worl ofw ,eoiton1g of) 21s morkw to deom ,ztoeFidow fo quo1w noizestorg sft to oniqneven 10 ampob aletenitess won yns dpuowlt Jon et $1u3393 idatw. leqioniag ows 2'MAM .y3alooe ni slot etastiriow od to noizivey issibe: add Jud . 996hOTI6G [srutostidois Yo spbelivirg sfd Yo noitcixqorggs ont 316 enolti 2ogerdg yee of Sve ylsneiivs ofw sfqodq oft Yo ZU8 saa yd .yostousstud ont ni beteey wor. soijsa1q to emit to noliutiteni ont ,ylbaeose .bns tnemnetivas Visi to sau. ong ni @AT .2xsAiow Iewutostidoiw to noitetio!qxe Isutivige bre gimonases ods jo bist bns folezsto1g sft ni spasdo io? eaiov 6 26 diod jos e3 betusitenoo 2) tasmavort -oninne!g bns.pnibliud ,sivtoatidawto bieit eri ai noijos yot miolisiq 6 26 @ ti jnemaveM oft Ye 2282p01g efs weives.ot ballss need 261 xsnimee nobrot oAT awe iv ywo svede ofw ould .bNaI 36 od atv orw fle os neqn 2i 31 .yew besyson0o iatto of ylqmie 3on ,amoolow ylisissqes a16 BAK dziw bsvicvai Jey Jon ois ofw tud %e yioteid isoitiv> & ,noliseinoinv no neizauce ib big 2teqeg To noijsinses79 ai if 219440 bas ,soivie? enies@ lenqissk 6)107 eleroqorg sfMOlsestoets sAt / zttomegete [eubivibni bns sisdsbh neqgO G&. & est GO4 sigoT naq@ 6&4 noizss aiwiut xf efeeogowg bis wenimse jo wsiveH 00 4 notsineestq gosjox% Of SI fomi 60 [ agodas-ow quoi? a0 § insmoiete eevig 16. mwiteisqett esecis verime2 666 aBiSSdW 19jo% « HOzP Gf ¢ eseei s | j \ Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Liaison Group Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Allan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 01 May 1976 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/0688d798260e37d9b0748d51a89fa6f5.pdf 34dd3ac67aaa11f4fced58b6b60472c8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Liaison Group Including London Group Subject The topic of the resource Liaison Groups: NAM was initially structured as local groups. There was also a Liaison Group whose role was to coordinate the different groups, deal with correspondence and arrange the next annual conference. NAM campaign groups, which were largely autonomous, worked across local groups to develop their ideas. They arranged their own conferences and reported through SLATE and annually to the NAM Congress. The seven different campaign groups listed had members from a variety of local groups. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1976-1979 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2nd London Seminar Subject The topic of the resource Programme for event (2) National Design Service Report Description An account of the resource SECON D LONDON SEMINAR prograniine : TIME 10.00 INTRODUCTION toNAM. 11.00 Coffee break 11.15 ARCUK discussion 12.30 Lunch 13.30 UNIONISATION: the case for the organisation of private practice 14.45 EDUCATION | discussion 16.00 Tea break SPEAKERS Tom Woolley Ken Pearce Ken Thorpe John ay ae Bob Maltz Giles Pebody John Mitchell Rodney Mace Andrew Fekete 16.153 OPEN DEBATE & SUMMING UP (from the chair) JINGUAGHAOI, Ha. DOAK Od VoAAHIN SeeeESE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Liaison Group Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Murray Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 01 May 1976 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/01342c65bc4fdfd57d04236b52fa682f.pdf 1a29d2cf2baaef18e8e8ba1ca14f765c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Introduction and Origins Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letter to John Allan confirming part repayment of loaned funds Subject The topic of the resource Letter to John Allan confirming part repayment of loaned funds Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource John Allan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Allan