2 10 310 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/132f6f9cf3a78251cf5731d7b1c68701.pdf 0d2c242ba52b1cd2f2c423d94f31d4e8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Public Design Group Description An account of the resource Argued that it was only through the public sector that the majority of people could have access to the land and resources needed for housing, education and other essential services. The task was therefore to reform the practice of architecture in local councils to provide an accessible and accountable design service. The Public Design Group proposed reforms to the practice of architecture in local councils to provide a design service accessible and accountable to local people and service users. The following 6 Interim Proposals were developed which were later initiated and implemented in Haringey Council 1979-1985 by NAM members. <ul><li style="font-weight:400;">Local area control over resources </li> <li style="font-weight:400;">Design teams to be area based </li> <li style="font-weight:400;">Area design teams to be multi-disciplinary </li> <li style="font-weight:400;">Project architects to report directly to committee</li> <li style="font-weight:400;">Abolish posts between Team Leader and Chief Architect </li> <li style="font-weight:400;">Joint working groups with Direct Labour Organisations</li> </ul> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Public Design - A New Role Subject The topic of the resource Towards a New Public Architecture', Essay by A Purser (9 pp) Description An account of the resource PUBEIt 2pES(oN New he DRAFT MAY 1978 PUBLIC DESIGN GROUP TOWARDS A NEW PUBLIC ARCHITECTURE Introduction This paper represents the conclusions reached by the PDG in its deliberations since its formation at the NAM Congress in Hull on 26th November 1977. The views expressed are either a unanimous or majority view of the :;roup as expressed by the author. The purpose of this essay is to tie together the main points of the other papers, add proposals and spirit and reach a workable path along which to move forward. The present political situation high-lights the difficulties of our task. The public's view of the value of its public servants is very low. Against such a background we must not only develop our beliefs and reasons for public design but we must get these views accepted at large, as it is only with community support that our ideals can be achieved. To gain grass roots support we will have to participate in the community: in tenants' groups, community projects, local politics, trade union branches, Trades Councils and other bodies based in the community. If we believe in the principle of public service, whether from a humanitarian, political or other viewpoint, we must convince the community that we really mean to improve the quality and content of our work together with its effects. The role of the professional in any alternative programme must include an understanding of the educational element. For too Long the myths and obstacles created by traditional professionalism have led to elitist viewpoints or at best paternalistic attitudes. These myths and barriers must be broken down. The interface of architect and public is a problem we need to study carefully, very carefully. ‘Desiring direct client contact may turn out to be unpleasant in actuality. Faced with a raging council tenant swearing about bloady council officials, are we going to blame the tenant for not understanding our problems, or are we going to sympathise with him for revealing the authority's failures ? Remember as part of the council we are going against the “espirit de corps" to criticise one another in public. We will need to take a patent attitude of explanation, listening, explanation, listening and go on explaining and listening. We will need to rebpond positively to hostile criticism, go beyond the surface problems and find ways of attacking the underlying difficulties. But this new interface will only prove mutually educational if the community is given the power to approve or reject design proposals. This shared learning experience will give the architect the new a satisfaction of helping the development of the people he works Or. For me this shared experience of mutual development gives great joy, far more than the creation of monumental edifices to my ecotism. In tackling the role of LAAD's we have seen some aspects of state intervention, the maintenance of the status quo by reproducing itself, as administrators of the gains fought for ‘by the working class and its allies over the centuries, as a bumbling body of mixed up bureaucrats and procedures. Some people fear that if community architecture is a development of existing LA's then state intervention will be its death knoll. Our arguments are based on a detailed understanding of state intervention. We see that within aspects which are genuinely in the interests of the public (i.e. the National Health Service etc.) and these we wish not only to maintain but to improve. On the other hand, we are aware that many aspects of state intervention are re;ressive and these we hope to weaken. Our main belief is in the democratic. improvements caused by decentralisation and will we hope, coupled with our other proposals, produce beneficial results. Intervention in decentralised teams will be caused by financial allocations and in meeting standards, etc. No local community can raise through its own means all the funds it needs to carry out all the diverse functions necessary. Only central government, with its manifold fiscal means, can raise the money and not get completely fooled by the national and multi-national companies. It is interesting to note that Britain has more firms exploying over 40,000 workers than the rest of Europe put together. For these reasons, we acknowledse that to a large dej:ree, central government will fund local architectural projects, however, we wish this resource to be allocated as a lump sum giving the community considerable say in what it spends its money on. We also believe that this lack of funding means that voluntary or charitable community design schemes can only provide a minute minority service. The value of the. present voluntary or charitable project is to show. the need and learnthe pros and cons for starting the real thing. Similar to the example set by charitable housing trusts in the last century. So however devolve the design team and local unit of government is, we are going to have to come to terms with some government intervention as a result of the financial situation. But tackling the worst aspects of government intervention has greater potential at a local level. A local design team working co-operatively with the community will raise the aspir- ations and the collective potential of that community. Increased collective action can challenge the stretched resources of the state and overcome the state's paternalistic and repressive aspects, thus creating a real shift of power to the community. Red tape has grown to conceal and conserve the dual contradict- ory elements of state intervention. Looking at the role of design standards is an illustrative example. National standards have evolved from a conflict of opinions. Take Parker Morris for example: 1 for the working class, Parker Morris ensures a minimum spacial requirement in council housing the role of the state there are 2 for the state and probably the professional too, Parker Morris provides a standard that ensures the working class can recreate itself. 3 for free enterprise, Parker Morris represents the maximum amount of space bought with some of the profits of capitalism. Seen in this way, standards become a political issue and one which as professionals with progressive intentions we have to understand and act upon. If we are to work in the community providing our services for those who can'ttafford us or our products, we must clearly ally ourselves with their interests. For me this means we must not only fight to maintain what standards have been achieved by centuries of collective action but also press for improvements in standards. At the present time some LAs are trying to relax Parker Morris standards in an attempt to house more people. This is totally wrong. Rather than challenge the government on the helpful aspects of standards, the government should be challenged on its inadequate allocation of resources to housing. It is also wrong because councils' response to public pressure for housing is met with demands by the council only for a reduction in standards: the whole community should be aroused to demand greater housing resources. So far I have outlinedfour reasons for decentralisation with grass roots involvement: ir it is at this level that the greatest potential exists to improve society. 2 the role of the professional Weer ngoe eeteT? and educational rather than remote and paternalistic. 3 the greatest benefits and, therefore, satisfaction, can occur here. 4 at this level the state has the least potential for harmful intervention. With this in mind let us develop a suggested outline for the Public Design Service of tomorrow. The Public Design Service working in the interests of the community will be locally based and fully accountable to the community. It will be a multi-disciplinary team working on a collective basis, in the team will be: architects, technicians, planners, builders, together with specialists as required. The team will be account— able to a parish or ward committee consisting of locally elected representatives of the following organisations: tenants' and community groups, trade unions, political parties and team workers. The local committee will have power to dispense resources and allocate land, accept designs and employ staff. The committee will have to relate to higher organs of government. This will only be meaningful if financial control is firmly locally controlled and the decentralisation of local government reverses the effects of local government re-organisation. We suggest the following strategy for decentralising LAADs. a At present architectural teams in LAADs are organised either on a specialist basis or general basis but both operating throughout the whole LA area. b Within the department teams should be allocated to specific areas, wards, parishes etc. and that they should all be general teams capable of calling in specialist advice should they need it. (Up to this point we believe there is a capability of fairly quick achievement and we have, therefore, included it in our interim proposals. The strategy from this point on is much morelong term and only a suggested guide.) c Having established teams with local responsibilities contacts and connections can be gradually increased with that community. d When good local relations have beenstarted it seems silly to have all local teams in 'head office'. The time has come to move the office accommodation into the local team area. Where possible housing should be made available in the area for team members wha wish to live in the community. e The local teams dig in, begin to formalise the democratic links with the community. f With well-established links both formal and informal ways should be developed of increasing the power of the community. Q.E.D. in conclusion a locally based democratically decentralised design team has been formed. How would that model work in your borough ? Examples of this approach are at present being worked through. It is important to realise that from the start this approach is dependent upon co-operation from all involved departments. It is not the sort of idea that can be imposed from above. Similarly, it would be very helpful to groups attempting such a course to have worked examples and plenty of back-up arguments prepared. This is a task in which the PDS believes it'can play an important part. The PDG in its interim proposals has set out the following issues which we believe can be tacked successfully. i The change from specialist architectural teams to area based general design teams, previously mentioned. 2 Job architects to report in person to the client committees. 3 Tenants and users to be included in briefing job architects and the designs, standards etc. to be approved by the tenants and users. further. 1 Internal Democracy a aBe3 aa iv 4 Architects' Departments to be altered so that there are only job architects and the chief architect. As an example we can site the case of building material standards. EJMA windows may provide an easy answer to many problems. But architecturally we can find that the various combinations of side hung, top light pivoting result in an aesthetic nightmare. While from the housing departments! view the quality of timber results in frequent and costly maintenance problems. To the building department the use of such windows is often awkward with problems in installation, lintel sizes, scaffolding etc. and again the continuing volume of maintenance work. If we can get all these knowledgeable elements together to form a design construction team we can begin to put right the separation of builder and designer. This artificial separation only came about with the advent of the industrial revolution (see NAM's "A Short History of the Architectural Profession"). We have seen the value of direct labour organisations to the public and we must add to that our belief in our public role to create a design construction team unsurpassed by the private sector. It is hoped that these proposals will improve internal and external democracy. The PDG has taken these and other issues and begun to develop them What follows are proposals that are not easily or quickly achievable and will, therefore, form part of the future work of the PDG. Design teams of around 12 people locally based would operate co-operatively, the team would include architects, technicians, quantity surveyors, service engineers, builders and secretarial staff. The team would elect annually a team leader. Management Committees - local authorities suffer from a rigid hierarchial pyramid, we believe that policy and management decisions should be made by a departmental committee with representatives of all types of depart- mental workers. In this way the collective wisdom of the department is fully utilised and escapist buck-passing is avoided. The link between teams and departmental committee will be an elected one. Links with other departments will be made at two levels, (a) working teams can be made up of interdepartmental people, i.e. from the housing department, building department , social services etc. and (bd) interdepartmental committees representative of a cross section of department- al staff, i.e. not just the chiefs. 2 External Democracy The advantages that arise from the formation of tenant/user client committees for briefing job architects and approving the work etc. are: a working with tenants/street or;anisations provides a wealth of knowledge of the area, historical background, minute detail, seneral problems, local characters, ambitions etc. A close relationship with the community creates two side effects - (i) the community's increased knowledge enables them to articulate their desires towards the built environ- ment more effectively, (ii) the role of the professional as educator and initial organiser on the environment enables the community to develop its own strength from which demands can be made to increase standards and the allocation of resources. b Trades Councils form the local focus of trade union branches and as such have great potential for action on community affairs. Currently there is a TUC campaign to improve the provision of facilities for the disabled. Trades Councils around the country are pursuing policies to get these provisions realised. The fact that it is often the architects who appear to forget the handicapped has been noticed by the trades unions. But we know as architects that the problem is often one of cost. Clearly the coupling of trades council pressure and architectural knowledge could lead to an increased provision of facilities for the disabled. 5 Theory of Public: Service We believe that civilisation in enhanced by the collective wisdom and actions of the populace. The:-funetion.of pubic service is to provide the community with an instrument that realises collective decisions. We need to not only study and develop the theory of public service but to apply practically these ideals in our day to day work. 4 As previously pointed out, housing provided in a free market society has to be capable of providing the dominant class with a working class that is capable of reproducing itself. We have seen that free enterprise is incapable on its own of providing decent housing for all the population. The reality of these facts will strike anyone who has to spend his days visiting council housing, so clearly designed as a machine for existing in. There is no way that they provide a space for growing mentally and physically. Few people realise that the system that created the need for public housing is still incapable of providing owner occupation for a good half of the population. (Rented accommodation both private and public accounts for 50% of the population but only 47% of the dwellings, depending upon which source of information is used.) As an agent of public service I wish to see public housing built to the highest possible standards. Public housing should embody all the collective ideologies and benefits that do not occur in isolated owner/occupier rip off Wimpey estates. Housing associations are another diversion sent to confuse the issue. Housing associations receive government funding without either the control or the democracy found in local authorities. In essence they provide the government with a back door method of getting housing on the cheap. Central Government Central government is, and will continue to be, the main source of public housing finance. There is such a lot of ground to cover here that already the PDG sees the need to work closely with other more economically orientated alternative organisations. The conference of Socialist Economists Housing Workshop springs to mind in this context. The PDG believes that case studies will have to be made of particular situations ‘and that the values and problems found should be made available to all interested parties. PDG Strategy and Steering Group To co-ordinate the work of all the groups and further’ the development of public design. If. we can only get three or four groups under way as a result of this conference there will be a substantial improvement in our capabilities. Fro m the amount of work the PDG has done already, as well as organise this conference, I know that an enlarged team can make very satisfactory progress. At this point I'd like to tell a little story of how I see the future in a local design team. "Tt was spring time in the office, a bare headed technician was watering down the coffee. No, but seriously, it hadn't been a bad week. The District Council have agreed to convert the old St John's school and the pressure from the residents had ensured that the funds would be made available in the next financial year. At the present time no suitable way has been found of avoiding speculation on land values, and until national asset in the same way as coal, will be found. ao land is treated as a no satisfactory answer I was leaving the office on the way to the Bullfinch for a lunch-time pint when old Jack Scamp came up to me after seeing the new technician, Grace. I thought I was in for the usual round of complaints about drains, windows, pigeons or whatever happened to upset him, but remarkably he was quite affable. Apparently he had been to complain about the draught of cold night air coming into his WC. Grace must have actually got through to him, for he had agreed to have his house modernised. Something to do with piles I think ! "Hey up, Adam" called Mrs Bestwick as Iwalked alony Maple Road. "T've had that leak mended, the man came round not half-an-hour after I told you about ot o" "Well," I said, "that's what comes of having a proper council building department." "Aye, its zood to see our rates being used properly. Thanks anyway." Crossing over New Road I was glad of the shelter provided by the young trees, the wind still having a nip in it, and I shuddered at the thought of wide open tarmac and grass spaces that this fifties council estate used to have as landscaping. ° Over the door of the Bullfinch was the name of the Landlord, Ernie Wigley, never got over that name. Inside Ernie served me my usual while rattling on about old St John's school and how aS a boy he could remember ... " Ahn well, a little dream at present it may be, BUT a major reality it can indeed become. We've stated why we believe in decentralised public design offices and we have shown one possible way of getting there. We know a lot of work has to be done and we believe this work will reveal other ways of gaining our objectives, For too long LAADs have sat back and defenSively resisted any change at all. It is now time that we rekindled our faith in the public service. The kind of fully-committed public service we talk about can be created, and we can create environments in which people are people, where a sense of caring and sharing is dominant. We can create a really happy, first-class public environment. The PDG believes, and we hope you will agree with us, that the ideals of public service are worth fighting for, that the part we play can lead to a better society. If you want to see first class public housing estates, first class inner city environments, first rate public participation, join with us and help create democratic design, a new role for local authority architects that is a real public service. i, This conference endorses the development of the PDG and asks all those interested to either a attend the next PDG meeting on Saturday, May 27th at 11.30 a.m., 118 Mansfield Road, Nottingham, or b inform the PDG of what work they would be interested to participate in. 2 The task of the PDG and its working groups is to further the ambitions of a Public Design Service. a The PDG will report on its progress to the Annual Congress of the New Architecture Movement, provisionally on November llth & 12th at Cheltenhan. 4 This conference expresses its thanks to the New Architecture Movement for its help and assistance. 5 This conference expresses its thanks to the Midland Region of the Union of Construction, Allied Trades and Technicians for the use of the premises and hopes that this event is the forerunner of other co-operative ventures between building and design workers. Adam Purser, 6th May, 1978. . = as ge ’ : o ie 5 v ~\ é \ t }2 ;: 4 VRoeS é:‘;£ S&S ps fe a 53 - te wy D -\ 1 4 Bb ”f » > ~ Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Adam Purser Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Allan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 1978 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/fd832968a2b34159cce52bbc98415345.pdf d0899742f3c632ec149bdf9b9042a175 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Trade Unions and Architecture Description An account of the resource Themes included action on asbestos and Health & Safety, and involvement with Direct Labour Organisations and Building Unions. Following comparative research of possible options, NAM encouraged unionisation of building design staffs within the private sector, negotiating the establishment of a dedicated section within TASS. Though recruitment was modest the campaign identified many of the issues around terms of employment and industrial relations that underpin the processes of architectural production. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Organise with Stamp Subject The topic of the resource Promotional leaflet for STAMP Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Adam Purser Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Allan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 14 May 1977 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/8e811e981db21d99aa428adbb673559b.pdf 1ac8bb526d8ce9a03adfe1bdf6abc91f https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/e93c8c35f2a1ed1a98e2ed61a78e24cd.pdf d7dde0af57b8d3d89fe89e765cde9025 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Public Design Group Description An account of the resource Argued that it was only through the public sector that the majority of people could have access to the land and resources needed for housing, education and other essential services. The task was therefore to reform the practice of architecture in local councils to provide an accessible and accountable design service. The Public Design Group proposed reforms to the practice of architecture in local councils to provide a design service accessible and accountable to local people and service users. The following 6 Interim Proposals were developed which were later initiated and implemented in Haringey Council 1979-1985 by NAM members. <ul><li style="font-weight:400;">Local area control over resources </li> <li style="font-weight:400;">Design teams to be area based </li> <li style="font-weight:400;">Area design teams to be multi-disciplinary </li> <li style="font-weight:400;">Project architects to report directly to committee</li> <li style="font-weight:400;">Abolish posts between Team Leader and Chief Architect </li> <li style="font-weight:400;">Joint working groups with Direct Labour Organisations</li> </ul> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Press Cuttings Subject The topic of the resource Various Press Cuttings about public architecture, many demonstrating the profession's hostility to local authority architect departments (3 files) Description An account of the resource ae 2 CG Auk public S2¢ev Fess Ct ane - | Aete eee Qit2" expensive than development’, has given the WCC con- sent rather than pointing out the error of its ways. One of the many curious reasons the Secretary of State gives, in his letter of consent, is that he ‘. ..is aware that the city council have no intention of rehabilitating the buildings and there is no evidence that any other agency having the necessary resources would be willing to do so’. Indeed, he feels that the ‘result of his refusing listed building consent would be the continuing decay of the listed buildings and the perpetuation of unsatisfactory conditions on the site [which] also aggravates local housing needs’. The local Amenity Association had, in its submis- sion to the inquiry, shown that the housing could be rchabilit- ated to provide housing for between 158 to 184 persons. WCC would build housing but has not yet produced a scheme. Public sector architects’ efficiency under scrutiny A major study of public sector architecture has been started by the RIBA. Sparked off by increasingly strong attacks on local authority offices, the study will look at the architects work in public authorities. It will make recommendations on ways in which the profession’s skills can be used most effectively. The RIBA has asked more than 200 local authorities, nation- alised industries, new towns and government bodies to submit evidence. The study will be carried out by a four-man steering group chaired by Gordon Graham. The other members are Thurston Williams, Bob Giles, John Wells-Thorpe and Patrick Harrison. They plan to complete the report by next summer. Launching the study last week, Gordon Graham commented that he saw the issue as being of vital concern to the whole profession. Not only does the public sector employ half of the RIBA’s UK membership, but it accounts for one-third of private architects’ workload as well. Graham repudiated what he called the “travesty of the truth put about by some people who should know better’, a refer- ence to GLC housing supremo George Tremlett at the RIBA conference in Liverpool. Instead, he claimed that the bureau- cratic features of some public offices weren’t always a very suitable environment for the creative role of designers. Awards for conservation Howell Mill at Llanddeusant, Anglesey. Maladministration in Aberdeen | ‘The people of our country are aware of their heritage and have rightly become steadily more determined that needless destruction shall be stopped and that the effects of neglect be made good,’ said Secretary of State for the Environment Peter Shore when handing over this year’s Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors’/The Times conservation award (see ‘DOE reverse on rehab’, p198). The competition, the subject of which was the restoration and reuse of industrial premises, was divided into two categories: industrial and related premises preserved for further indus- trial use, and industrial premises converted to educational or recreational use with public access permitted. A total of 50 entries were received with the Howell Mill at Llanddeusant, Anglesey, winning the first category prize and the Gladstone Pottery museum at Longton, Staffordshire, winning the second category prize. The Howell Mill is the only remaining working mill relying entirely on water power in north Wales. The architect for the work was N. Squire Johnson. The Gladstone works is the last remaining Victorian pottery factory. It was on the point of demolition when a Trust was formed to buy and convert it into a museum. The architects for the scheme were size unacceptable. However, the planning department mis- Green, Campbell Wainwright and Parmers. takenly gave the applicant—the Grampian Health Board— The second prize in the latter category was won by the Farm- the go-ahead and, to compound this error, failed to advertise ham Maltings, Farnham, Surrey, and the third prize by the the decision. Locals, who later objected to the scheme, only Worsborough Mill museum, Barnsley, Yorkshire. There were knew about the proposals when men arrived on Site to begin The Architects’ Journal 2 August 1978 199 no runners-up in the category won by the Howell Mill. The judges were Brigadier T. F. J. Collins of Essex County Council, Richard Harris of The Times and Michael Wright, editor of Country Life. Aberdeen District Council has been found guilty of maladmin- istration by the local government Ombudsman because of a ‘series of errors and omissions’ by its planning department. An office development application involving the building of an extension on to alisted building in Queens Terrace, which is in a central Aberdeen conservation area, was tumed down by the planning committee because it considered its design and “sg Sisto TRADA’s new building at High Wycombe was opened last week (AF 10.11.76 p879). As one would expect it isa largely timber building (designed by Geoffrey Hawkins in collaboration with TRADA architects). The view above shows the new building with the conference room in the centre: the site slopes steeply and the timber frame construction has adapted with a minimum of excavation. A curious feature of the building is the roof. Instead of the usual granite chippings the flat roof is covered with turf which protects the roof membrane from sunlight and insulates it. In brief Commercial development for Epsom Renton Howard Wood Levin’s scheme for a commercial development in the centre of Epsom, Surrey, has been accepted by the town council. The scheme, which covers a site of about 4-05 hectares, retains the existing frontage on the main streets bounding the site and includes a new shopping mall, car park, offices and some housing. The developers are the Dutch based firm of Brodero. Leeds at the World Congress A project by a Leeds Polytechnic architectural student— Howard Wainwright—has won its way to final judging in a competitiontobeheldduringtheWorldCongressofArchi- tects in Mexico City in October. The theme of the competition is the design of a local government complex to serve a popula- tion of up to 50 000. AONBs to be studied The Countryside Commission is to carry out a two year study into the effectiveness of designating Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty as a means of conserving and improving land- scape. Don’t monitor planning, says RTPI The RTPI strongly opposes the Government’s proposal to introduce assessors to monitor the planning system. Tony Eddison, chairman of RTPI’s External Affairs Committee, wrote to Peter Shore recently suggesting that the system is already extensively monitored. The planners’ public accounta- bility is already high, he believed: through the ombudsman, public inquiries, the press and community groups. New London region chairman The RIBA London region has elected J. Maxwell Hutchinson to be its new chairman. He has already been chairman of the North-East Thames Architectural Society and of the London Environment Group. The Harkness Fellowships Twenty fellowships are offered each year for 12 to 21 months of study and travel in the United States. They are open to UK citizens in any profession or field of study whose secondary and further education (or equivalent professional experience) has been wholly or mainly in the United Kingdom. Candidates must be between 21 and 30 years of age on 1 September 1979, unless qualified in medicine or employed in the Civil Service or the media, in which cases the upper age limit is 33. Appli- cation forms from The Harkness Fellowships (UK), Hark- ness House, 38 Upper Brook Street, London, W1Y 1PE (en- close sae for 16p). Five schemes win awards The five winning schemes for BBC Nationwide’s Pride of Place competition are: the town of Portsoy by Banff District Council; Cofferidge Close, Stony Stratford, by Milton Keynes Development Corporation; the West Bank Community Scheme, Widnes, by Halton District Council architect’s depart- ment; a land reclamation scheme at Halkyn, Clwyd, by the Halkyn Countryside Committee; and parts of Poole (old and new town), Dorset, by Poole Council architect’s department. Prizes appropriate to cach scheme will be devised later. a the hall and its 77-acre estate (all now owned by the Peter- borough Development Corporation) include spending £1 mil- lion repairing and converting the hall, stable block and gate- house into offices and buildings for recreational use, and £100 000 restoring the formal gardens and stocking the park with deer, rare animals and new trees. i IEESSSSSSSS iveniios PPceeet OCNELEAGSAFEESIT Bspeepe 200 The Architects’ Journal 2 August 1978 construction. When the council finally discovered its mistake it decided that, since a tender had already been accepted, it was too late to stop work. Although construction began over a year ago the extension has sull not been completed because the contractor has gone out of business. Hotel and clinic for grounds of historic house Plans to build an hotel, clinic and sports facilities in the grounds of the grade I listed Thorpe Hall, near Peterborough, are causing great concem among historians and local residents. The Friends of Thorpe Hall, which was built in 1645 by Peter Mills and is one of the most important surviving common- wealth houses in the country, ‘are concerned that [the devel- opment] will min the magnificent views now obtained of Thorpe Hall from Longthorpe Parkway’ and that the hotel and clinic ‘would be completely out of character with the rest of the conservation area’. The Friends also ask in their letter of objection to the city council that ‘if this sort of development is allowed within a conservation area then what isn’t permit- ted?’ As well as the city council, which is now considering the proposals put forward by the Bell Industrial Trust Ltd, the Friends have also written to the DOE demanding a public inquiry. In addition to an hotel and clinic the developer’s proposals for Decline in members could force SAAT out of existence THE Society of Architectural and Associated Technicians warned last week that it could be forced out of existence if a move is not made to boost falling membership. The Warning came from SAAT’S vice-chairman, George Lowe, at the society’s annual general meeting in Edinburgh comparable to the 20 000-odd of in parallel but different the RIBA. In the ‘theady days’* Streams.” of 1967/68 the level reached a Lowe added that the other peak of 6000 and has since fields included industry, been slowly declining. It now commercial forms, the catering stands at about 4 500. Lowe suggested that the policy Of recruiting members Lowe explained that of the 700 or so HNC students who almost entirely from private and could qualify for membership public architects’ offices and that the extension of OF SAAT cach year, only about contracting firms created *‘a @ quarter tried to join the society. His statistics were based on a survey carried out on 1973/74 “It is possible that if the massive shortfall between those taking HNC examinations and those who seck SAAT wrong place for our members, qualifications are not resolved, but it iy fairly certain that by the Society may cease to be concentrating on the more usual viable within a few years,” he and professionally ‘legitimate’ Warned field we have ignored and The society was set up in therefore failed to gain 1965, at which time its initiators advantage from those who hoped for a membership work outside the establishment Bexley tenants get a say in house design THE prospective tenants of “The idea is that we will be able seven council houss in Bexley to hear something about 1, will be allowed people's personal preferences, say in their design under although we hope they won't be a plan put forward by the frustrated if they're told what When youve seen one ofour wall clocks borough council If the scheme wins the approval of the DoE, with Which itisnow beme discussed the council’s architects will hold meetines with the people inhabitants will have some say nvolved to consider how theyy over depend on the outcome of Want to influencthee design the talks with DoE. Bexley’s The houses are all three- scheme is similar to one bedroomed and are duc to start introduced by Haringey next year. Assistant borough Council where tenants are also architectKennethMechansaidinvinodeslignvdisecusdsions Italso happens to be a splendid way of introducing you to the next big advantage. The variety. Because not just content to produce a design for every possible purpose, most of the ECS Wall Clock models are available in different versions and sizes. Thus some can be wall mounted and others fitted flush, without changing the overall look. This combination of mounting variations, overall sizes, and choice of movements together with al the different styled dials, means that ECS offer you one of the most comprehensive ranges possible. In addition to this range of wall clocks ECS can also offer Day and Date clocks, Digital clocks, Mahogany Calendar clocks, and ifyou really want to be ahead ofthe times, the unique Teleclock, which receives its accuracy from a Swiss radio beam. We also make clocks Developing ideas on Portman operations involved and the committee tended towards leniency. Nevertheless as the rules now stand an architect is theoretically in jeaopardy if he designs his own house and sells it to somebody soon alter Portman operates three companies the RIBA audience was told. One offers complete “I WOULD love to be able to design services with architects, be a developer”’ said architect services men, engineers but Keith Scott at the RIBA talk- not quantity surveyors who in on US architect/developer are as unknown in the US as John Portman on Tuesday in Europe, Another supplies Speaking after the RIBAJ furnishing and fittings and the editors had given a brief slide third is a development and and movie show of Portman’s management company. In this work — omitting an interview way he is able to do what which the noise of Portman’s British architects would like to air conditioning had ruined do — control the whole Scott was opening a discussion process of building from about architect developers. berinning tolend, though not He pointed out that the actual construction of Portman exploited a loophole buildings in the American Institute's Eric Lyons tartly pointed code Less a loophole than the out that architects were no less AITA’s stipulation that its susceptible fo corruption members can act as architect than anybody else and one ex developers providing they architect, ex-developer asked have equity in the Scott why he didn't leave the development (‘participating RIBA and 20 ahead and members” as the Americans develop anyway put it). They would thus be The question nobody effectively their own clients asked is how seven Veurs of and there was no conflict of learning how to put buildings interest together particularly fitted Developer cases brought architects to enter the complex before the RIBA disciplinary world of high finance and committee were said to be hotel and office occupancy judged on the scale of prediction “So what exactly.have you got in mind? philosophy of narrow and debilitating exclusiveness” There were other related areas where members could be recruited membership in the mainstream is limited — indeed the opposite has proved to be the case. There seems to be only one way to look, and that isoutwards.” trade, property companies and service organisations Tony Lodge, a former SAAT chairman, sugeested at the meeting that technicians cligible for membership could also be found in the computer field and the North Sea oil industry Lowe concluded; “‘It is clear News rd provide a vernacular touch to this scheme for 42 units designed by “IL is not true to suggest that For a full report, see News in Green Lloyd and Adams for the G: ess Trust, The homes are situated on the Kings Road in Chelsea not a brick’s we have been looking in the Focus, page 6. throw from Eric Lyons’ Worlds End scheme. The “chimneys” contain vent pipes, ven jon ducts ete, not fMues. they want isn’t permitted by the Building Regulations Derails of exactly what aspects of the desien the future you havent seen them al. Remember, most models in our range can be adapted to run either from the mains, from to order, incorporating company namestyles a battery, or as part of the ECS Quartz master clock system. Which at the same time means saying goodbye to any power source restrictions that may hitherto have been hindering your ideas about installation. and symbols. And so the listgoes on. You'll find al the details listed in our many specification sheets on the subject. Send to the address below. ECS Wall Clocks. They’re al time greats. ECS ENGLISH CLOCK SYSTEMS Industime House, Chase Road, Park Royal, London NW/10 6QI Telephone: 01-965 9011 Also at Birmingham, Bristol, Manchester and Gliggow For instant information tick on reader inquiry card UI |The weklynewspaperforthebuildingteam_ Pia a Why people prefer to buy new homes TTT by FEBRUARY 6, 1976 Metric madness “THE imposition of the metric system upon usby doctrinaire dictators, completely out of touch with people, is a dis- ceful, insensitive act” — trick O'Keefe launches a full-scale attack on metrica- tion. Page 12. [faaeseea Crisis City EIGHTEEN leading archi- tects have examined the spects for the furure ofDublin and their views are brought together under the title, Dub- lin: a City in Crisis Neil Steedman looks at the results. Page 10 — 1. Systems guide BD pull-out product code chart on housing systems — sce page England's Ist limited competition winner THE design (above) for a new HQ for the Avon division of the Severn-Trent Water Authority is the winner in the first limited regional design competition held in England. HN Jepson & Partners of Nuneaton was the winning ractice out of six local firms invited to submit designs. Sponsored by the Water Authority and organised by the RIBA’s West Midlands Region, the competition took six weeks from briefing to as- sessment. Freeson also revealed in*his (Gon, Melton). Ereeson, said @ Qurmide commissiforntshe By Paul Finch there were now 679 staff in th PSA increased by 30 per cent answer that a “comprehensive Directorate, 44 of whom were in the period January to Sep- A PACE-SETTING review” of the Directorate architects. There were 490 ar- tember 1975, compared with A ‘Architect's office aims at better standards PSA GETS NEW DESIGN TEA “designoffice”with- General’s responsibility for technical development work chitectsinthePSAasawhole. thesameperiodin1974. The new London City Mis- sion, rising from the ashes of the 18th century church of St John Horsleydown, in the Property Ser- vices Agency has been created as part ture work is “closely concen- are called architects and not This was to ensure that fu- Ayon division managing of moves to improve trated on clearly identifiable P&TOs. This was one of the director Alan Harker said the design standards. needs.” Better machinery has competition, which has a prize been set up for giving guidance of the commission for the Thecreationoftheoffice on Cas issued within the project, “brought out a was'"a recommendation agency, he said, and the PSA fices should not be used except could contribute to im- pofenent io ofthe Index : tremendous range of solu- from Environment Secre- Board was now considering tions.” He described the win- tary Anthony Crosland in how to “provide for evaluation ning design as “deceptively response to the Matthew/ and monitoring of design mat- simple” and fitting well on the Skillington report on ters at top management level” site. promotion of high stan- more effectively. More detailed designs Freeson said although it was as integral of design teams, and that partial com- missions should be stopped — have been half-implemented. public awareness of issues Inquiry Service 16, Dateline Freeson said action was be- ing taken to ensure close inte- should be ready within four dards of Government ar- too early to assess the work of gration of the work of drawing affecting the quality of the 17, Appointments 18 — 19. built environment.” ai cege. Today,morethaneverbefore, Wilton Works, Shepperton Rd. you lok forefficiency and unbeatable London N1 3DG. Tel: 01-226 6455. months, work should start by chitectural design. the Directorate, “I am sure that offices and design teams, but it Set up under thecontrol of the measures being taken will had proved impossible to September this year and the the Director General of Design help to foster* professional abandon partial commissions. Services, architect Dan Lacey, morale and stimulate the “Bur when work isput out to headquarters should be oc- cupied, by 300 staff currently scattered throughout the divi- the multi-disciplinary team is quality of design work in the consultants, the achievement sion, within two years. West Midlands region agency.” Replying to further ques- tions from Michael Latham Anthony Crosland last March, he said it would be a “pace- setter” in the PSA, and that its work would provide apractical basis for guidance and advice ONLY 1 per cent of those to the agency’s general design work. Ina Parliamentary reply this chairman Alan Robinson said he hoped this would be the first of many such limited competitions in England. from within the PSA. When the idea of the design designed to produce quick re- office was put forward by Pioncered in Scotland, they are sults, and to give the promoter a direct say in choosing the winner. Repair row: who choose to buy a brand new house do so because itiseasier to get a mortgage, says a mar- and that everyone wanted the council fined week, Housing and Construc- ket research report published largest living area possible. headed by another architect, Geoffrey Woodward. He and the other five senior members of the design office already recruited have all come of good design is always a major consideration in arrang- ing a commission,” he said. The survey found that the overall size of the kitchen was not as important as the layout and other specialist functions has been carried out. @ The DoE’s Environment Board has set up three groups under Sir Hugh ilson, Alfred Wood and Professor which was bombed durin; Peter Hall to “study further the Battle of Britain. Page 7. ways in which the Department tion Minister Reg Freeson said this week. Most indicated that there THE LONDON Borough of the future programme of the could never be too much stor- Lambeth had to pay out more new unit andthe staff needed Nearly 50 per cent of those age space in a house; 80 per Potter Rax Limited, Dept than £200 this week and was orderedtorepairacouncil out. because they are cheaper. Other important reasons for choosing new over old, the report says, are suitability and specity.That'swhy Raxscoretimeand Birminghars edmorethanthreebedrooms. againwithsizeablecontractsfor BraatnBascinghstokee(s4580). Carcitf house after pleading guilty in a case brought by one of its ten- ants. Nearly fifty per cent regarded central heating as essential in their first home. Ninety per centthoughtthatagaragewas andtodeliveronschedulemakes He said new titles for professional staff are being considered so that architects Matthew/Skillington recom- mendations, Others — thatdrawing of- for it are now being worked who buy new houses do so cent of those questioned want- value formoney ineverything you Telex 264354 Existing resources will be redeployed to create whatever is decided. Apart from Wood- folding shutter doors and collapsible gatesinmajorpublicworks. Our capacity to custombuild with great precision to any size, in any ‘quantity — {021-558 2211). Bath (0225-23171). (0222-24771), Manchester (061-205 2018). Glasgow (041-332 0411), Southampton Cork (04-893 2284), Belfast (0232-669552), (52358), Dubin (62139) Agentsthrowghouttheworks. design, lack of choice of an The verdict followed last ward,theotherfivemembers olderhousewithintheirprice of the design office comprise two architects, a qs, civil en- gineer and M&E engineer. essential or desirable. The report, by Research weck’s High Court decision that local authorities which al- lowed their properties to fal into such disrepair as to become a statutory nuisance may be charged with acriminal offenceandfinedupto£200. agency’swork,”butwillbe edtobuyamucholderhouse, ofEngland.Itisavailablefor resistantdoor—allmade-to-measure The design office is intend- ed to undertake “a significant representative sample of the “Many respondents did not like the design of houses built in the immediate post-war period. They ultimately want- Consult usfor folding sliding shutter doors, roller shutters and grilles, range and ease of maintenance orrepairs. Associates, was based on 12 group discussions with 100 irst-time new house buyers in the North Midlands and South us highly competitive in today's conditions. The comprehensive nature ofourexpertiseisalsoatellingfactor Lambethhadtopayafineof concentrating initiallyonde- butuntilthiswasfinancially £85 from The Radfords, foryouropenings. £50, £105 compensation for signing the PSA’s new possible they preferred the de- Stone, Staffordshire, ST15 damage to clothes caused by headquarters, which will be sign of new houses,” says the 8DJ. Telephone Stone (078 the collapse of a ceiling and built in Teesside under the 583) 3164/5. £66 costs, dispersal programme. report. ® on reader inquiry form uilt environment, both for green field development and in Sean existing built-up areas; and to consider the scope for greater Week 9, v collapsible gates and altypes offire- y iv Perpecu e e7, r io 9, Week by lucts 14, Reader e 7, I Int n ter- For doors that match ernne ‘Some of the Rax sliding folding shutter doors supplied for the Main Transport Workshop, Creekside, Deptford for the London Borough of Lewisham. Contractors Ws: Simms Sons & Cooke (Southern) Ltd. Borough Surveyor:J. W. Turner. 8Bee ae out by Dr lain Clark of St Luke's Hospital at Guildford. The full report is expected to be criminating against certain a this summer by periods ofarchitecture — Dr Clark began his particularly Victorian — in its Grade 1 list of historic buildings. According to investigations carried out on behalf of SAVE, i The new London head office of NAM address change THE address of the New Architecture Movement has changed to 9 Poland Street, London, W1. Membership is£5 for working members and £2 for unemployed and students, not £1 as stated in BD last week. Dramatic talk y Vic Tapner country houses listed as Grade 1 are Victorian. also notably absent. Other about £5 million and building work | The application has come tertainment facilities are en- started in August 1975. Completio: from architects Gray Associates visaged. inbalancesinthesystemwouldIsexpectedincarly1978.eeeofWindsor,actingfortheirSofaronlyanoutlineplandancyif.cutbackmeasures come to light when his own lists Client: Banque Nationale de Paris, clients Craftroad Ltd which was has been _ Submitted and being considered by the council were complete, he said. Architect: Fitzroy Robinson and | set up several years ago to Southend District Council has are implemented. Most of the “Though the Victorian period saw the building of more palatial and prodigious country houses than any previous period, officialdom has been slow, indeed grudging in theatres and railways.” appreciating their worth,” says SAVE. The criticism accompanies Make the most the release of the initial fin- dings of a three-year research said, the listing system was too Dr Iain Clark. programme into Grade 1 ised) upgraded Mentmeoreitealf fram buildings in England carried Grade 2 to Grade 1.” jayman's study “basically SOUTHEND councillors were The project would en- Theatre” on March 30 at the William Street, London which was yesterday considering a compass a total area of 200 ha. Kingston Branch of the RIBA. THE trend to community wagon which is inevitably architecture is continuing with attracting many architects in the establishment of a new search of work.” organisation called “‘Support’’. set up hard on the heels of the work in Support is based on direct relationships with people Architecture Working Group, on the ground. There is a need RIBA’s Community consists of people with ar- to redefine ways of working.” Hinsley added that there was who want to work outside no formal membership, but a traditional professional loose organisation working to hitectural and building skills methods Support says its aims are to a structure had _ been promote socially responsible deliberately avoided to retain work and to help the majority flexibility. of people who have no control over the built environment they office in The Clerkenwell live in. Although it is London- Workshops, 27 Clerkenwell based it intends to work with Close, London EC1. community organisations helping deprived social groups in all parts of the country. Demolition error Where particular projects need specialist advice Support THE Environment Secretary, will contact an expert to help. Peter Shore, has admitted he In the long term Support wants made a mistake in authorising to establish new skills like demolition of a building in support each other. Too formal King’s Lynn which contained Unlike many other “‘com- Norman arches hidden behind participatory design. munity architecture” groups Support will be involved directly with those it is working for. In its first newsletter re- discovered after demolition had leased this week Support says: started. King’s Lynn Preser- “Community architecture is vation Trust disputed this rapidly becoming a fashionable earlier this week. A spokesman expression. It is used by groups told BD a letter containing as disparate as ARC and the photographic evidence had All this and more from the world’s largest manufacturer of decorative products. Make the most of us—ring Freefone 6067 for literature and further information. Support is establishing an the facade. Shore told the Commons last Make the most of Crown’s vast product range nts Specifier— invaluable for tricky specification week their existence was only Banque Nationale de ParisTieiiol Britain's largest marina planned SIR Denys Lasdun is to give a was “topped out” last week. The illustrated talk on “Architec- new building is on the site of the bank’s old headquarters inKing tural aspects of the National through curiosity” and an demolished in February 1975 and planning application fora huge Two harbour walls would be interestintheownershipofproviadgerossareaof7800sqm.commercial/housingbuilt—onealongsidethe historic buildings. He told BD Expanded foreign exchange development on 90 ha of remains of Southend’s fire- that Victorian buildings were capacity, improved staff accommo. reclaimed land off the seafront, ruined pier — to enclose the not the only ones to be dation and catering facilities are The mecting begins at 7.30pm in the Main Lecture Theatre, Kingston Polytechnic, Penrhyn Road, Kingston. Council cuts mere” 1 of the 780 overlooked in the Grade 1 list. Included in the new development, combined with what would be reclaimed land and water area. Non-conformist chapels were The original contract was worth Britain's largest marina. Housing, shops and en- More than 100 workers in Barnsley Council's building department could face redun: On the question of Victorian Partners. Main contractor: Sir pursue the possibility of marina Set up a special sub committee workers are involved with major buildings, he said: ‘I don’t Robert McAlpine. think there is any other category in the list which has as few as 11, expect perhaps In total he has looked at 38000 Grade 1“‘items’’, which often include groups of buildings. At the moment, he development in the area. to consider it. capital projects. random and he hoped that his report would give a clearer overall picture tothe committees who drew up the lists. In reply to the claim of discrimination against the Victorian period, the DoE has told SAVE: “It is quite untrue to say that there is any prejudice among Ministers or in the DoE against Victorian buildings... we_ recently Hugo Hinsley, one of the The group, which has been organisers, told BD: ‘Most RIBA.Itisimportantthatour beensenttotheDoEbeforethe problems.ManathemostoftheCrown crown work and ideas can be building came down, but no Crown Decorative Products Ltd., PO. Box 37, Darwen, Lancs. BB3 0BG distinguished from this band- action was taken. scheming on major projects and specialist technical advice on any decorative problem, Building Design, London SE18, Every Friday. Copyright 1977 Morgan: Grampian (Construction Press) Lid. 7, For instant information tick on reader inquiry card Printed by Huthweite Printing Co. Lid, Sutton-in-Ashfield Nottinghamshire. Registereads a newspaper at the Post Utnce. YP est by Are Fimseting, London EC1. works with you NEWS IN BRIEF Apprentice decline THE number of apprentices entering the construction industry through the National Joint Council scheme fell from 13093 in 1975 to 11336 in 1976, accordin t NEBTE. g to the Victorian period discriminated against by DoE THE DoE was criticised this week by the conservation organisation SAVE for dis- Ii Community design group established jobs. Make the_special paints for special colour range-ineat of the B.S. 4800 Crown Eggshell aswell as Gloss and Matt Emulsion. Make the ureau-free colour most of the Crown Pai Decorative Advisory B If you wish to communicate urgent news, contact Vic Tapner on BD Newsdesk 01-855 7777 Construction professions needrevamp — Labour NEC A NUMBER of radica atic indemnity scheme AdministeremA by the institutes and reforms in the construction the insurance industry.” Each professions and a move Ace ce would be insured against towards greater standard- liability for defectsin larger projects isation in design have been nd would require a special bond called for by the Labour for “more ambitious” schemes. A firm could be promoted to a higher Party National Executive experience level only after it had A GROUP of prominent architects, artists and writers occupied these near derelict early 18th century houses in Elder Street, Spitalfields, East London last week in an llth hour bid to stop further demolition and protect five other house in the row to negotiate with the prospective owners of the site, the Newlon Housing Association, about saving the houses when they redevelop on and around the plot. This should protect the rest of the street, which could also fall into disrepair and need eventual demolition. Committee completed several bonded schemes The proposals, which also Aesthetic quality should be improved by holding more design include a blunt demand for competitions public ownership of the con To improve cost control, quantity Struction industry, will be put surveyors “who at present do little before the 1977 Annual Labour more than translate design draw Party Conference in Brighton ings into qua antitics of materials” next month The document makes the following five major recom mendations for changes in the professions Professional education should be abody representingt of the industry a possibly the Construction Industry Training board. The currentsyste narrow, giving inadequ onboth to production m technical independent of the The document also reiterates the Labour Party demand for a Public Procurement Agency to co-ordinate the letting of public sector contracts. There should also be more use made of continuity and serial contracts The document adds: “Both systems require substantial similarity between successive projects, and therefore create a need for greater standardisation in design. this need not mean uniformity the use of standard building plans, simple construction details and a restricted range of fixtures, fittings and components can allow standardisation in production without uniformity in appearance.” The NEC advances a three point plan for public ownership of the industry which is needed socially, to improve working conditions and practices and to critical path d to the wide: 7 social context of professional we Co-ordination of projects should be improved by setting up Regulatory Board for Contracts Procedures and [ which would lay n rd forms of contract and resolve contractual disputes Contact Dennis Punter for Purpose Built's approach to housing today. Licensing arrangements and overseas enquiries welcomed Purpose Built Ltd., treatment and modular fabrication give Burnt Tree House, PURPOSE BUILT Technical competence should be more firmly controlled by creating Comments to the proposals: The National Federation of Building Trades Employers said; “They amount to economic and industrial idiocy as far as the con- struction industry is con cerned. They are likely to ensure its continuing decline rather than aid its recovery.” Purpose Built homes. Timber frame housing in a wide range of designs and styles with critical path construction thinking behind them. The National Council of “municipal enterprises” and would be assisted by a new said it did not want to central agency to pool Building Material Producers comment until its members had been consulted, but according to its director Richard Hermon, it could sce no reason for inter fering with the present oration to be established based structure” initially on the acquisition of one or more major contractors The RIBA said it had Thirdly, it suggests that workers’ co-operatives should educational recommend be set up, backed by Par “prave reservations over the ations”. But other parts of liamentary legislation and a the report which aimed at revitalisir heindustry were encouraging and showed that construction’s vulner ability was at long last beginning to sink in with the politicians Co-operative Development Agency On the building materials Side, it recommends a pro: gramme of selective public ownership under a new state holding company, a Building Materials Corporation experience and co-ordinate documentation and methods of working Second the NEC wants a National Construction Corp Architects in bid to save houses began ripping off the roofs, but were The owners of the houses, British Land, want to clear the site to make way for a not shored up an adjoining building housing scheme. The buildings are This temporary halt gave the Spitalfields listed and the street is part of an Historic Buildings Trust, which includes weavers’ homes outstanding conservation area, but the* Mark Girouard, Colin Amery and Dan TheSpitalfields Trust Squatters, looking GLC has given the go-ahead for clearance Cruikshank, cnough time to organise a tired and uncomfortable after a week because the homes are considered unsafe squat and a 24-hour guard. The Trust sleeping on floors, expected an eviction Last week British Land's demolition men hopes this move will give it breathing space order later in the week Purpose Built. Homes that have Factory assembly, timber pre- ‘challengethesubstantial Coe monopoly power” exerted by the big contractors It calls first for an expansion of direct labour departments which could be run as a uniform standard of reliability that ensures quick economic site construction. Insulation values are higher than the statutory requirements, a variety of elevation treatments are possible and stepping and staggering on sloping sites Is.easily achieved. A complete Development and Manufacturer service Is offered, for the private or public sector. Four thousand families have already opted for a Purpose Built home. Burnt Tree, Tipton, West Midlands. DY4 7UE. Telephone: 021-557-6232. Telex: 336842 MLLARD G stopped on a technicality because they had BUILDING DESIGN, September 9, 1977 3 For instant information tick on reader inquiry The houses were built in 1725 and are the last surviving examples of local 4 BUILDING DESIGN, September9, 1977 To celet y of the of the reassertion of the private set up a viable project. “The YAn architectural training in WANCHESTE® MCW TOWN HALL Somer expensive. That's probably because the any.Or never looked beyond the basic pr ce. Built-in Savings 1911 and came to Britain in are in need, the poverty True, the c way be alittlehigher tha window frames Butthen, alu »,farfrom beingex windows actualy cos actually save Quality As my Window ve, in real terms alumaniurr and, in the long run, they come ready glazed and they don'tneed to ey have two material fthe Alummnium Window Association are manufactured to BS 4873 and come costs built into their price the qualitya surance of the Kitemark symbc rSpecifier Wallchart tells y allyouneedto know which had been set up the But Schumacher believed previous year by a group of that his message of austerity ethat aluminiurr 1937 and trained as an econo- Stricken multitude who lack mist, studying at New College any real basis of existence Oxford and Columbia Uni- who have neither ‘the best’ versity New York. From 1950. nor the “second best’, but go 1970 he was Economic Ad- short of even the most visor to the National Coal essential means of subsist Board and its Director of ence.” Statistics from 1963 to 1970, In recent years planners in In 1966 he became chairman the developing countries have of the Intermediate Tech increasingly accepted his nology Development Group message \,eaHeptertcsy =)2 re A PREDICTION that far- proposals although its author, rather than the council's, only reaching proposals for Charles McKean, secretary of the private architect can help changes in practice will be the group, prefers to phrase out impartially,” he told BD demanded in next year’s them as “questions” rather Rod Hackney proposes sever- report of the RIBA Com- than demands until the CAWG al ways in which private prac- munityArchitectureWork-reportcomesoutinJanuary. ticescouldbeencouragedto ingGrouphasbeenmadeby Hackneyseesthelocalauth- workforcommunitygroups its deputy chairman, Rod ority as the chief villain both to JThe creation of an archi- Hackney. existinginstitutionsandtecturalaidfund,subsidisedby cooreSLttt ayAnan ¥y Withh,Sah}ra SPUTUM } | ity Art G; He suggests that the report could demand an end to local authority interference with community group projects and community groups aspiring to By Michael Foster the RIBA and central govern- ment to pay practices working for clients with few financial resources about alurr help yout rs. Ask for yourcopy today...it 26 Store Street, London WC1E 7EL Tel: 01-637 3578 Aluminium Window Association, engineers, economists and and technological gentleness scientists to provide practical was also applicable in the advice on self-help techniques developed countries. On a for developing countries News architect's position as sole suit local authority sitting in its In 1867. His} #blce counsellor for the work. Ivory tower does not give a hat and coat A letter circulated today to damn,” he said the schools grounded in prac- tical building methods and sympathetic to the simple refurbishment needs of practices Hackney claims that political “ugly, squat and heavy”. The | interested in community action considerations must interfere community groups. BH! Maintenance Free What'gqnare, aluminium window frame rust, warp orpeel and they're virtually maintenance free RIAS plans group to boost construction SCOTTISH Nationalist Party doldrums and so much of the spokesman on housing Andrew physical environment needs Welsh has welcomed the idea of Improvement. The idea sounds forming an all-party body to most welcome and I shall be press for greater priority to the getting in touch with the RIAS Scottish construction industry, to find out more.” an Initiative being mooted by the Royal Incorporation or The Incorporation’s with a local authority architect secks 4 mandate for such called in to help out in a CJAn increase in fees for the architect at the expense of the builder, at liberty to raise his tender price at will rather than being confined by a restrictive code Extensive RIBA campaigns on the media to bring the services of the architects to the notice of the community at large rrot, community group. Enforce ment orders could be put on properties to improve them which a community might not be able to carry out itself or did not want in the first place. “Unless local authority architect departments are broken into sections account- able to professional opinion Architects in Scotland (News, membership is currently being September 2) Welsh told BD this week proposal, which would be “Something like this is badly linked with a £100 000 advert- needed in Scotland in that the ising campaign to get more industry is so much in the work for Scottish architects OBITUARY Dr Ernst Schumacher ALTHOUGH his name will progress along the same path always be linked with that of, as doomed to failure. Instead intermediate technology, he proposed an intermediate Ernst (Fritz) Schumacher was technology based upon simple not a technologist. He was a devices, low capital invest- moralist and propagandist. ment and the use of indig- His death at the age of 66 enous skills and material. _ occurred in Switzerland where Some accused him of he had been addressing the proposing a “second best” Industrial Week of Moral technology for the poor which Rearmament; for him per- sonal morality and the bus- iness of living were not separable He was born in Germany in would confirm them in their poverty rather than enable them to emerge from it. But these he answered eloquently “This is the voice of those who recent tour of the US His book, Smallis Beautiful Schumacher had no less than | published in 1973, is strongly 160 speaking engagements in moralistic im tone. Schu Six weeks and was received by macher was deeply uneasy President Carter. His last about the selfishness and book, Guide to the Perple. vd materialism of the consumer is due to be published shortly society and saw the attempts of the developing countries to Gerry Foley consulted on attitudes to the Community report may demand big changes the 100th y allery is mounting an exhibition of drawings by Alfred Waterhouse, architect for the town hall. Wai jlerhouse, a chief exponent of the Victorian Gothic style in large secular build won the | working drawings of the town hall on show range from plans and elevations to details as minute as a stand. Visitors to the exhibition will see how Waterhouse modifled his design in response to public criticism. The} original clock tower, for example, was remodelled after complaints that It was too exhibition, at Manchester Clty Art Gallery, Mosley Street, Is open from September 13 to October 23. more than 30 “ITnever use aluminium windows. in methods of practice They cost too much.” Forinstant information tick [4 | on reader inquiry card Table It Number of Less than 3 months 3 but less than 6 months 6 but less than 12 months 12 months ormore *See footnote to Table | have at feast 12 months work to ploy = AJ SURVEY (per cent) 2c x =23 a~i Sms | tie Oma Speers =<<sS=S Poe Fe ote bing et e eS Ss Spee Lore wht rserkdeip Tt e = = g 2S g = : s So SUA Te ores et a. The Architects’ Journal 8 June 1977 AJ SURVEY (per cent) RIBA INDAL Detailed results Howmuchandforhowlong? s 2 2 Sil Sere serene 2 s/s= 4S ei Spins moma ered|Iemecy Salsas Here Ga 3ioEeypeieseie)i|Sneuilisaiees Sis eS eeercpapes| ears cans SERS RNR Sa ea ea Alreadyunemployed Lessthan3months 1211184116O4/32o|813 SbutlessthanGmonths 13 14 18 3 12 13 25 4/33 3/16 23 3 Sbutlessthan12months 23 22 27 16 16 28 13 0/26 21 29 37 17 12months ormore 49 50 33 76 70 35 63 90] 9 76145 27 73 * Totals will not necessarily add up to exactly 100 por cent due to rounding up of figures. The AIBA chairmen's survey is of practices and not individuals. OnStOr2 eSeeSeOS|ee|ee 90 ——— 80-; 70 — 60 — archts archts in archts archt! 8 a ase 3 Jar Oeae O a 9 19 134 «#413 Sh y22 195 69 91 1 10 21 21 60 62 14 28 47 83 83 58 archtl pa plans techs re on! p la govt inpp inia a all resps 1© ® ©86©© Key to tables and graph Columns from left so right (nos 1-8) 1 All respondents 2 All architects 3 Architects in private practice 4 Architects in local authorities 5 Architects in government departments 6 Technicians in private practice 7 Technicians in local suthorities 8 Planners in local authorities tects on the ARCUK register. archts in in techs anticipate continued employment beyond the next 12months Regional variations Architects in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland (and to a lesser degree in the North West) are marginally better off than the rest of the UK, and those in the South West region are considerably worse off. The other regions conform within a few percentage points to the national averages shown in the tables, although the northern region appears in our survey to be a bit below. In the South West only 38 per cent of al architects (including both private and public offices) have 12 months work or more, and much less than half think they will be employed by their offices next year. Comparison with INDAL and RIBA INDAL’s results are slightly more gloomy than the AJ’s, but are a reasonable match. The RIBA chairmen’s survey is very much more depressing than either AJ or INDAL, especially for the private sector. Regional comparisons are more difficult, although there is general agreement on the best and the worst. Comparison with RIBA new commissions would suggest that Scotland, the North West and West Midlands should be weathering the recession best. All have a larger percentage of total national new commissions than the percentage of archi- ics FQ e How busy? When al respondents are counted, the split between those who are fully occupied in their present jobs and those who are not, is roughly even. But, when sub-divided according to types of office, nearly 60 per cent of architects and architectural technicians in private offices are doing less than a good day’s THE ROAD TO CATASTROPHE FOR BUILDING Dramatic decline of architects’ anticipated workload confirmed by detailed analysis of AJ survey The results of our Architects’ Employment Survey published there is a dramatic increase in the inflow of new commissions. two weeks ago aroused considerable interest both inside the The most fortunate people to emerge from this survey are profession and in the national and regional press. We have now local authority planners, both in terms of anticipated future beenabletoprocessaltheresultsindetailandcollatethe employmentandinsalary. many written remarks and suggestions. The picture painted now is no less alarming than that depicted in our earlier issue—the future for architects is grim unless Table | Number of months’ work considered to be in the office’ In addition to our own AJ survey, we commissioned Industrial Data Ltd (INDAL) to carry out a random sample (rather than a self selecting sample) survey asking some of the same ques- tions. Their results are given in the description which follows, plus the results of the recent RIBA regional chairmen’s survey, for comparison. Details of the amount of work being carried out in architectural and planning offices are shown in table I, and prospects for |continued employment in table I. The figures for 12 months or more work, and the same period of anticipated employment, are combined in pillargraph 1. The luckiest are planners: the unluckiest are architects in private practice. Taken overall for architects, only half reckon they have work beyond the next year, although a higher percentage hope stil to be employed in their present office in 12 months from now. Even so, one-third |of al architects and over one-half of architects in private Practice do not think their present employer can go on employ- ing them, or that they can continue running their own practice beyond spring of next year—a probable total of well over 7000 architects out of work, in addition to the 1000 or soalready made redundant. This means that 1 in 3 of the 25 000 archi- tectsontheARCUK registerthinkshewillbeoutofhisjobby next year. percentage The editors Editor: Leslic Fairweather RIBA News and features editor: Peter Davey BArch, RIBA Assistant news editors: Dan Cruickshank BA Nick Wates BSc Deyan Sudjic BSc, DipArch Buildings editor: Henry Herzberg AADip, RIBA Technical editor: Maritz Vandenberg BA( Arch) Assistant technical editors: Barrie Evans MSc Jane Taylor BSc(Eng) Patricia Tutt AssocPoly(Arch), RIBA Assistant editor: building economics Helen Heard AADip, RegArch, MSc(Econ) Production/art editor: Tim Cottrell Assistant production/art editor: Colin Jenkins Sub editors: Carol Hemsley BA Patrick Tierney BA Drawings editor: Louis Dezart Photographer: Bill Toomey Librarian: Dorothy Pontin ALA Editorial secretary: Carla Dobson BA Editorial administrator: Gillian Collymore Editorial director: D. A. C. A. Boyne HonFRIBA Advertisement manager: Roger Bell London and home counties area managers: Phillip Capstick Peter B. Hadley Malcolm Hamilton Barry Lait Midlands manager: Ronald Baker Northern counties and Scotland manager: Elwyn Jones Advertisement production manager: W. Evans Advertisement administrator: Brian Storey Advertisement director: F. G. Dunn ONE VOICE: ONE MESSAGE—DISASTER Everyone in the industry must hope that the delegation, led by Eric Lyons, which is to meet the Prime Minister on the 16th, will at last achieve a proper understanding by government of the grave state to which building and construction have been brought. (Our survey, analysed on the next two pages, indicates the degree of despair among architects who are at the mouth of the pipeline which leads ultimately to the men on the sites). In the long run, there will be benefits to the industry as a whole from collaboration in preparing the case to the Prime Minister. One such benefit must be the realisation that we, as an industry, need a common pool of information on which to base our arguments. At present, several bodies collect information about the workings of the industry. For instance, the RIBA produces statistics about the workload of private architects, quarterly. But every four months, the DOE analyses the workload of public architects’ offices. Yet the DOE does not distinguish between public work done in-house, and work put out by public authorities to private architects. Confusion reigns. No one can measure the workload of the whole architectural profession accurately. So no one attempts to estimate the effects of a slump (or boom) in architects’ work on what contractors will be doing one, two or three years later. The fact that we cannot produce detailed and complementary figures makes it easier for those politicians who have no serious wish to understand building’s plight. The RIBA has begun to put the industry’s house in order by starting on a re-examination of its own statistics. If the DOE can’t collect usable public practice figures, the institute must surely ask its members in local authorities and central government, as well as those in private practice, to provide information on work coming in, the value of working drawings going through, and on abortive work. This will put the onus on members to provide the ammunition for future battles. And, after evaluating the overall workload, a small survey should be conducted to discover, in detail, what is happening in the regions, in different types of building, and so on. At the same time, the DOE must do its own survey quarterly to chime in with all the other figures collected by itself and others. This is just one instance of the kind of information that must be found and co-ordinated. Among others are the relationships of architects’ workload to the employment of building workers, contractors’ cash flow to orders for building materials, and subcontractors’ well-being to the intake of certain craft apprentices. Whatever the outcome of the industry’s visit to number 10, all the industry’s interests must surely agree to set up a commonly funded statistics bureau for building. But meanwhile . ..the Prime Minister must be left in no doubt that, though we may not, yet, have precise figures (partly because of government inadequacy), the pipeline is emptying fast. Building is the biggest industry in the country and it will not remain cowed and divided any longer. The Architects’ Journal 8 June 1977 1055 A credit to The Bauhaus lives again—or at least its the party buildings do. According to the excellent Danish magazine Arkitekten, alarge party for ex-Bauhaus students and teachers was held at the end of last year to celebrate the rehabilitation of the Dessau complex, exactly 50 years after the building was first opened. With the thoroughness that only communist countries seem to be able to bring to restoration work, a team led by Hans Berger of the East German institute for the care of monuments has restored the war shattered edifice to its former glory (it was used as a trade school for many years after the war). Great attention was paid to detail: chairs, lamps and even the devices for opening the windows have been lovingly restored. Only in the epoch making curtain wall of the workshop isthere any important alteration: itis now double glazed with vacuum sealed units (how did the students survive behind the single layer of glass designed by Gropius?). Happily, Arkitekten says that the new glazing isnot particularly noticeable. Mirthless mayhem The main hall is now hired out for functions and there isapermanent exhibition on the Bauhaus in the old gallery. But, as yet, no one is quite sure what to do with the rest of the complex. Undeterred by this slight problem, the East Germans are pressing ahead with restoring other Gropius buildings including the Bauhaus staff houses and even the famous circular Dessau labour exchange. Architects al over the world will raise their hats. “Art to me is an expression of my environment. IfIbetray agrisly image then you have only society to blame.’ Sounds, you might think, like an architect explaining away his latest outrage on the landscape, but actually it’s Derek Wain talking, an art student from Leeds, charged with iltreating six budgerigars and 12 white mice as part of an ‘artistic event’. Wain and his co-defendant, Peter Parker, were fined £20 cach by Leeds magistrates because of a ‘work of art’ they staged before an audience of 100. This was to culminate in the massacre of the budgies but, Iam glad to The Architects’ Journal 8June 1977 A breezy lot say, the two were prevented by the audience from killing more than one bird. To the accompaniment of loud music and flashing lights, the tethered budgies were showered with broken glass and shot at with an air pistol. This bizarre tale must have some relevance for architects, if only because it proves that you can’t blame the environment for everything and get away with it. Bunting isperhaps too modest aword to describe the plangent banners of the South Bank which range from ashimmering black and silver chequered flag to a hand painted silk windsock. Three of the projects, vastly Raymond Rankine, left, and Tony Fretton, in front of their black flag (top). The windsock to the right, is Brenda Taylor’s lion. Pedro Jaramillo-Carling’s streaming pennants (above). The finest jubilee bunting in London is to be seen adorning 18 flagpoles outside the Festival Hall. They are the winning schemes of an Arts Council open competition for the design of flags and similar projects. The aim of the competition, which attracted 218 entrants, was to provide an opportunity for professional artists to propose designs which would ‘enliven an urban location’. ge a aentaeearnei ESa aT.mT CESS APLSRECRO eee MR work. In local authorities, the proportion is reversed and 60 per cent think they are fully busy. Planners are yery busy: 83 per cent think they are fully occupied, and only 17 per cent are less so. Of those in al groups who are not working to their full capacity, most think they are utilising about a half to three-quarters of their full potential. Where is the work? The work, such as it is, is overwhelmingly in this country. About 93 per cent is in the UK, around 5 per cent in the Middle East, and the remainder in Europe, Eire, Nigeria, West Indies and, for one lucky practitioner, ‘world wide’. What else can you do? About one-quarter of al architects who returned our question- naire are secking alternative employment; strangely enough nearly 20 per cent of them are secking it in private practice, the hardest hit sector. Otherwise, no definite trend is discernible and, among the choices we gave, the percentage preferences are fairly evenly divided. About one in five architects supplements his present income by taking on other work. The amount can vary between 1 and 60 hours, although how those at the upper end of the scale do their normal job as well is not stated. Much of this extra work is private architectural work—conversions and small exten- sions—but others work as musicians, bar tenders, a hospital cleaner, lecturers and writers, security officer, taxi driver and song writer. How much do your colleagues earn? The worst off are technicians in private practice; the best paid seem to be architects in Northern Ireland, followed by archi- tects in government departments and planners in local authorities. Table III gives the details. Are professional bodies any help? A good two-thirds of architects feel let down by their national orregionalbodies.TheRIBAtakesalotofstick,butNALGO and RIAS also come in for censure. In fact, the RIBA has been taking a more active part than most architects obviously realise—many of the recent initiatives have been either started or actively supported by them. The RIBA has not been as The age of a large proportion of those who replied was between 30 and 39. There was a fair proportion in the decades before of the RIBA is obviously in not making enough of what it and after these ages, with a drastic tailing away in the over ineffective as so many of our respondents think—the failure has been doing. The many pages of computer print out 60 group. Regional response compares very favourably with architects on ... too remote. ..totally ineffective ...backward looking . . the ARCUK register. include: ‘RIBA appears to be above reality ...doing nothing not militant enough and branches too timid ...carries no respect . . . a bosses’ clique which couldn’t care less about salaried architects’. One or two do support the RIBA, but tartly point out that the membership generally has not supported branch meetings and given help and encouragement and formed an effective lobby. What do the surveys show? The AJ survey shows, as we said two weeks ago, that archi- tects—especially those in the private sector—are in desperate straits and that this will mean very severe repercussions throughout the building industry (and therefore the country) as a whole. We predicted about one in three of all architects on the ARCUK register out of work within the year, plus What are we short of? Only about 12 per cent or so are worried by shortages of many thousands of building contractors, sub-contractors and The Architects’ Journal 8 June 1977 1057 | Table II Salary ranges* AJ SURVEY (per cent) s ARCHITECTS IN REGIONS (percent) both labour and materials. The percentages are a bit higher in the north of the country, and Northern Ireland seems to have a considerable problem in obtaining al the building materials it needs—S3 per cent complained of a lack. The crucial shortages are of skilled craftsmen and tradesmen: bricklayers, carpenters and joiners, plasterers, plumbers, elec- tricians.Theconcernisnotonlyaboutthesmallnumbersof Allthefeetaretreadingalongthesameroadtotheruination skilled men around, but about the competence of some who claim to be skilled. Shortages of materials tend to be local— bricks, sanitary fittings, steel, decent timber, doors. of a profession and the wrecking of a crucial industry. It is the purpose of RIBA president Eric Lyons and his delegates to the Prime Minister next week, to make sure that this case isforcibly put and firmly understood. S2 o 3 ‘0 a BWko8s058esSato Piesisycescmipegeecgreg:i peg eeietaiagaees Zeetgcetgetreagwgrtus4ute Lessthanf£a000. 9 5 8 1 0281203 43 410 3 «6 £3100-£4000 |£4100-£5000 }£5100-£6000 16 13) 18 212 37) 23) (0/12 11 9) 9 21 15) 10 262426241425301330203323272423 1922163622 §&2335232224231223 0 3136333752 5125234433242303769 Over £6000 * See footnote to Table | Who answered the questionnaire? We received 1466 completed forms, of which 1450 were processed and analysed—the remainder arrived too late. About 90 per cent’were from architects and architectural assistants; 4 per cent were from planners, some of whom were also architects; the rest were mainly from architectural technicians, landscape architects, teachers, and quantity surveyors. They worked in the following types of office (figures are per- centages): Private practice 59; Local authority 24; Govern- ment department 4; Industry and commerce 5; Nationalised industry 1; Hospital/health authority 2; Others 5. About 70 per cent were salaried and 30 per cent self-employed. In the private sector, 46 per cent were salaried and 56 per cent self-employed. Comparison between response to our survey and the ARCUK register suggests that private practice is slightly over represented, but as we have more subscribers in the private sector this would be expected. The work done was overwhelmingly housing, with a fair sprinkling of schools, hospitals and commercial and industrial. materials suppliers out of business. The INDAL survey supports our own findings and is, if anything, more gloomy. The RIBA chairmen’s survey is very much more depressing even than the other two, especially for architects in the private sector, and makes it quite clear that AJ and INDAL are not scare-mongering. Theweekly newspape rfor the building team New note from RIBA on abortive work costs A NEW practice note has been issued by the RIBA in an attempt to reduce friction between housing associations and architects who have diffi- culty getting payment on aborted schemes. The note says there is no difference between housing associations and any other client. Architects should make Sure, before carrying out any work either that there is a written agreement or that the scheme has received DoE cy council approval in the shape of @ grant Shoreallays fears of new towns’ cuts NEW towns may not suffer such drastic cutbacks in their future programmes as has been feared following a recent state- ment in the House of Commons by Environment Secretary Peter Shore. “With the exception of Central Lancashire, the for- ward programmes of other new towns are mainly so far advanced that there is little Scope for material changes,” said Shore. He was replying in a written answer to Conservative MP Edward Gardener, following Speculation that the review currently being conducted by the DoE into the new towns’ future may recommend a cut- Shadow Spokesman on the Environment, when they met him for the first time this week. Heseltine of its fears that the Slough Estates report on factory and management. as al helping to speed up the Under the heading “Planning current procedures. control” the panel suggests that Among the architects giving the 1971 Town and Country evidence to the panel were private architect was being Squeezed out by the increasing size of public sector depart- ments. Also discussed in the one- hour meeting was the present general plight of the construc- tion industry, and the ways Government action could help to alleviate it. “We got on with him very well,” said ACA chairman Ray Moxley. ‘He showed an imme- diate grasp of the problems we are facing.” fire precautions on a 400-house when flames from a “flashover"’ REMEDIAL work to upgrade September, Three people died Council house repairs study AN investigation into ways estate at Swindon will cost furniture fire on the ground council tenants can help in hour fire resistant doors, to FOC and GLC regulations, tailored repairing their houses is to be £500000. Forty thousand floor penetrate the plaster- homes throughout the country walled lining and spread carried out by the National to fit any Consumer Council. ; using the same steel-framed rapidly through the wall cavity BISF system could require to the roof. The ventilated opening, delivered on time. Acme, 01-560 2233 ring Similar modification to bring cavity acted as a self-fuelling them up to standard. flue and quickly ignited the The work to Thamesdown roof and the hardboard and Borough Council's Pinehurst fibreboard panelling on the The council's research unit us now! will rt on the tenants’ and councils’ attitudes to the concept. Maintenance costs are currently running at £2-3 per week for cach of the country’s four million council homes. Acme Gate &ShutterCo, Ld. Great West Road, Estate follows extensive investi- first floor. gation after a fatal fire last Thamesdown is now carrying Brentford, Middlesex. For instant information tick { 1 |Z on reader inquiry card Aas cre INSID As theatre companies take to the road Robert Adam looks at the latest innovations in move- able structures. Pages 12-13. Perspective features the Tid- worth Zouch Junior School, Education School Design Award. Page 10. Sutherland Lyall visits Essex self-builders with a difference. Pages 16-17. In Half the city's 120000 houses need repair and there 24, News in Focus 6, Letters are 13 000 on the waiting list. 8-9, Perspective 10, Scorpio 11, About 10 000 houses have been Week by Week 11, New put out of use — often due to fproducts 19, Reader inquiry @ “Today and Tommorow’ An aerial view of Milton Keynes City Centre wing latest progress. On the left the Lioyds Court office back of their expansion. The is the title of this year’s RIBA building which was officially opened this week. The first two sta; of the Shopping areca( ht) are scheduled review is expected to be pub- Conference. The Conference for completion by Su Committee last week issued a | The half-mile-long bi Statement giving more details of the subjects to be covered “Many influences are calling into question not only the traditional nature of profes- sionalism and the changing nature of patronage, but also the traditional roles and relationships within the profession,” Says the statement. “Clues to the future can often be found in what is happening today — and it is timely now to try and predict some of the future areas of change and how architects might respond.” Speakers for the conference, at RIBA HQ October 19-22, have not yet been chosen. 1978, with the third stage, amassive ‘ohn Lewis store, completed byAutumn 1979. lished in the next few weeks. a study day last November will be the largest covered shopping area in Britain providing almost 101000 @ A five-year plan has been dto combat the trend of dereliction in inner Belfast. Spending could mun to £130 Sw v ig new pr Heseltine and started to look into the lished this week. ACA hititoff The proposals — from an Regulations with a view to simplification was the main proposal under the “Govern- ment lations” category. The “Design” heading covered MEMBERS of the Association organised by estate agents of Consultant Architects struck Hillier Parker — also in- tutes and MPs and the panel is the building contract, drawings up “an instant rapport’ with clude a revision of the confident there will be consi- and standardisation already Michael Heseltine, the new Standard form of building derable Government follow up mentioned. contract. to their recommendations. Under “management” the The conclusions are listed panel was less specific, but The investigating panel was under four brand categories covered better training, an Adelegationofsixtoldsetuptolookatdevelopmentcoveringplanningcontrols,examiofnovaersteasiporacntice delays and costs following the Government regulations, design and clearer client instructions building, which showed that UKperformancwaes among the worst in Europe. The panel — which included Planning Act should be Ps, distinguished fives from the construction industry and property developers — listened to evidence from architects, planners, tradeunions, quantity Surveyors, builders and suppliers. Richard Seifert and Percy Gray. ded to allow licati Seifert said the standard form of for planning consent and for building contract was the “root Industrial Development Certifi- cause of trouble’ and should be cates and Office Development “scrapped”. Permits to take place simul- Percy Gray said much of the tancously. Planning authorities detailed architectural drawing shouldproduceanexplanatorydoneinthepaysaeeswas leaflet with advice on the best unnecessary. Thecriti factor ROLLER SHUTTERS, FOLDING SHUTTERS, COLLAPSIBLE GATES, GRILLES Four products, made to Acme's standard of perfection for the market you are involved with — and we know that market through years of experience. Solid and durable materials, 2 Copies of their findings haye way to minimise delays and the was the production of final been sent to all Government DoE should establish drawings before site working departments, professional insti- procedure for dealing quickly started, he said, Engineering consultants: Felix J Samucly. especially on factory buildings. for cutting development A major inquiry should be and bricked up. service 20, Dateline 21, Appointments 22-23. costs and delays recommended in a report pub- effectiveness of the Building investigating panel set up at | By Ted Stevens million, A steering group under the direction of Ray Carter, the Under Secretary for Northern Ireland, has been setup to take control of the drive. Repre- sented are the district council, the Northern Ireland Housing Executive, the regional DoE -and other private and public agencies involved in housing. the violence of recent years — COMMENT 2, News 3-5 and DING SIGN _FRIDAY FEBRUARY 18, 1977 No. 335 5q m of lettable space. Contractors: John Laing Construction. Report calls for planning changes a ‘SPEED UP DESIGN’ PLEA APLEA to architects to try and cut down on the with planning appeals — quantity of their drawings is one of several Swindon faults—a_ nationwide bill? out a two-year modification Programme that involves mineral wool with fire-proofing qualities being injected into the cavity and plasterboard being fitted to all first-floor walls and ceilings. The total cost for each unit will be about £1 200 The council has been in contact with the DoE but as yet ho modification note has been distributed to other [ocal authorities. TENANT CONTROL The unjust treatment of council tenants is at the heart of this country’s housing problem, says Tom Woolley. He argues here that public housing work is organised in such a way that it has little more social benefit than speculative office building and that architects should be made more accountable to building users, whoSmust organise control of their estates. Woolley works for the Glasgow Corporation Tialea : ", Twant to look at housing problems more from the tenant’s pointof view than from the benevolent administrator’s. While a great deal has been said onbehaoflfthehomeless,thecauseofthecouncil thancounciltenants. tenant has never really been fashionable. This is perhaps becauseof the underlying assumption that once someone gets a council house, his problems are solved and he can be forgotten about: ifhe complains, he is thought to be somehow ungrateful. Yet the problemsof council tenants are at the centre of the housing problem, and itisimportant to understand their grievances both about design and about their generally oppressed status. Housing managers are the intermediaries between the architect and the real client: the building user isthe anonymous client. The architect isbriefed, not by the people who will use the building, but by those who organise its financing — the public authority. The architect is accountable only to a ‘false’ or intermediate client, not to the real client or the user. Council tenants therefore have little control over the kind of house they will live in. But those architects who have a social conscience can do little to break down the artificial barriers that have grown between them and their ‘real’ clients. Even where attempts are made, the economic constraints strictly limit the alternatives that can be offered. Where public participation isoffered, itisstil barely more than a paternalistic gesture, which means little to people whose lives are severely limited and constrained in every other respect by economic and bureaucratic forces outside their control. Genuine participation means people having control over al the factors affecting their lives, not just in one or two areas. There is much to be done to improve the relationship between public authorities and tenants, and tenants will have a fight on their hands ifthey are to establish any control over their environment. In my experience, tenants — especially those in the poorer areas — have a tremendous struggle just trying to maintain decent living conditions in substandard housing. Maintenance is poor, rents are continually rising, and completely unjustified stigmas become attached to many council housing schemes, which permeate through to officialdom and influence its attitude toward the tenants. For many tenants, it is a continual fight to retain self respect. Even in *better’ and ‘showpicce’ schemes, To many architects, this does not represent a dilemma. They quite happily tailor their designs to meet the needs of the present power structure and current ideologies, without considering whether the designs will suit the tenants. For example, Irecently heard an architect, showing slides of an award winning scheme in London, say that he had adapted the design in its final phase to give more individual identity to each house,sothatwhentenantsareforcedtobuytheir tenantshavemanyjustifiedgrievancesbecauseof houses (as a result of the Housing Finance Act and so called ‘fair rents’) they will more easily be able to identify what they ‘own’. Apart from uncritically accepting one of the most devastating inflexible and second class treatment. In response, tenants’ associations have been formed, often because of rent increases, but also in an effort to resist the way in which they are treated by +Douwity2!‘ ae ,me Renr We 574k Act oy - attacks on the living standards of working people, this architect was implyiing that owner occupiers were entitled to more attention and individuality RIBAJ January 1974 c= mM LO! Lill Tom Woolley | | | | | ' ' | . about architec tural and environmental issues, but it is an uphill battle getting anyone to listen. The unjust and oppressive treatment of tenants can be illustrated by the following case. I used to live in an area in Glasgow’s East End which traditionally had a ‘bad name’, and where the local tenants’ association was quite strong and active. At weekly meetings, mainly attended by women, issues from education to planning were discussed, with regular repairs and complaints sessions, and bingo parties were held to raise money. Sometime in 1972, the housing management department tried to evict the vice chairman of the association, Mrs Johnston. The local supervisor claimed that Mrs Johnston’s dog had peed on the common Staircase, and that was the reason given for the eviction. It was a clear caseofvictimisation, but ittook several months of pressure before the housing management department withdrew itsthreats. It is wrong to suggest, as some ‘officials’ have done, that itisneighbours and not housing managers who want people evicted for such “Where public participation is offered, it is still barely more than a paternalistic gesture, which means little to people whose lives are severely limited and constrained in every other respect by economic and bureaucratic forces outside their control. Genuine participation means people having control over all the factors affecting their lives’ ‘offences’. Every day, tenants throughout Britain are harassed by petty officials, and while, in some cases, neighbours may complain, they will always unite to oppose unjust treatment, as they did in Mrs Johnston’s case. Tenants can be evicted ifthey have infringed any oneofthe 17‘conditionsof let’.Most local authorities stipulate many rules for their tenants, ranging from obvious conditions, such as maintenance of the property, to telling them not to putcigarettevendingmachinesontheirwallsorto hangoutwashingonSundays.Thereisnoagreed or recognised pr ocedure of appeal or complaint against housing authorities, and so tenants can England send out hundreds of thousands of similar documents every year, many for rent arrears, but also for trivial ‘offences’ like that alleged against Mrs Johnston. Many authorities keep black lists of what they call ‘anti social tenants’. It is true that there are some people that no one would like as neighbours, but in general the definition of an anti social tenant is based on subjective and unjust decisions which are kept secret, and are often even withheld from councillors. Mrs Johnston was considered to be acting unsocially because she was failing to keep her staircase clean. But in fact, the particular housing scheme in which she lives is dirty, not becauseofthe tenants, but becauseofofficial neglect. The drains are blocked and the buildings are crumbling. Every town has similar council housing estates where the poorer people are dumped. Imean that many local authorities have deliberately let estates run down, and then turned them into ‘problem’ areas. As their stigma grows, only the weakest and most desperate people are prepared to go to such estates. It has taken direct militant action by residents ofclearance areas to expose the local authorities’ classification and gradation of people by ‘type’ — very good, good, medium, fair, poor — which condemns them to certain areas which match their grading. The only way that tenants think they can escape this classification is by bribery (which is not unknown), or by refusing to move until they get an acceptable offer of a house where they want to live. There has been an important growth in community action over such issues in, for example, Hamilton, the Gorbals, and Maryhill. But the process ofallocation stil remains much the same. Sociologist Sean Damer recently carried out a study of one stigmatised area in Glasgow, and found that corporation officials and departments have adopted outrageous and insulting views about many of the residents. (It isn’t uncommon to hear tenants described as ‘animals’.) Tenants are treated in a humiliating way, as a result of being classified according to middle class standards of ‘good behaviour’. The fact is that some tenants can’t meet such standards simply because of straightforward poverty. The attitude had grown up among officials thatitwasn’t worth doinganythingforpeopleinthestigmatisedareas. Repairs are done in an extremely grudging manner. The policy, according to Damer, ‘seems to have been to do as little as is compan lle with keeping the place from actually falling apart. Even those public officials who have a humane understanding of the causes of people’s problems attack only the symptoms: they supervise and harass people in such a way that the blame for thephysicaldecayoftheareaseemstobeputon thetenants.AsBarryCullingworthhaspointed | RIBAJ January 1974 uthority.Manyareveryarticulateandconcerned removal’.LocalauthoritiesinScotlandand be threatened with eviction on an official’s whim. Thelocalauthorityis,ineffect,theprosecutor, jury, judge, and executioner. The result is that the council tenant has no security of tenure. After being threatened verbally andthenwitha letter,MrsJohnstonwassenta pseudolegaldocumentcalleda‘noticeof ut [October RIBAJ, pp 488-91], many local authorities have hundreds of empty houses, even in towns with enormous waiting lists, but people just refuse to go to them. One corporation in west Scotland is trying to remove the stigma attached to one area by dividing it into smaller ‘districts’ with new names, in an effort to ‘foster a sense of community’. The answer to the problem shouldn't, however, be superficial. Providing new place names or even employing more enlightened housing managers are not sufficient (though clearly the latter would be better). Instead, fundamental attitudes to mass housing must change. It is scandalous that council tenants have no rights and can be treated like cattle. Tenancy agreements always state the tenants’ obligations, but those of the landlord are not defined. Meaningful change will have to be toward more tenant control over housing, and there must be devolution, not centralisation, of power. Managers, architects, and others concerned with housing must be directly accountable to the building users. Some improvement is being made, not on the question of rights and control, but in the field of communication. “Participation’ or ‘consultation’ is seen as improving communication between the ‘masses’ and the experts’. While this may give tenants the chance to make their voices heard, it is essentially a diversion. Unless people can control how the money is spent, the impact of their views will remain minimal. Some tenants’ associations fal for ‘participation’ concessions, but there is a growing tension between demands by community groups for more say and a better deal, and attempts by public bodies to develop more sophisticated techniques for dealing with and managing people. Through participation and other communication techniques local authorities are becoming better informed, but they stil have al the power and control. As administrators become more sophisticated and better understand the importance of the social content of housing development, new kinds of professionals — ‘the soft cops’ — are being employed to work closer to the people and provide corporate bodies with a more human face. This would be all right ifpublic bodies directly represented the needsof the ordinary people they control. But state and local authority agencies increasingly reflect the needs and priorities of capitalism and big business. Public housing and rehabilitation policies have grown out of the attempts to redistribute wealth through services to the poorer sectionsof society, but in practice they have also provided the mechanism to boost private power and profits. Problems of finance, land costs, and organisation of labour have been left to market forces, allowing construction firms and property companies to exploit urban renewal, rehabilitation, and public spending. Industry and private property stil receive massive government subsidies, while in public housing there is a move to deny subsidies to tenants altogether. Even at the local level, decisions on projects are too often influenced by a network of graft and corruption which is only now beginning to be revealed. The state manages the people for the benefit of private wealth and capital. It is in this context that the very real economic powerlessness of working class people must be understood. Established housing policies reflect not so much the needsof the people, but the need to provide an adequate supply of labour where big business requires it. The broader needs of the ‘community’ are generally ignored, especially if ‘Industry and private property still receive massive government subsidies, while in public housing there is a move to deny subsidies to tenants altogether. Even at the local level, decisions on projects are too often influenced by a network of graft and corruption. The state manages the people for the benefit of private wealth and capital’ they involve capital expenditure for facilities such as nurseries, meeting places, rooms for voluntary and collective activity, and places for kids and old folk. Housing for the people is the little box and no more. The young professional whose social conscience would have directed him toward local authority | work istherefore faced with atremendous dilemma. Since working on public housing projects often has no more social benefit than working on speculative offices, many architects are now looking for new roles, often through voluntary and independent agencies doing work thatcanbelooselydescribedas‘advocacy’—or ~ they may even refuse to build at all. *Advocacy’ can be seen as a facet of ‘community’ work, and itcontains many dilemmas and contradictions. The detached and independent community worker in a working class area can providea useful resource to powerless people by stimulating local initiative, building up solidarity, and providing the finance, telephone, duplicator, and information. Community workers can also play a manipulative role, focusing the interests of residents on, for example, local authority plans for participation. But the encouragement of independent, critical action inevitably leads to conflict and confrontation as the demands on the authorities become more articulate and persistent. 7 RIBAJ January 1974 ; : party has let them down and that only direct action and ‘illegal’ formsofprotest have any effect, In the past, rent strikes have succeeded in saving thousands of pounds’ worth of rent increases for tenants. Recently, in Kirkby in Lancashire, however, the total rent strike has been used as a weapon, and this tactic will inevitably spread to other areas. The complete withholding of rent raises the question: why pay rent when mostof it goes into the pockets of moneylending organisations as interest repayments ? In fact, many tenants are asking: why pay rent at all? Instead, if tenants controlled their own estates, they could manage them inamore humane way, making regular contributions for repairs and to a citywide pool for building more houses. The more progressive politicians are now recommending that the new community councils could be responsible for local housing management, or that council housing could be handed over to locally run cooperatives. The politicians, however, are not prepared to face the problem of interest rates and housing finance, and tenants’ control will be meaningless unless the crippling interest charges and loan debts are removed. The popular ideaof giving tenantsa financial stake in their estates isreally just a way of conning them into accepting moreof the interest charges. But tenants’ control should not involve subsidising the profits of moneylenders: it should be a militant objective, similar to that of workers’ control at the point of production. Only when there is real tenants’ control can architecture reflect the needs of the people who use the buildings. While we, as architects, may expend agreat dealoftime and energy intrying to provide the best kind of environment for our anonymous clients within present financial limits, our work will be undone by those who finance and control housing. The struggles over these issues must be won before itwill be possible to build homes which are fit for humans. ‘The problem of unjust distribution of power and resources can be solved only when people control their own lives by collectively organising so that they have the power to fight back. The working class has had to do this in industry, and is now having to do it in the community. Working with the community means recognising the need for people to Organise action which is autonomous and politically conscious’ RIBAS January 1974 “ny people in community work projects are oking to young radical architects and planners to work with them, so that community groups can have their own ‘experts’ to help articulate their criticisms and organise counter proposals to the Jocal authorities’ plans. But the expert’s role must be the secondary one of helping the community to work out its own answers: providing expertise is not the complete answer to the people’s problems, Projects like sNAP in Liverpool, which is thought by many to beashining example of how ‘experts’ like architects and planners can work more sensitively with people, may be doing little more than providing the authorities with a more flexible tool for manipulating people. In the SNAP report [reviewed in the RIBAJ last June], urban problems were seen as the result of technical and administrative failures. The control of power and resources, and the distribution of income, were not considered as central issues affecting community problems. The illusion of advocacy is that by making expertise available to poorer and less powerful groups in society, inequalities and injustice can somehow be balanced. It assumes that the technical solutions and expertise of the professionals issomehow objective and ‘nonpolitical’, but in fact the ideas and ideologies of professional education over the years have helped to integrate professional services in the existing power structure. Advocacy, where itsees people’s problems as soluble in terms of administration and technical processes, will tend to reinforce people’s dependence on experts to solve their problems for them. The problem of the unjust distribution of power and resources can be solved only when people control their own lives by collectively organising so that they have the power to fight back. The working class has had to do this in industry, and is now having to do it in the ‘community’. Working with the community, therefore, means recognising the need for people to organise community action which isautonomous and able to generate political consciousness. The solutions to people’s problems will have to be fought for and won: they cannot be handed out by socially conscious experts. Those experts who become involved, therefore, must first and foremost be political agitators. Finally, to return to the problems of council tenants, Iam convinced that the primary issue will become one of rents, around which the community organisations will grow. As housing policy becomes more clearly controlled by the State, so community action will become more militant. The working class has a fragmented tradition of rent strikes, which can be used as an economic weapon against the system. Studies of rent strikes have shown that the majority of people are disillusioned with constitutional means ofgetting things done. They feel that the Labour e overwhelming Brighton confere the party also restoration of alJ public spen- ding cuts for the next two years advisers and, most important the introduction of the Govern with proper procedures nanded the happens to be the next one in of all the British public, of the Delegates at Brighton in addition voted by a huge majority for the expansion of direct labour departments and ing enterprises some pointing a working has “shown aware specified whats wrong with atough, durable wall finish,everywhere else? Awarding these public ui sects would be a far better bet than giving them to these yall Tom, Dick and Harry iding contractors who don't give people a fair deal,” he said ‘The trouble with the building industry is that the natient has been dying slowly vision interview rooms being next door to the air-ducting equipment and gantries having to be erected to accommodate the television cameras because the television companies found the intended positions on the balconies unsuitable The architects had replies ready when questioned by BD. They justifiably pointed out the new headquarters tn south centre is an all purpose build Later we a spray guns. application yet retainsthe pots otherattributes ing, intended just as much for Several delegates were entertainment or sporting London apparently dismayed the events as conferences, and this washed-out, ascetic colouring precluded the normal cosy in the auditorium and by the atmosphere found in con fact that it resembles a large ference halls The decision to switch the nal. According to press room scemed “foolish” si this e it difficult to commented associate, John August. He said the trouble The part of the building over camera positions was designated for press received difficult to understand because the cold shoulder from the the television companies had sports arena more than a be involved in the proceedings party organisers who decided given the balcony positions the instead to use the restaurant for OK during the design stage. Atany rate the architects will attending yeant the clos- get ample opportunity for user ing of the restaurant and no feedback during consultations meals available in the building over the conversion of the Georgian terrace in Walworth the journalists other than snacks Other upsets included the road, London which is to be the rooms chosen tor quict’’ tele- party's new hq Eric Heffer. Opening of 1977 Labour Pa yConference. public ownership at the cost, be a “‘colossally expensive have no doubt, of hundreds of blunder’ said Peter Morley, millions of pounds,” he said president of the National The reasons for this were not that a proper case had been made out for a more efficient E Ueto Biteesennaililll major industry to come into Sensible, moderate is the very worst nationalise,” he Morley, “and construction just Minister, his colleagues and wing of the and cost-conscious industry. but “because socialist dogma said Morley urged the whole the means of production,” said industry to convince “the Prime requires public ownership of all line.” colossally expensive blunder He did however hold open stakentime.Buthereit is.Fresh. Pas For instant information tick | 14] on reader inquiry card Peter Marsh reports from the Labour Party Conference in Brighton was in the right direction, but not nearly enough, he said Other speakers pursuce the same, familiar theme, but it was left to Eric Heffer, MP to supply the emotional appeal. Reminding delegates he was set out by the party's national executive, which included radical measures to reform the professions. (News, Sept 9) The only reference to the yarious institutes came from Norman Mikardo of ASTMS who said they were often “fragmented and insular” But they have much expertise and learning in the technical field and we must take their views into account In plans for the future,” he said All the motions were carried by vast majorities with the few hands raised in disapproval earning boos and mutters from the rest of the delegates anyenvironment you caretoname.We felt there wasn'ta wall in the country that would escape our Labour Party votes to nationalise the construction industry leaving it for the usual econo mics cycles to determine And he reiterated that direct works departments had a powerful role to play if given the status of “municipal build and equipped accounting ‘We've made Portaflek kinder Conference facilities come under fire NFBTE hits out at ‘expensive blunder’ MacphersonThse FreshPaintPeople. hope for the future that any Government attempt- out that Callaghan ing to nationalise, or even part- himself acutely nationalise, the construction the vote losing industry, would be com- capacity of the left’s demands mitting.” Although Portaflek did in fact become the undisputed brand leader itwasmostly ment’s much-postponed Bil “If the Government were to be re-elected with majority the construction industry would be the next LABOUR Party members, who spent time last week criticising design details at the new Brighton Centre, where their annual conference was being held, stumbled upon an embarrassing coincidence. For Russell Diplock Associ- ates, who designed the centre for Brighton Council, are also the architects for the party's Labour's new hq will be in this Georgian terrace in Walworth Road “basically a construction worker” himself, he said the huge numbers of unemployed in the industry was something LABOUR’s plans to nationalise the construction industry would for the nationalisation of the banks opinion in the Labour Party and elsewhere will, |am sure, recognise that construction — by virtue of its very size and diversity — which the party ought to be deeply ashamed Federation of Building Trades Employers last week He said a public procure If the lett Labour Party's Executive Committee has its way, millions upon millions of taxpayers’ and ratepayers money will be sacrificed on the altar of socialist theory,” Morley told NFBTE members in South Wales. industry to National dded a whole range of subtle,beautifulshadesandtexturestosuitevenyourbestfriendsarenotsupeto thing. The problem was one that tell you about. Ours did. Finding the formula which isalmost odour free in THE nationalisation of the construction industry coupled with an immediate Government-led reflationary injection of £1 100m is now official Labour Party policy. Voting in favour of this by an majority at its nce last week ment agency was needed to work out plan programmes of public works instead of and cruelly for a long time. Our statement is the only answer to curing the patient and making him a healthy being,” he said onthe snozzle. The conference also accepted the proposals on construction Hard on the surface. Easy on the eye. And now, atreat to the nose We started with a wall finish that was tough, durable, hygienic, quick to apply and cheap to maintain. expanding their pow Danny ¢ rawford the building workers union UCATT proposing the motion, said construction had too long been “bottom of the list” for Government help The aid, in the form of cash injections in recent months, ‘or use in heavy-traffic areas. So NLL Trade Division, Donald Macpherson & Co Limited, Radcliffe Rd., Bury, Lancs. Drop in delegates attending conference PROVISIONAL _ bookings the high cost of attendance for this year’s RIBA annual £60 plus accommodation and The conference happens to conference indicate a dis- fares. The original cost-cutting clash with the National appointing response with measure of holding the confer Housing ‘77 exhibition and only about 250 delegates ence in London (instead of Town Planning Conference in expected at the final roll- Bournemouth where it was Harrogate, and this 1s expected call, Last year more than originally scheduled) seems to to attract some of the potential 300 turned up and in prev- have backfired. The organisers delegates, said Murray ious years the figures usually haye been charged, internally, forthehireofthehallandthere evened out at about 400 a has been only a small handful year. of architects taking up ofters of ~ Last minute bookings and free or cheap hospitality from day tickets could swel the total London architects but it is unlikely to go over the The organisers have also 300 mark preliminary been unlucky with their main breakdown of the delegates crowd-puller, Peter Jay, who Today and To eheldar RIBA in ¢from October 19-22 Students — eavily subsidised can dl for just £5. displays on show AT LEAST ten different Monique Faye, tapestries from exhibition displays will be on degree students at the Royal show during the conference College of Art, panels on next week, including the first Charles and Ray Eames loaned show of the winners of the by Herman Miller, an Building Design/RIBA Round- exhibition by the Architectural about competition. Press called “Salvage and Other attractions include a Photographs from a collection display of delegates’ own work, taken by Edwin Smith. an exhibition of work by archi- During the conference fects under 35, panels illus- delegates will also be able to trating good landscape design visit two exhibitions of work Provided by the Landscape trom students at Central Lon- Institute, a display of work don Polytechnic and the Poly- from the London Region technic of the South Bank. branches titled “And All the displays will be open tomorrow’, photo murals by to non-conference delegates. was suddenly whisked off to his local authority representatives. new job in Washington earlier BD. goes daily Last year private firms sent 121 this year, and is now unable to iclegates outweighing the 107 attend BUILDING DESIGN will be pub- from public offices. This year Conference co-ordinator, lishing a daily newspaper at this the trend appears to have Lesley Murray, said she was year's conference — along similar hopeful of a few more during lines to the highly successful issues f contributing the last week. “But we are still produced at last year's meeting in involved, but a bit below last year, although Hull. Delegates will find their free s thought to considering the economic sit- copies in the main hall on Thurs- ye the economic recession and uation I don’t think it’s too day, Friday and Saturday mornings. ALLOM O60 Recessed LUMINAIRES Change of face on keynote speaker Students at conference as part of course NEARLY 30 students and staff from Liverpool University School of Architecture will be ALLOMSee Forinstantinformationtick IZ |onreaderinquirycard THE 1977 trial scheme to invite local architects, who are not Thursday October 20: at the attending the conference, along Foundling Hospital, Blooms- to some of the evening social bury, WCI. Buffet, wine and events has met with a “mild” 18th century music. Tickets £9 response, although the each. 8 — Ilpm. Organisers are hopeful of a last Thursday October 20: buffet minute rush for tickets nearer and disco dance on HMS bad,” she said \ NUMBER of minor changes attending this year’s conference have been made to the conter in mass as part of a two-week ence programme Peter course into the effect of Chamberlin of Chamberlin, different practice management Powell and Bon, has been Structures on design forced by poor health to pull out The conference will act as a climax to the course, which is in introduction mto the way in which the final design is influenced by the size and approach adopted by the practice, contractual arrang ments, the type of client, and physical considerations on site. The 23 students attending in block are all on the Part I B(Arch) course, and are in the fourth year of their studies, Michael Manser Clare Frankl of the Thursday morning ses- having just completed a trad- sion. He was originally sche itional BA duled as one of the speakers to Before coming to London for respond to the keynote address. the conference the students will His place will be taken by look at a number of different Michael Manser. practices to try to understand The three other architects the ways in which design is chosen to respond are Cecil formed. Speakers from the Elson, of Elson Pack and Building Design Partnership, Roberts, Gordon Wigglesworth the PSA design office, Ormrod of the GLC, and Clare Frankl, and Partner, a medium-sized a late addition representing local practice, and an ex- young salaried architects. employee of Ove Arup have The aftern session on beenlinedup Friday has been modified The idea of finishing the Slightly from the original plan course at the conference was of Six architects speaking on six dreamed up by year tutor, Alan specific issues (patronage, Brookes. “The conference is directorships, salaried archi- perfect for the course we are tects, the building industry, running here. It couldn't be bureaucracy and controls, and better for us,” he said education). The session is now likely to be conducted as an informal relaxed debate cover ing the subjects more broadly New trial scheme response ismild Wednesday October 19: open- ing reception with buffet supper films, cabaret and review Tickets £8 each. 7.30pm — lpm. the time. “The programme is Belfast has been cancelled due listed in the next column. to lack of response, Evening socials 8 BUILDING DESIGN, October 14, 1977 Variety of exhibition 1s wing back towards Pi and attracted nearly 150 people, mostly representing local h Clerkenwell Workshops. The Dove Centre of Creativ- Glastonbury in Incorporating living as wel as working, and crafts teaching along with production, itisalso in ost authority development and planning departments Last Thursday, however such symposium sponsored by the RIBA and the created Fede mbitious and idealistic. wil influence their future development. Although in general the con- ference was dealing with work ing communities in specific buildings, the desire to se the principle broadened out to include an urban area encom- passing also residential, retail shopping andsocial accommo- aaa wasvoicedbyanumber of5 -JohnMorton, who presentedthe Barlow Mow t t Tee a ‘ a : Hence Sa dallk would Ifthe event can be viewerd as another nail in the cofin comprehensive redevelopment, grandiose commercial and civic schemes, and 30 years (or Workspace, thought that, to do so, the local authority should take the initiative in setting up 4 non-profit trust as a service company, especially in a con- servation area Bi id ; iorattack on the whole f tocraftsmen’ shopfronts th cosa) He saw wy P ceses."Hesaw workingcom munities asaremedial mea sure,countering "30yearsof fipt” and the theat of speculativedevelopment. : “P° Franks thinks the local sometimes crippling a wh town, the concept ofadiversi- fied “community small cSoembinedbled papetrstheatreand cle’ firms looks increasingly attrac ema reclaimed tive facingbricksandtradewindowsto eands— Scuffham’s plea for further irms_collaborat exploration of the possibilities outeachfirmlosingItsown pl dividuality.” Six Londo’ in Heading community proposals. Unless The conference blurb des elma esieieg eeesnere relaxations were made, or a While putting the working system of grants analogous to communitiesconceptinamore Housing Improvement Grants set up, the present situation ing by sharing a building (or for indu buildings), together picked up from the up services and facilities, with flor by Manuela Sykes, En teni trial Chaplaint x se consumption c consumptionof« ing historical build- Act intended as a undertake worth, v nOfficerofthe of V n¢ t! tnd reat b ha ld mak wil be caled) were sen bl under Section 1 floweringofideas like “‘self king iner city” ils, likethe pre ingnedsf r 1 1 c | pri mw | pace fr The new bulldings Later in the day, Reynolds emphasized the political and social necessity for authorities meeting current standards and to channel their limited aid to industry in such a way a’ to minimize unemployment Sitatead picturesquebasinonthe North London Isacomplex community and that the work- the resent highly _popul feels the nn focal authority work are usually so high that many necessary pt jects become unfeasible. speakers noted the difficulty of dustrial of which are of revolving fund, has ben mad ani tectur vailable under the administrs wellas economic, ¥ tion of the Industrial Common Thetensionembodiedinthe Ow shipMovement(ICOM). o industrial ° hat aditional d . 4 HAVING demonstratedIntheClerkenwellWorkshops“theprinciple of quick, cost-effective renewal using existing alldings,” Mike Is now seting his sights onthe 5 ling area. With an £8000JieGrantessetinguptheCerealrastforUrban Renewalandhas work tlswekonsxseslntheClerkexvell tto nied“outthat aditional.decision-making It creates dela : sisdeCOMCO andSeaT Aiea lecoration anc tenance requirements largest supplier ofprecast concrete structure : 7 ¥ adecade. raceof planingightandhavebenvacantfradecade.Theeraofre peoplea Screen che eds ntenance requiremen What BP frames,Whateveryournceds,Atcost canalmost “| tronthaleratr Anumberofspeakerstes Atcost Frames.Buiilt-in fire EaeresistancemeansbuiltIneconomy|nestndustrialDivisionSE ES }buldin, acts the to catalyst tomarket placepro htheorg i fire-casing steelwork sitetnotonlycastlgnleatimeconeinatae iharencronetheater . Green Conservation oe rojects range from creating& garden, omen tet 1gwith astudytoassess what growsrat the iothe reinstatement of “thelast example of early htheprovisionof RRpeatee rf quirementupto‘and Tees tproductionfacilitiesare excessof30metres. An: 7 t retextnicturalfeare rebullttoaccommodate,onceagain,craftsmen'sresideonctehse Wreenndtthleirhweroksopacressabore.Pranksodkethertso be taken ov ‘completionnext year by acommunity organ! Caer [easenemunderacevensawhichwouldforexample, ‘ y Teen Ua id ong the largest and most advancec “Ope todealwithaservice threstoreys.Andmeetthefire Ss eryon schedulei A ape Position Rh society onth twa pilars company having ful responsi r ring up to 4hours fire = of“acquisitionandcompet vfortheenterprise. Most esistang houtanyaditional sitework Henenlase} sured. And you 1ebenefitsofhigh technology duct project, give special thought to the fire regulations. AndthenthinkAtcost.Evenifyouonlywant | requlre the occupants to take on apprentices. lesaw in orking ofthe ae communities” the possibility ca fortheco-operative, limited: withaconsultativefunction a TM =s = I 1 peor eur co uns |: )ld Rond Street. L MuntaRoad.Stil ' WIN SDA Ted. DA Tel:Stirling6291 1demonstrationfwhaltocalsathortiy rees Coulddo.Atpresent,winotbuhdget idam renewal projects, the council's reralkasl been rastcieliaita But, of course, the TY AlthhaismsadeTheAtcostGroupBritain's eratesbeakperkibanytpeteage(teClerkenwell” Shownhereinthetpresentconditionth,eyhavespe30nytearsunder | certainlymeetthem-includingclearspansin peaneXUDayouineLaingseOUAen | pan. aIt-i _—— For instant information tick inquiry card 01-495 080. nd Contain‘saveral]lonter:oes BUILDING DESIGN, June 17, 197 15 conference held at the RIBA last week on the role of work communities in urban renewal. up-market, relatively elegant conversions for architects, graphic designers and other professionals, likeSDey reet an #pace tallarger lower budget conversions for skilled crafts- Mike Franks of the Clerken- wel Workshops stressed that local authorities for the future development of working com- munities, Anational “revolving fund" was suggested by Ron Renata paestedby,Ron ValuerattheGLC, speaking fromtheflorinanindividual capacity,toenablelocalautho- ritiestounderwrite“thetop slice of therisk" in setting upa working community. He also pointed out that one obstacle to the development of more we's is the reali cally high i|pree which 5 are oeiriany vacate Dales edthekeyroleofsympathetic theareawastherealworking realistic perspective, this also highlightedthediversityofthe schemes which had earlier been presented. They ranged from ditions would continue. authorityhasavitalroletoplay but that this partnership with a non- promis commun. . He which condemns many people to work in “Dickensian” con 4 BUILDING DESIGN, June 17/1877 IT IS very unlikely that five Bob Maltz reports ona years ago, when the con- cepts embodied in “Worl ing Communities and Urban Renewal” were the concerns of a few voices in thewilderness, aconference on the subject would have hi kSi Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource AJ, BD, Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Murray Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource From Nov 1975 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/06fea4f1d033a1cd833084890a960091.pdf ac9991b766e12dee3310b3474b2ae091 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Introduction and Origins Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Press Cuttings Subject The topic of the resource NAM related Press Cuttings including letters from November 1975 Description An account of the resource sblishe? Stan Arnoid iyertisement Manager ay Doyle sssitied advertisement manager ~y Lambert arigemient production wager Peter Roylance ation aen a decision on whether ‘ould be given or not can ore itis even applied for. cic that the Minister’s id seem to confirm com- Lord Esher, Rector of de earlier this year at the soce when he said: “We 2, not a graded list (of ad need abeve ail to face the financial im- uich are formidable... vaching the point where horities will be under designate the whole wi¢ aS a preservation geint itwill have become atis needed is not con- as but good planning.” istee’s decision reflects ',thea itisessential that roduces the RTE, iical timber beam COURT 8 A. Orton v J. Allan 4 P. Bell v O. Davies 5 A. Pitt v C. Owen Powell CESTIFICATE NO. 7345s Marshall J. Condon V 8S. Malcolm wise, that one can listen to’ 3 before the mind isnumbed. In the event three positive decisions were made. Conacher v J. Allan 4 Firstly, it was agreed to set up locally based groups to debate issues like architec- tural education management for architects. Secondly, a liaison group was established to organise the next congress, which will take place in about three people at the congress wil] write reports on work they have been involved in and these will be circulated for discussion before the next meeting. The idea for the congress came from the Architects and_ self- V R. Courtenay A. 6 vernon, Many of the del- Clive Fleury reports from the first New Architecture Movement congress and asks: could it be the last? months. Finally, some of the ni looks closely at the system and listed build-_ sawn on site and ccessful Corrply eeetieteeeereeieeneiee wiy Grade IJ, should be n the light of this But over the three-day event, which had a good at- tendance of 60 people dissa- tisfied with the present state of architecture, it was aitficult to know at times if “A PIECE of history is going to be made at this conference,” said freelance writer Peter Whelan who, with writer Nikki Hay, chaired the New Architecture Move- ment’s first congress at Harrogate last weekend. anything was going to be done or achieved at all. There is a limit co the number of speeches, prepared or other- ——$—$ Organisation was left to participants, most of whom were surprised and un- prepared to take such a positive part in proceedings Revolutionary Council who arranged the publicity and accommodation. But it was apparent from the first day that ARC was trying hard not to lead or take over the run- ning of the cangress. Tt preferred to leave or- happen on the second day, it was disconcerting tofind that the main speaker was not go- ing to turn up. Participants took the news Stoically and prepared to launch into another day of speeches. A representative for unat- tached architects, Ken Thorpe, .opened the proceedings with a stirring speech calling for collective social action by architects. aims But applause was muted egates saw NAM as an umbrella movement for groups with similar . etnerenerereenenreet when Thorpe explained that he did not know ifunattached architects would join NAM since, not surprisingly,many of them may prefer to remain unattached from any group. The media became the subject of debate later in the: day when one of the delegates picked on your reporter as being one of the reasons for the lack of success the con- gress had achieved so far. Being the only profession- al journalist at the event for any jength of time, I was surprised by this accusation and rallied to my: own, and BD's defence. After this small diversion, the congress suddenly took a new turn. Participants, bored by the continuing speeches, demanded something “more positive”. Three motions were hurriedly drawn up and these contained the major decisions reached. Later the congress split into working groups when architectural education, redundancy, the possibility of forming an architects un- ion, and the role of the movement were discussed. By the end of day two it was clear that many of the \| Harrogate last weekend. But aged is mot conm- pod pianning.” decision reflects itisessential that x3 closely at the . and listed build- yade 1, should be light of this aces the Roe itimber beam wise, that one can | tendance of 60 peop tisfied with the presie dissa- speech calling for collecuve social action byarchitects. | Revoludcaary Council who Thorpe, Opeiiow _ proceedings with a surring | with broadly similar aims. By day three the effects of alcohol and speech-making had taken their roll. Many of the -participants could not themselves to make more speeches oF calls for action, and were content to listen to chairman Peter Whelan and a few other en- ergetic speakers summiarise the results of the conference. ARC leading light Brian Anson, late of the Jimmy Savile show, seemed happy with the outcome. But after the orgy of talk, it is difficult to know whether NAM’s birth pangs might over the three-day event, which had a good at- of architecture, speeches, prepared or other- | left to participants, most oiwhom were newturn.Participants,bored surprised and wn- “everything” was going to the run- get more of ent state But applause was mute it was gto be Many of the dei- egates 'saw NAM listen to as an umbrella movement for groups with similar | they icked on your reporter as being ome of the reasons for the lack of success the con- gresshadachievedsofar. aims er A when Thorpe explained that he did not know ifunattache architects would join NAM since, not surprisingly, many of them may prefer to remain unattached from any group. — The media became the subject of debate later in the daywhenoneofthedelegates A J. Avian = LY. P. Bel - Being the only profession- al journalist at the event for difficult to know at times if done or achieved at ali. There the number of debate issues like Secondly, 4liaison group was established to organise the next congress, which will place in @ out months. Finally, some of the eople at the congress will Wwrite reports om WOF 1have been involved inand these will be circulated for arranged the publicity and -accoramodation. But it was apparent from the first day that ARC was trying hard not to lead or take overt aa such A positive part in By day three the e proceedings. Consequently, on the first eifects of alcohol ,- onerange ofideas and speech-making uried at delegates Hertmany ‘ of them bemused. Ideas like had taken their toll usingNAM tooverthrowthe- " capitalist systems or as a of many groups like ARC the right ty e” of architects RIBA were mooted, but most were either ignored or scorned. Perhaps the only speech on the first day which was ac- whole-heartedly by congress came from architect . ohn Murray, who said users of buildings should control the design process and archi- patrons work together more. also wanted locally controlled National Design Service centres set Up tOgive services free to everyone. ese would be staffed by local people and as architects. informed by not also turn out to be death throes. Phe answer will come in three months time when the next congress is due to be Whelan that anything was goin before the mind is numbed. In the event three positive decisions weremade. Firstly, it was agreed to set up locally based groups [0 rural education and management for architects. ning of the congress. It preferred to leave or- is a limit to the congress suddenly took 2 COURT 8 wn on site and asgful Corrply architec- self- ginsreenrTeTente . A. Orton v take three 8 The idea for the congress discussion before the next meeting. pressure group to elected to me held. al surprised by this accusation came from the Architects and rallied to my own, and 6 i A. Pitt V Cc, Owen aS * was Organisation .BD’s defence. After this small diversion, demanded something “more prepared to take positive”. Three motions such a positive part were hurriedly drawn up and these contained the major decisions reached. : . ° in proceedings . ganisation tothe ticipants, Most of whom were surprised and unprepared to By the end of day two it was clear that many of the delegates saw NAM as an umbrella movement made up tects and by the continuing speecies, Later the congress split into working groups when architectural education, redundancy, thepossibility of forming 49 architects un- ion, and the role of the movement werediscussed. actual par- cepted He architects’ any length of time, I was 5 Powell 6 1 JAS Marshall v t: 2 R.SS § twyo: Condon V §S. Malcolm 13 ‘ Conacher v J. Allan 4 t :y ‘ builders aswell Having been chairman Peter Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource AJ, BD, Building Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Murray Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975-1980 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/843df6d463a695d580e52aff8e779f16.pdf 084eacb15546a83326f3644c1a5a3a76 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Public Design Group Description An account of the resource Argued that it was only through the public sector that the majority of people could have access to the land and resources needed for housing, education and other essential services. The task was therefore to reform the practice of architecture in local councils to provide an accessible and accountable design service. The Public Design Group proposed reforms to the practice of architecture in local councils to provide a design service accessible and accountable to local people and service users. The following 6 Interim Proposals were developed which were later initiated and implemented in Haringey Council 1979-1985 by NAM members. <ul><li style="font-weight:400;">Local area control over resources </li> <li style="font-weight:400;">Design teams to be area based </li> <li style="font-weight:400;">Area design teams to be multi-disciplinary </li> <li style="font-weight:400;">Project architects to report directly to committee</li> <li style="font-weight:400;">Abolish posts between Team Leader and Chief Architect </li> <li style="font-weight:400;">Joint working groups with Direct Labour Organisations</li> </ul> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Press Cuttings Subject The topic of the resource Various articles and comments incl NAM PDS Group about RIBA proposals Description An account of the resource BobGilesisamemberoftheRIBA Salaried Architects’ Group and isstilemployed inthe GLC architects’ department. The AF went to see him, them in the public sector, but some still have very positive ideas about their future role. This week, the AJ gives the views of three architects working at the drawing board in the public sector. Next week we shall be looking at the ideas of one chief architect. serve the community, almost like corner shops. Certainly there would be no ‘career Structure’ or ‘promotion prospects’ bur motivation to go into public service should coincides with a period of economic diffi- culty... .’* The political basis of the cuts in public expenditure thus disappears, public sector architects are separated from their context and SCALA can address itself to finding a technical solution to a technical problem. Why should leaders of the profession shy away from a reality so apparent to everybody else? Is it because they are unwilling or unable to accept that the model of architec- tural practice which has been pursued for over half a century is not (and probably never has been) relevant to the practice of architecture as a public service? The promulgation of this model is reinforced by the control of architectural education, employment and regulation (ARCUK) by the Icaders of the profession, It defines the architect as an independent entrepreneur Following the collapse of the GLC archi- not be about self-enhancement at the expense tects’department,BobGilesandmanyofhis oftalent.Itshould,hefeels,haveanelement operatinginanidealisedprivateeconomy,in architect colleagues are looking for some of what George Smiley called ‘a sense of competition with other architects and in con- satisfactory alternative employment. As one of the Salaried Architects’ Group, he has campaigned for years for more authority to John Murray and Bob Maltz are unattached be delegated to job architects. However, architects, trade unionists and members of the despite his optimism when Fred Pooley’s New Architecture Movement and both are practice groups were first discussed at the GLC, (AJ 29.11.78 p1022) he cannot raise anyenthusiasmnowtheyhavebeensetup. The initial idea has been badly mutilated by Savage cuts in both the number of architects and their workload and, in any case, all work hierarchical pyramids that stil exist in most public architects’ offices and sees no reason to have an architect at the top of them. He argues that once an architect leaves the draw- ing board he loses touch with his expertise and is no better than any other administra- tor. It is the very existence of these large hierarchies, completely divorced from clearly locates them as actors or victims on a building users, that has brought about the political stage. downfall of the public office. So tightly They are not alone in this predicament. It is definedaretherolesofthedifferenttiersof onethattheysharewiththeonemillion service’—and that means working with, as flict with other professions and trades in the well as for, the community. building industry. Imposed on the public sector, this model has resulted in a view of councillors, tenants and fellow public sector workers (who suffer under similar models) as obstacles in the path of their architectural creations, rather than collaborators in the effective provision of desired services. employed tn the public sector. They write: Discussionsonthefutureofarchitectureasa Thekeytotherealisationofanewrolefor public service are su.facing in the archi- public architecture is an alternative model tectural press. Not since the AJ Guest Editor based on: series in 1952 has there been any widespread on education buildings has been excluded informed consideration of this matter. The and obstructive hierarchies and moves from the groups for the time being, so harbinger of the long overdue debate is less architects working on ILEA buildings welcome. Public expenditure cuts, parti- remain in the same old empire, pyramid and cularly in housing and education, mean that all. towards a structure based on co-operative | principles; e forging strong technical and’ political there will be less work for architects, At the Giles continues to be bitterly critical of the same time, as local councils come under in the production of buildings, such as increasing pressure to reduce staff, depart- housing officers, valuers and building ments of architecture rank a close second to direct labour organisations as prime targets for the ‘back to private profit’ movement. Architects in general, but especially those associations. who work in the public sector, find them- selves thrust forcibly into a spotlight which The clear aim should be to create integrated public development teams, including al those who are involved in the production and subsequent management of building, which would be accountable to councillors and tenants ona local basis. authority that those professionals who householders on the country’s council and This model is dependent on collective action actually carry out the work rarely, ifever, get housing association waiting lists, and with of architects and fellow workers, acting a chance to meet their real clients. Every- other public sector workers and the people through strong inter-disciplinary unions like thing has to be relayed through each layer of for whom their services are intended. Thus NALGO and TASS, for both its implemen- the pyramid and several committees. No the position of the public sector architect is wonder public architecture is unpopular—it Not separate from that of the tenant, housing is imposed upon its users, whether they like officer or building worker and cannot tation and successful operation. Substantial moves in this direction have already begun in two boroughs. Professional institutions that seek to line up architectural staff in al sectors behind the owners of private architectural firms, merely it or not. Since no system is foolproof, Giles sees no point in employing endless numbers of ‘back stops’ to ensure that nothing goes wrong. Architects are professionals and should be allowed to take responsibility for their own work, without layers of higher-graded pro- fessionals to supervise them. He thinks that more public money is wasted in employing people to ensure that mistakes are not made than could ever really be justified. The only hope for public architects, argues Giles, is if the impenetrable hierarchies are dismantled and small local offices set up to reasonably be considered in isolation. Yet this is precisely what the RIBA and offshoots like the Society of Chief Architects 736 AJ 15 October 1980 ae CAWG, NAM, individual architects and neighbourhood groups must back him up. in Local Authorities (SCALA) are trying to hinder the active trade union and political do as they attempt to come to terms with the dismantlingoftheWelfareState.ThePresi- dent of SCALA, instead of acknowledging that to provide or not to provide council housing and other public building is and always has beena political act, now seeks to redefine the problem in technical rather than politicialterms:‘Thepatternofdemandis changing in many services. This arises from demographic change and other factors. This involvement of architects in campaigns againstthecutsinpublicservices.Itisonly through such involvement that the new model will be built. *(From: letter to Public Service and Local Governmest, September 1980 by President of SCALA.) MurrayandMaltzlookforwardtodiscussingtheseissuesand appropriate action with other architectural trade unionists at the New Architecture Movement Congress in Edinburgh on 7, 8 and9 November 1980. ¢ internal reform which abolishes arbitrary working links with other disciplines involved workers; e forging similar grass-roots organisational links with building users through tenants’ Next week, the Society of Chief Architects in Local Authorities (SCALA) isholding aone-day conference to discuss the future of local authority architecture. After the government cuts, many architects may have decided that there is no work for What future for public sector architects? Time please From M. W. Jeffels Diparch, RIBA, Acting County Architect, County of Cambridgeshire Sir: In his article on the 1980 JCT contract (AJ 1.10.80 pp667-669), Donald Valentine is concerned that it doesn’t make the failure of the employer to gain possession of the site a ground for an extension of time, and he suggests that architects should advise their clients to add this as a further reason for extending time. In my view we should try to avoid amending the contract and I would suggest that the architect has two practical solutions if the problem of late possession arises. He either issues an Architect’s Instruction to vary the date of practical completion, which would then be a relevant event as specified by JCT 1980, or he grants an extension of time under Clause 25.4.12 due to the failure of the employer to grant him ingress to the site through land owned by himself. The first alternative is the one which I would pursue in these circumstances. M. W. JEFFELS Cambridge Martin Richardson refreshes the parts... windows an added interest while the occu- pants stil have full security. This device is particularly suitable for doors to narrow entrance hall lobbies, which are usually left unventilated. A range of windows was marketed in Sweden some years ago with this arrangement, including insect grilles behind the louvres, but so far UK manufacturers have not, to my knowledge, shown interest in this idea. RICHARD BURFOOT East Twickenham, Middx Essex guidelines From 7. K. Simpson, architect Sir: The two schemes under fire in your ‘Colchester Camouflage’ article (AJ 27.8.80 p390) are, of course, pure Essex Design Guide (EDG). The South Woodham Ferrers complex, alas nowareality, which also falls under the critical axe, was of course definitive Design Guide. Remember the guide? The panacea for al that had ever ailed architecture since the dawn of time, and hailed with bouquets strewn in its path by the technical press including the AJ? Mr Dan Cruickshank amusingly and naively divides ‘blame’ for the Colchester schemes between ‘the council’s influence and tendency to favour the traditional approach’, and ‘the architects’ tendency to embrace the spurious principles of pastiche’, etc. Is Mr Cruickshank stil not aware that these schemes, as all schemes submitted through boroughs and districts in Essex (with thankfully, stil one notable exception) are of necessity pure EDG, because nothing short of this will ever get consideration. If any Contracting out From Peter Hampton RIBA Sir: Having read the new 1980 JCT contract, and your appraisal (AJ 1.10.80 pp667-669), it becomes ever clearer that an architect who allows his client to sign one is in grave danger of being sued for negligent advice. For many years the JCT contract has been ... other architects can’t reach. inclined so far towards the contractor as to earn the name of the ‘Contractor's Spot the difference contract—that this issue just has to be From Martin Richardson Darch, RIBA unacceptable. Thank goodness there is a Sir: The short answer to Mr Hossack’s letter ‘blame’ or criticism is due, it should surely better alternative—the Faculty of Architect's contract which puts the architect’s authority where it should be, in his own hands. PETER HAMPTON London SE1 Clear up on dereliction From Paul Spelzini Sir:IfeltIhadtoreplytoarecentreport(AJ upresidenceallhisspotshadgonc.But 17.9.80 p534) entitled “How to tackle whether this is due solely to the excellent derelict land and vandalism’. I am not as night ventilation only further detailed concerned with the latter as with the former, research would ascertain. a major factor in creating vandalism. MARTIN RICHARDSON A deliberate policy of under-investment by London WC2 successive governments is causing deteriora- Private view at the louvre tion of the national building fabric which is From Richard Burfoot DipArch, RIBA severely hampering efforts to provide better Sir: Your letter from Mr P. G. M. Hossack living and working conditions. John (AJ 24.9.80 p583) regarding the provision of Kelcey’s view that derelict land is a valuable night ventilation to casement windows, is resource may be true, but it is also a scar on the landscape and a drain on national resources. Consequently, Iwould advocate that derelict land be cleared of obstructions and rotting buildings, irrespective of ‘economic’ factors or red tape (listings, etc) to provide eco- logical zones in city areas. As a result more is no, it is not another instance of archi- tectural considerations over-riding people’s be laid at the shrine of the EDG and at the feet of those who accepted its ‘guidelines’ as mandatory. I somewhat gloomily forecast the future preferences. I am told by Milton Keynes Development Corporation Housing Department that they under the guide (letter AJ 5.4.78), and have never had a single complaint about although I am pleased to see the AJ night ventilation on the estate. One occu- pant, however, did tell me that since taking apparently changing horses, I am at the same time surprised that it got so far into midstreambeforeitdidso! J.K. SIMPSON Westcliffe-on-sea, Essex Dan Cruickshank replies: The AJ initially welcomed the Essex Design Guide because it sought to stop the worst of speculative housing in the county by instructing the builders and their architects how materials and clevations were traditionally treated in Essex. Before the appearance of the EDG it was common to get the same sort of boxes on grid layouts most interesting. House occupiers do need to have an additional means of ventilation while that one could have found in Dorset or the window remains closed. This is parti- Devon. The link between this and the guide, cularly important for older people living in admirable in intention but questionable in single storey houses, or in apartments practice, is not as direct as Mr Simpson directly adjoining an access balcony, who need positive security. I have for some years used a vertical louvre, suggests. Indeed, one of the more poignant aspects of the Colchester story is that the borough council, far from being dragooned by the requirements of the EDG genuinely interesting city areas could be created and many problems associated with dereliction, doors with an internally opening insulated wanted this type of scheme. It was made including the investment and safety aspects would improve. PAUL SPELZINI Potters Bar panel, usually side hung which, if necessary, may be in two or more sections to give high or low level ventilation. Louvres can give clear to both firms of architects at the outset that only ‘traditional’ style design would be considered. AJ 15 October 1980 in wood or metal, to one side of windows and CAWG, NAM, individual architectsand neighbourhood groups must back him up. New Architecture Movement, 9 Poland Street, London WI. 3rd April 1978. Dear PUBLIC DESIGN SERVICE CONFERENCE, UCATT HALL, GOUGH STREET, BIRMINGHAM Yours sincerely, for Public Design Group, NAM. Invitation PUBLIC DESIGN GROUP As you may know, the New Architecture Movement decided at its Hull Congress in November 1977 to develop further its policies relating to the Public Sector. Since then, work in this field has continued steadily and the Public Design Group which was delegated at Hull to arrange a conference now invite you to attend this, the first NAM Public Design Service Conference in Birmingham on Saturday 6 May 1978. During the past months we have met regularly and consolidated our programme. In addition to refining our critique of architectural patronage and local authority working arrangements, we have been considering the origins and evolution of local authority architectural departments, their internal structure and their relationship to the profession, private practice and to society as a whole. Papers on these will be available at the conference. We feel that discussions have now progressed sufficiently for interim proposals to be made. At the same time areas of further study and action have been identified and more support is needed to extend the work of this group. We therefore hope that you Will wish to participate in the conference and to contribute subsequently to the programme. As you can see from the attached papers it will be a very full day. We hope you will be able to attend, and we look forward to receiving your application as early as possible and to seeing you in Birmingham on th May. Freeson must take the initiative but — ; CAWG, NAM, individual architectsand . neighbourhoodgroupsmustbackhimup. STR LE f ere Leche t rehabilitation The Architects’ Journal 30 August 1978 | Astragal | Squeals of delight an Gambolling at the Ritz. a ee No doubt it’s due to the warm weather—a condition which encourages useful reflection —that Ifind myself ruminating rather excessively upon historical matters thisweek. But events have conspired to exaggerate the condition. For example, Ifound myself being entertained at a reception in the gambling dens of the Ritz and, as Ichomped my lobster and quaffed champagne, Iwas assured that ‘Conservationists and socialites throughout the world breatheda sigh of relief when London’s Ritz hotel was reprieved from decline by anew management’. For two years, Iwas told, the basement had been closed and used for storage—sacrilege. But now all is put right (that is, returned to the original 1906 design) and gold leaf, ‘faux marbre’, lush carpets, and specially designed French rococo furniture have returned to these quarters. OPEN THE COMMUNITY CHEST The initiative being taken by the RIBA Community Architecture Working Group (CAWG) towards launching a community aid fund is extremely welcome. As we reported last week (p356), CAWG is collecting data from architects engaged in ‘community work’ to demonstrate to Housing minister Reg Freeson the need for such a fund. What no one has given much thought to is how such a fund should work. Should it be controlled by central government, local government, neighbourhood groups orthe RIBA? Should the money be used to subsidise private architects? Or should efforts be concentrated solely on expanding local authority departments? The latter approach was advocated by the Public Design Group of the New Architecture Movement recently, but they have not spelt out how it would work. CAWG has so far not committed itself. The Netherlands system (see p374) is therefore particularly interesting because the Dutch appear to be several years ahead of us. There neighbourhood groups really do have some access to and control over architects; tenants are allocated to new flats before they are designed and therefore can be involved in the design process. The main lesson to be gleaned from the Netherlands, however, is that the system evolved as it did only because of both pressure from local neighbourhood groups (often assisted voluntarily by architects) and an enlightened government. If we are to progress in this country Freeson must take the initiative but CAWG, NAM, individual architects and neighbourhood groups must back him up. The designer responsible, Robert Lush, worked with GLC historians to get all the details right. And getting it right has been pricy. For example, the walnut doors alone cost £1000 apiece. But the press release (from which Ihave been quoting) ends with a spasm of unexpected perception: ‘whether f 4:| Building The Architects’ Journal 30 August 1978 Defending the faith Taken out of context Cl/SfB| 81 The Welsh way Astragal [the rich and famous] will appreciate the care and expense that are being used to restore this spectacular example of Edwardian rococo abounding with stucco and extensive gold leafing isamoot point’. The Ritz’s press officer has stolen my words. should be abetter balance between the two sites and wants the expansion to take place not at Headington, Oxford, but five miles away at Wheatley. It also thinks that the depart- ment of architecture should be the unit to move to improve the balance. Oxford County Council isapparently proposing to move the Oxford School of Architecture from Oxford to Wheatley, a pleasant village five miles to the east.At Wheatley there is already a part of the Oxford Polytechnic using buildings put up fora teachers’ training college. The Poly isdue to expand by 6000 square metres and from 3200 to 3600 students in the next couple of years and there are at present only 700 education and management students at Wheatley. The county thinks that there It’s a subtle scheme. Bear in mind that there are, of course, far too many university students in Oxford anyway, let alone polytechnic ones, and that the factories at Cowley are the only really important features of the city.Recall also that the influence of Oxford buildings on architectural students can be very upsetting. Remember too, that there are an excessive number of architects in practice anyway and that architectural study may make a man discontented with his environment for life. All this supports the argument that any step taken to destroy an architectural school must be welcomed. Isolating a school of architecture in a village is just such a step. The art historians’ favourite church in Muswell Hill, London. The way the listing process is being run down is really getting beyond a joke. The list for Swansea has not been revised since itwas first compiled in the early 1950s and, says the Welsh Office, will not be until the 1990's. As one would imagine, many buildings in Swan- sea which are now listable are not protected. Also, again as we would imagine, several of these potentially listable buildings are cur- rently threatened. Notably the Carlton cinema, built in the early 1900s and the Palace Theatre of 1888. Both are important survivors in this much-devastated city and both could be found suitable new uses if there was some official move to save them. Surely, since the Welsh Office intend to be so feeble, the city council should serve Building Preservation Notices on the buildings. The Welsh Office would then have to take some action and, who knows, do its duty and safeguard thehistoric buildings under itscare. There can’t be many threatened buildings to have had Sir Hugh Casson, Sir Nikolaus Pevsner, Sir John Summerson and Sir John Betjeman as its champions. The lucky building that these illustrious fellows are now fighting (or at least writing letters) for is the somewhat unlikely Broadway church in Muswell Hill, North London. Built in 1903 and designed in a curious eclectic Art Nouveau style by George and Reginald Baynes, the church is listed grade II and its owners, the United Reformed Church, want todemolish itand sell the site for commercial development. As a result of the application a public inquiry was held a couple of months ago whose decision is still awaited. Certainly the inspector should find in favour of retention for not only is the church important in itself, and in a key position in a well preserved Edwardian suburb, but also the local group (BROACH) fighting for ithas collected 9000 signatures from locals calling for the church’s preservation and has produced a scheme showing how itcould successfully be tumed into a centre for music. Carlton cinema in Swansea. CI/SfB, 81 bakbmesilt) rehabilitation WORKING FOR AN ENLIGHTENED LOCAL AUTHORITY ALLOWS ONE TO PUT INTO PRACTICE ONE'S CONCEPT OF ARCHITECTURE AS A SOCIAL SERVICE . 4+.THE SOUAL SERVANT. THE AGED... THE INFIRM THE HANDICAPPED / AND HOW BO THEY LIKE THE NEW BUILDING, MATRON 7 HOSTEL FOR HAUNICAPPED OLD PEOPLE CLASS 6p/s Obituary Charles Eames Charles Eames, who died last week aged 71, was one of the most influential furniture designers of this century. He trained as an architect and worked in Eliel Saarinen’s office. Street, London E8. 13.00-17.00. With Eero Saarinen he was one of the first to appreciate the potential of new production techniques and new materials. His first outstanding design (with Saarinen in 1940) was for an armchair in die-moulded aluminium and plywood. The famous rotating “Eames chair’, with its mighty headrest and stool, was also designed in laminated timber and aluminium (1957) but the majority of his post-war designs were for furniture in various kinds of plastic; many are produced by Herman Miller Inc. Eames did not limit himself to furniture design. In 1949, the steel-framed house he built for himself at Santa Monica, Cali- fornia, out of standard components ordered from a catalogue, showed a humane and delightful approach to industrialised Plymouth Polytechnic one-day conference ‘The teaching of colour in schools of archi- building that has, unfortunately, been too little followed by Ltd). At TCPA, 17 Carlton others. All his work: his furniture, exhibition stands, films and toys showed the Eames hallmark—painstakingly thorough, yet full of wit and chann. House Terrace, London SW1. Admission: 20p. At 18,30. 12 September RIBA/DIA private view of Alvar Aalto exhibition at the Royal Academy of Arts, Burling- ton House, Piccadilly, London WI. Fork buffet supper with wine will be served in the galler- ies during the evening. Cash bar on arrival. Tickets: £6-50 from Anne Corke, RIBA Conference Office (01-580 5533 ext 225). 19.30-22.30. (Exhibition open to public from 16 September to 15 October). 18 September One of Eames’ wittier designs. ad The Architects’ Journal 30 August 1978 an s Diary IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIFE FOR THE NEEDY AND DEPENDEAST MEMGERS OF A CARING ComMMUNITY OH WE ABSOLUTELY ADORE IT, DoNT WE MR CHATTERLEIGH 7 2 September NAM Public Design Group tecture’. Speakers include Martin mecting “Theory and Practice’ at Wilkinson and Tom Porter. At Centerprise, 136 Kingsland High 9-10 September NAM Leeds Group Forum, main topic NAM Constitution. At Red Ladder Theatre Building, New Blackpool Centre, Cobden Avenue, Lower Wortley, Leeds. Details from Norman Arnold, 9 Midland Road, Leeds. Plymouth Polytechnic, Palace Court, Palace Street, Plymouth. Details from: Joe Lynes, prin- cipal lecturer, School of Archi- tecture (0752 21312). 27 September The Polytechnic of Central Lon- don: one-day course on arbitra- tions. At PCL School of the Environment, 35 Marylebone Road, London NW1. Inquiries to the Short Course Unit (01- 486 5811 ext 397). 6 October Corrections O The figure of £74 000 quoted in the news item about the newly converted premises for RIBA Publications Ltd (AJ 5.7.78 p48) comprises not merely the conversion cost—as implied in our note—but the entire budget including freehold purchase of the old building, conversion costs and all fees. ( In ‘Use of redundant build- ings 2’ (AJ 22.3.78 p568) para 2.02, the correct address for SAVE should read 3 Park Square West, London, NW1 4LJ (01-486 4953). ( Russell Rose was the job architect for the Dutch Quarter, Colchester (AJ 26.10.77 p780-1 and AJ 17.5.78 p952). Future events TCPA Planning Forum ‘Hous- ing in the inner city’. Speaker: A. F. Rawson (chairman, Bar- ratt Developments Southern th la ees, 372 The Architects’ Journal 30 August 1978 1‘Concrete Armada’ by Deanna Petherbridge. 2 ‘Brick Knor’ by Wendy Taylor. 10 eweee ~[ James" Latnamesuggetcans vi ,] ITCTFs illustrated RS Time2 wo eA i” { \ | 4 :i i { Berto)PATS eeaie) 19.10. asoeOreee ~ a nt to know.’ fa ceri, 5ht AT 15 October | —— ize amen das aun a @ ARE: “gaan on)a5 ane. 4B MEER OTeh ee cuaeo one-theperson nd, on the way, aoente aCR psa.Meeye me PS | t | | AJ 15 October 1980 a} coincides with a period of economic diffi- culty... .'* The political basis of the cuts in public expenditure thus disappears, public sector architects are separated from their context and SCALA can address itself to finding a technical solution to a technical problem. Why should leaders of the profession shy away from a reality so apparent to everybody else? Is it because they are unwilling or unable to accept that the model of architec- tural practice which has been pursued for over half a century is not (and probably never has been) relevant to the practice of architecture as a public service? The promulgation of this model is reinforced by the control of architectural education, employment and regulation (ARCUK) by the leaders of the profession. It defines the architect as an independent entrepreneur operating in an idealised private economy, in competition with other architects and in con- flict with other professions and trades in the building industry. Imposed on the public sector, this model has resulted in a view of councillors, tenants and fellow public sector workers (who suffer under similar models) as obstacles in the path of their architectural creations, rather than collaborators in the effective provision of desired services. The key to the realisation of a new role for public architecture is an alternative model based on: internal reform which abolishes arbitrary and obstructive hierarchies and moves towards a structure based on co-operative principles; e forging strong technical and political working links with other disciplines involved in the production of buildings, such as housing officers, valuers and building workers; e forging similar grass-rootsorganisational links with building users through tenants’ associations. The clear aim should be to create integrated public development teams, including al those who are involved in the production and subsequent management of building, which would be accountable to councillors and tenants ona local basis. This model isdependent on collective action of architects and fellow workers, acting through strong inter-disciplinary unions like NALGO and TASS, for both its implemen- tation and successful operation. Substantial moves in this direction have already begun in two boroughs. Professional institutions that seek to line up architectural staff in al sectors behind the owners of private architectural firms, merely hinder the active trade union and political involvement of architects in campaigns against the cuts in public services. It is only through such involvement that the new model will be built. (From letter to Public Service and Local Government, Sepiembee 1980 by President of SCALA.) Next week, the Society ofChief Architects in Local Authorities (SCALA) isholding aone-day conference to discuss the future of local authority architecture. After the government cuts, many architects may have decided that there is no work for Following the collapse of the GLC archi- tects’ department, Bob Giles and many of his architect colleagues are looking for some satisfactory alternative employment. As one of the Salaried Architects’ Group, he has | campaigned for years for more authority to be delegated to job architects. However, despite his optimism when Fred Pooley’s practice groups were first discussed at the GLC, (AJ 29.11.78 p1022) he cannot raise any enthusiasm now they have been set up- The initial idea has been badly mutilated by savage cuts in both the number of architects and their workload and, in any case, all work on education buildings has been excluded from the groups for the time being, so architects working on ILEA buildings remain in the same old empire, pyramid and al. Giles continues to be bitterly critical of the hierarchical pyramids that still exist in most public architects’ offices and sees no reason to have an architect at the top of them. He argues that once an architect leaves the draw- ing board he loses touch with his expertise and is no better than any other administra- tor. It is the very existence of these large hierarchies, completely divorced from building users, that has brought about the downfall of the public office. So tightly defined are the roles of the different tiers of authority that those professionals who actually carry out the work rarely, ifever, get a chance to meet their real clients. Every- thing has to be relayed through each layer of the pyramid and several committees. No wonder public architecture is unpopular—it is imposed upon its users, whether they like it or not. Since no system is foolproof, Giles sees no point in employing endless numbers of ‘back stops’ to ensure thar nothing goes wrong. Architects are professionals and should be allowed to take responsibility for their own work, without layers of higher-graded pro- fessionals to supervise them. He thinks that more public money is wasted in employing people to ensure that mistakes are not made than could ever really be justified. The only hope for public architects, argues Giles, is if the impenetrable hierarchies are dismantled and small local offices set up to them in the public sector, but some still have very positive ideas about their future role. This week, the AJ gives the views of three architects working at the drawing board in the public sector. Next week we shall be looking at the ideas of one chief architect. What future for public sector architects? Bob Giles is a member of the RIBA Salaried Architects’ Group and ts stil employed in the GLC architects’ department. The AF went to se him. John Murray and Bob Maltz are unattached architects, trade smionists and members of the New Architecture Movement and both are employed in the public sector. They write: serve the community, almost like corner shops. Certainly there would be no ‘career structure’ or ‘promotion prospects’ but motivation to go into public service should not be about selfenhancement at the expense of talent. It should, he feels, have an element of what George Smiley called ‘a sense of service’—and that means working with, as well as for, the community. Discussions on the future of architecture as 4 public service are surfacing in the archi- cectural press. Not since the AJ Guest Editor series in 1952 has there been any widespread informed consideration of this matter. The harbinger of the long overdue debate is less welcome. Public expenditure cuts, parti- cularly in housing and education, mean that there will be less work for architects. At the same time, as local councils come under increasing pressure to reduce staff, depart- ments of architecture rank a close second to direct labour organisations as prime targets for the ‘back to private profit’ movement. Architects in general, but especially those who work in the public sector, find them- selves thrust forcibly into a spotlight which clearly locates them as actors OF victims on 4 political stage. They are not alone in this predicament. It is one that they share with the one million householders on the country’s council and housing association waiting lists, and with other public sector workers and the people for whom their services are intended. Thus the position of the public sector architect is not separate from that of the tenant, housing officer or building worker and cannot reasonably be considered in isolation. Yet this is precisely what the RIBA and offshoots like the Society of Chief Architects in Local Authorities (SCALA) are trying to do as they attempt to come to terms with the dismantling of the Welfare State. The Presi- dent of SCALA, instead of acknowledging that to provide or not to provide council housing and other public building is and always has been a political act, now seeks t0 redefine the problem in technical rather than politicial terms: ‘The pattern of demand is changing in many services. This arises from demographic change and other factors. This al Murray aed Maltz look forward to discussing these issues and appropriate action with other architectural trade uniocists at the New Architecture Movement Congress in Edinburgh on 7,8 and? November 1980. 4| ee |National architectural service? The A:rchitects' Journal 2 March 1977 ‘Boss architects’ But David Gosling said that those speaking posal were merely ‘representing their own positions or chief architects’ and the RIBA was supposed to represent architects, the majority of whom are salaried. ‘If we oppose this proposal we will be seen, in Hellman’s words, as the Royal Institute of Boss Architects.’ was not up- Several other speakers said that if the proposal accepted then something much stronger would come Adams said that the institute’s study of the profession, Bernard shortly, shows that the majority of which will be published the there or it could ‘find some way of salaried architects are not happy with their lot. Either could ‘sit on the safety valve’ in which case institute would be a ‘certain explosion’, the pressure and find a new kind of professionalism’. relieving to defer a decision was an attempt to Brown said the decision kill the proposal and ‘puts its finger on the [lack of] of the Council’. sincerity against the pro- as partners all ae! ps > the professional class, the need for accountability in the pro- posed fund, the need for community schemes to be locally based. ‘Many people working in this arca think that the prin- ciples of the RIBA aresagainst the principles of community architecture’, he said, affirming his belief in ‘4 community 4, _\ 3 |were another example of architects believing themselves to |be ‘a panacea for social problems’. The paper did not recog- |nise severe problems: the suspicion by the working class of ite ’aa |Benefit communities, not architects Student member David Breakell believed that the proposals architecture that benefits communities, notarchitects’. Jim Johnson agreed. Very often the community architect needs to become a kind of entrepreneur—taking initiatives for people who will not do so for themselves. A new concept of professionalismisneeded:‘it’softenamatteroftakingsides’. The institute, he thought, should take ‘a persuasive not @ pre- scriptiveattitude’.DavidPercivalwantedtoseethefeescale pressedcodeofbuildingregulations;second,forahighly revised to be appropriate for community work. efficient enforcement service operated by ‘adequately skilled James Latham suggested that the industry’s pressure group persons’, and third, for ‘as far as possible uniform interpreta- oeftheCounde Savidge ideas get wide support In the debate on the building regulations, councillor after councillor reiterated the same proposals for reform as spelled out in the AJ by Rex Savidge. Thedebatecentredonapaperfromtheinstitute’sBuilding Control Committee which called first for a single clearly ¢x- TA ‘The Architects’ Journal 19 April 1978 on Westminster, the Group of Eight, should take up the pro- posal for a fund. The Government is committed to improving the inner cities but doesn’t know what to do, he argued. Nego- tiations with Whitehall should start immediately. Salaried architects sat upon After one of the most fraught debates of the day’s meeting, Council rejected a proposal by the Salaried Architects Group to immediately set up a Salaried Practice Advisory and Con- ciliation Panel. Instead, by 18 votes to 17, a much-amended motion was carried agreeing in principle to the notion of such a body but referring the idea to the membership and public affairs committee and to the membership in general for its views. Jake Brown, who put forward the proposal on behalf of SAG, voted against the amended motion because he said it was an attempt to sweep the issue under the carpet. The SAG proposal, described by Brown as a ‘spring lamb’ in its mildness, is aimed at providing a means by which salaried architects could protest against employers who prevent them carrying out their work with proper professional responsibility. The panel (five members including two salaried architects and two principals/chief officers) would be appointed by Council and could only act with the co-operation of its members. Un- like an industrial tribunal it could not have statutory power. Yet Council members expressed their disquiet with the pro- posal. Ray Moxley said he had a ‘gut feeling of anxiety. It could be very damaging to good relations in practices.’ Eric Lyons said it could ‘seriously jeopardise the future of private practice ...to see this institution as a quasi trade union would be very worrying’. Allan Groves, chief architect ofCornwall, said it would be ‘divisive’ and was unnecessary because ‘chief architects in the public sector are responsible individuals’. RIBAGOUNC : ; subsidised by fees from otherwork. Alan Meikle, introducing the paper on community architec- ture, emphasised that community architecture is not ‘a pass~ ing trend’. Economic and social pressures will ensure that, for many architects, the nature of their job will change, he said. There will be much more concern with the existing stock i 3. Now it’s the turn of the infantry: house-to-house work |anu fine-grainplanning.” ( |Much is being done but not enough, he argued. So anational |fund is needed to help the poor acquire the skills ofarchitects, |just as the legal aid scheme and the National Health Service |help them get access to the services of the otherprofessions. |A Community Aid fund should be set up by the Government to help poor people pay for architectural advice. Council agreed by a massive majority that the institute should press Whitehall to provide cash for this purpose. The fund would |cover fees for community schemes including abortive work, |non-architecrural services related to home improvement and fees for full services for housing rehabilitation, which is often |and by extension, directly with the inhabitants. “The day of |the big battalions with their bulldozers and tower crancs is ‘This kind of architecture can only be practised with the know- |ledge and consent of the user’, he said, “we must be moving towards an architecture for everyone, not just for those who have the money to pay forit.” Lotham: Whitehall talks should start immediately. baile againgge!meetinif Nittional Krogty Pore To suggestthatthe,ptiblig 9dJ résifmably iknorantof St ictural caine cerstharhas.Beught oTarepypodana sh the } reputid to Prafgs Comments ) cin +}, Fhereave ingund muledheg pga yara sare modularragigdesignSah y ho a Crohg fyétédines the onthe icedu demonsiarlor,THate02 Leagueiscomplet PT theuseofviolegce'fshemHrotXo- esré SESS, au his letter (AJ 4.1.78 p7) than is - illustrgt a a inthearticle cepttha Ryle deteahi AJen i Apna ~| thectigui,= cea rathJK use Ras own money i At itsobjectivesa) acwcoesforthelowWgubli<4\ASuithiehainal_\ An ‘Architects agaitet dens ff National FrontTMtarfipantey has been set up,to enfouragd! ) » architects?SdHvindK{ ofthemt ziLeague. The a intentionjd bgnae SaPO} t signaturesdtLooWarg hitects Cy and\£5000 intdonaiSiots to. theA LScafes16.5Sal A massive response of this sortcanbel}++eyeBoB } of the Natis iu Brtai counter theunpretedented Nazi Propaganda to which the electorat: is going tobe , exposed Iath‘eg ack Sn IcallupeénaiBARE demonstrate their ahbortuke of racialism by writing to‘give support to this campaign, irrespective of other political differences. Letters of support and donations should be sent to “Architects against the National Front’, c/o The Architectural Association, 34-36 Bedford Square, London, WCI1B 3ES John Sell London WC1 ee Recollections of violence From Geoffrey Maddison RIBA, AADip!, MRTPI Sir; Your correspondent A. Anderson PUN eeoneronpeene Ppastebrmo fWhi en, gine - complam, /¥ i\ sone ent, disgri inssting f uniARelligencel &We’ woltd sugkest th: ‘Goth ‘compejence CORN ay auseful i}. wulge! tab hthe'pub! hf,5‘intelligen,ry= vy NYyWretfeb sewho find e lre pe OLA lnnang Fe alfo a ah, The Architects’ Journal 19 April 1978 733 qualification. Put against the RIBA, SAAT iss*Hlinitsinfandydandunless $ Fascists in London in the 1930s; my own visits to oom any. he Austria in crab re includingbejngaeay! wastocarrytheargument nerchristopbblign} GestapowhenItriedtoseTebeyondtheengineeingcirclein.*schatny;moveaiwaiyf)dup Photographs of evidence of aptj)=4ne Sir: The objegt of the Ie on limig state debigycaJ ‘Ate 77 p1201 ath pate will definit bth sides, juWshagdakafpnhiy Reng) c cretive, kriow-it-a MTaeakG ingsin theirsHa wBeebyandBillen Ulnton N «PaniDAO }ow SAAT the only hope From §.mele have Jewish violence in Vienna and a “a y]a ekweston era Or mharter rather than writh tt prejudiced red scare hysteria shown by Meese whosq attituleist ander hit was previouslyy confined a sintendedtobe contfovepdl. a mal opinionlabourthediahdonAasfitrary fe | ieDurSdieenthere ckwork, The figBures ip —- rey diso; freeeprohcesslegiayt Pe webrokethatdow great Tho ember that the argicles in i¢saméansvWerusing;J197](repripy asatOAT CP110thanusidgAVWe;Hanokybidsstiekei rae that he €Ane shme dealt adequately pfich the evel ofthenewdhaftBS449, jets f;actors,Hytosis iyteleee Bepate soe <q riticismofthecurent <as‘ind"thatmaywel} CP114 i)AN Agigbed ths Midd TM io ‘ishTaohie‘ dai a 1 ang,sAAiSteayy wcthts my aWrarded, ean li ; Whatwedany Aino 4 ~sénse’ig the OF Mi sicy in shortestsupply,particujgtly where fashion and progress are concerned G. ae bets Ao > G A4Hodgkinstn letter above). members. Ihave astrong feeling that if some review is not made soon, the R pamey inda take-over bid.by shar very (evidert—based Ppirel) and simply, on the fact that there will be more of them than us! Philip W. Heeks “Crewe and Nantwich, Cheshire : London W4 a a a ee té Technicians’ training wl From Philip W. Heeks Sir: uM | Twould like to stronghy *ey fi the let from B@. Tint AJ 30.11.77 p1961), Satie to architectural technician training My own view is that as the RECS now have a bridging, courge fo eyabersofST,.s¢should the yolbam haveabridgeforSAAT to totally demolish 17 listed buildings and partially demolish five others, in the Queen, Foregate, Frodsham Street area ofthecity. Ifnthhi Rey: are not going forthasc wv mentioned above; then what are they going for? nsstheSince would begin to id“y t he editors engineersare prepared to ope Kj Acepniebpaehibnona lad From John Sell RIBA Sir A. Anderson is incorrect in both the points he seeks to make (AJ 12.4.78 p678) attack- ing the Anti Nazi League. the latter would begin to com- prehendichgincering realities themannerofeee them" opinion in this country, united « forthe soleobjectiveef Opposing.the poi of racial by the National ¥ront and other Nazi organisations Among oe thousands who have givent su ort to the Anti Nazi Lea cmeiiAbey ‘A shtcoft’ S§ir * Tohi Gielgud, Pete Buon 'i Cleo L3ine, ints M Michael*Parkinson’ a Previn The second paragraph of Mr Anderson’s letter cdr, only refer x toac paysasceayyn Srpanfsed a by tH BitmifigHam Ang “A RacialistCGommittesAR ON mil + ici " a with e ee obectsincludney wen rhehup~gilrcominghttechniéians socialpriority Bye no rote of ite it,1¢Willstayth woe oar | ANnti-Naziaesan) Sca¥sbrook yeybehthtetenteeoftheanti-_ ressreports,and Mlfission . roadbpjldittglobby*howsthar” mee none of itsmm ti ’ salt this Yarn. ispossiMe anstttat Ohi re sj bienseatdesign OW Pirliamentacceptsthatthe Weide fromG.M.Roseland psppleSreotaay o NSNareeas Mosley’s|AHodgkinson Tens (AJ 12.4.78 p678) refers to the Anti-Nazi League as being odious and implies that its Sir; a Afthe regi MOI tocar * pees(AJ5:4,78 2637),Iie} Neth hq Kok CrRAtRoid° people. Imysqlf havéheen c xhpalyttlege forthe.By Ao ght years with SAAT as, the,a / oly hopep Al Tretogn: fi aigingysnyie i ith present and future empl yaa of the heagJAf ane} oPHNCanWaspwheoal ate\) confused e eS ai‘terePRO aeaePee cah yj take tq hainthese quabfic nS,6, atbotertaiglyrare. Renee anda lot of Practiges § Nesto % Further recollections of violence (sec oviteaanags;,* Whe eal TheAntiNaziLeagueisnot pyc lentWaragainstaD ¢ ndengagaen! aCommunist front apisation« but an organisatig priothdd Vv V5ve ine pat byaverywidecross-Sectionof da We ear TRearticle,cover: ,aspectof ergs ofs ipimty 3 the appligation o Agate te Meavehale ay ay demiginhi— biplais tehnlticz Up firswy QbA hicg eke heirorric 5 T(soncepe’a doesnotinA { ‘ SARE merefygeflectsthecriticismWs hoserjousissinapros CP11¥ made ateverypectin lit é ae fe criticisry fe ca)pve v on that code since jtapp, Nuintt a eb sis intakeinganarbi- ts sevenforthesafetyfactor {Harry ae | 119. brey Says no more in CNaweregiso equal ose 386 ‘ \ » The Architects’ Journal 2 March 1977 . Diary 2 March The possibilities of community architecture meeting organised ternational Council of Socicties by Nottingham New Architec- of Industrial Design at the May ture Movement group, at the Fair Theatre, Stratton Street, Peacock Hotel, Mansfield Road, j London WI. Speakers include Nottingham. Guest. speaker Selwyn Goldsmith. Adam Purser, NAM, London. 16-17 March 19.30. 3 March Official vandalism: housing in the inner city lecture by Jim chow preanised by NORSAG, at the Departiient of Architecture, Infor systems for de- | signers symposium and* exhibi- tion at the Universiy of South- ampton, organised by the Design Group. Details: Publication Ser- vices, 33/35° Foxley Lane, High WAKE UP, SIR — YOUVE BEEN MADE } Edinburgh University, 22 Salyington, Wotthing, Sussex, +) REDUNDANT/ \Chahibérs Street, Edifburgh, at 117.15 “4 March’, 5 ay Discourse in architecture lecture by Francoise Choy in Lecture \ Theatre 1, Architecture Unit, ¥ 4)Pobytechnic’ of Central London, BD13 3AD (0903 65405). 23-25 March ———————— ee Design guidance a three ‘stage workshop organised +by\ the School for Advanced Urban Studies to proyide a forum’ to discuss how design guides are 35 Marylebone Road, ‘London | preparedy their,impact on. devel- opment control and-thteir pérfor- “mance. Details; Judith Tyler, School for Advanced Urban Richard MacCormac: an archi- \ Studies, ‘Rodney, Lodge, Grange tect’s. approach’ to ~architécture Road, Bristol: BS8 4EA; (Bristol mecting at North East London; 311117). Polytechnic,: Department of 23-25 March aa Architecture,ForestRoad,Lon- rN eeeobe NW1, at 18.00. i sSe _ 7 March |EiDeadwood| CHIEF ARCHITECT) don, E17, at 18.30. . — a + Aspects of health ‘provision building programmes course for architects, administrators and , YOURE UNAWARE OF w THE Wider ISSUES § March ‘ Tropical architecture lecture by pFactifioners on the designiprob- vere LADDIE f vf Otto Koenigsberger at the Lec- “lents ing region#i\ant ajgrice tures. Theatre, 'sDepartment >of + health authorities) organiséd by Fine ‘Art, Neveanle Univecsity, the IpSituseof Adv: anced Afchiy |) tectural Studies. Derhils: they Secrosary, IAAS, King’s Manors at 13.00. / a —_— : - 7 Yor’, YOT ZEP (0904 26912). 28 March-2 )April tony 1 > seminar with speakers Gordon *“Rok? “and Patrick-\Morréay; at, 7 8 March Tube structures and the Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester, Correction)“; Liverpoo}] Polytechnic, Main 6 Wérdhe ddiwings hahdbsoky Jiy‘hecture_Theatte, Byrom Street, i26.1.77, IS5,/p188, para 1.02 § Liverpool 1, ag 14.30 third line sHould ready ¢he:values 8 March }\ aX Lecture by. Geoffrey. Darke t otganised by); N@RSAC, at 17,15. See above for venue. 8Mairch LA ASS Lecture by Cedric Price in the Main Auditorium, South Bank Polytechnic, Wandsworth Rbad, London SW8, at 16.30. 8 March RABAS*Lalk in’: can we afford the building regulations? Walter Segal will open the discussion with Eric Lyons in the chair, at the RIBA, 66 Portland Place, * London W1, at 18.30. — ‘9 March Milton Keynes lecture by Derek Walker ofganised by Oxford Polytechnic, at Museum of ‘Modern Art, 30 Pembroke s Stteet, Oxford, at 19.30. th 9 March Le Thoronet, La Tourette lec- ture by Dr Geoffrey Baker, at Plymouth Polytechnic School of Architécture, Studio 3, at 14.00. AJ © \ i7'S ALU RieHTs OFFICER = / I've'Gor Aim | Future events The designer and the disabled conference sponsored by the In- =. 1 :V2‘and, of course, | XA¥ FS compil, p186, should read. eqm- passes 9 , : Innnext week’s. Guy ‘Hawkins looks at Water- field School, Thamesmead—a turning point in the design of comprehensive secondary schools. ® UY Git mavens LOCAL AUTHORITIES ARE IN THE NEWS AGAIN / fi ‘The Architects’ Journal 2 March 1977 ponds and redecorate Sydenham station. The fifth campaign is intended to encourage Londoners to plant more trees. A special committee chaired by architect and tree enthusiast Sydney Chapman will advise public auth- pees and individuals and, in some cases, it will help with cash. Neut Fe duce partial services only, said Nisbet, and ‘such policies declare only too clearly that the cor- porate client has no requirement for independent professional advice’. Even so, Nisbet pointed to the greatly increased status of the qs. Partly as a result of the power of the corporate client, most qs firms now find that a large pro- portion of their appointments are made direct by the client without prior selection of the qs by architect or engincer. Qss’ status has also been enhanced by their appointment as project co-ordin- ators of design teams, said Nis- bet. ‘We are all proud of the fact that a quality surveyor was chosen to manage the team for the National Exhibition Centre and that the project was success- ful in terms of both time and cost.” This role for the qs is growing and, according to Nisbet, there seems little doubt that there is ‘a tendency for clients to look to them for financial management in the full sense of accepting res- ponsibility for ultimate costs. And no doubt it will soon become apparent that responsibility can- not be undertaken without the authority to take such actions as would ensure compliance with the financial brief.’ Local authority single person housing is being provided for the first time, by a London borough at least. Haringey implemented this policy from 1 January and other boroughs will follow suit. Haringey gives priority first to those over 50 who cannot afford a mortgage, then to people over 35 earning less than £35 per week. Those under 35 get the lowest priority. There are also residence qualifications. The sixth campaign aims to use waste land and buildings al over London. The pilot projects include the conversion of waste land by the canal in Paddington to a temporary park, the creation of a permanent park in the Isle of Dogs and the foundation of a city farm in Newham which will incorporate grazing land, a tree nursery and a communal vegetable plot. The seventh campaign is intended to clean up London’s build- ings and streets. The west front of St Mary le Strand, the portico of St Paul’s Covent Garden, the Ritz and Grand Buildings in Trafalgar Square are all to be cleaned this year. Build to human scale: Shore Listed building legislation is not overruled by Dangerous Struc- tures or public health legislation. Answering a question in the House of Commons last week, Environment Secretary Peter Shore made it clear that listed building consent must be obtained before any demolition works are carried out on listed buildings—even those that have been classed as Dangerous Structures. pt In the past there has been con- fusion over this point because several listed buildings, for ex- ample the 1760 tapestry factory in Streatham Street, London (AJ 17/24.12.75 p1282), have been demolished as Dangerous Structures without listed build- ing consent. Large corporate organisations, both public and private, are crod- ing the professional role accord- ing to qs James Nisbet. Recently Nisbet talked to the qs division of the RICS and explained that thegrowthoflargecorporateSSesa clients, with their in-house pro- fessional teams, tended to reduce independent professional firms to ‘a reservoir of supplementary manpower to be called on from time to time as necessary and to follow instructions’. There was an unnecessary tendency for in- dependent qss to be asked to pro- P. E. O'Sullivan, professor of architectural science at the Welsh School of Architecture, Univer- sity of Wales, is one of four new members appointed to the Advis- ory Council on Energy Conser- vation by the Secretary of State for Energy, Tony Benn. Manor Farm scheme in Stornoway, Council’s Architect's Department. Peter Shore, Secretary of State for the Environment, spelled out the Government's thinking on new housing when he opened the GLC exhibition ‘New directions in housing’ at the Design Centre last week (AJ 23.2.77 pp330-334). Shore welcomed the ‘trend back to building on a human scale” and opined that ‘when historians look back on the ’sixties I think they may categorise it as an age of illusion, of false hope and false dreams—a period in which we thought we could & solve society’s problems by turning to the new and theuntried, WY breaking with the past. In no area is this more true than 'n the field of housing architecture where, with the best of “‘ntentions, though the worst of consequences, politicians, planners, architects—with few dissenting voices from outside —saw the block and other high density dwellings as the answer. This approach did answer one problem—slum clearance— for we saw a faster rate of planned redevelopment than any other country in the world. But I think we can now acknow- ledge that we probably created as many difficulties for our- selves as ever we solved.’ No more comprehensive redevelopment He criticised the notion of comprehensive redevelopment (though ‘I am not one who believes that bricks and mortar as such must be preserved, whatever the cost, just because they are 50 or more years old’). But, said Shore, ‘where we build new we must place a premium on trying to preserve the sense of community, the street patterns, the facilities and al the other familiar landmarks which give people their sense of identity with an area’. He stressed that a strategic housing plan for London with an inter borough allocation is ‘vital to ensuring that all Londoners in need have a fair chance of a decent home’. Shore congratulated the GLC for providing housing ‘on a human scale’ and for being ‘in the forefront in promoting methods of consultation and participation’. The pitched roofed, low rise, consciously urban way ofdesigning Symbol of social division ‘Tower blocks’, he said, ‘and high density barrack blocks are not liked, and are not good places in which to bring children up. And then there were, and are, the community defects of this kind of vast institutionalised building. Up to the sixties, particularly in areas outside the inner city, the bulk of muni- cipal housing had been terraced or semi-detached—of a similar design to the kind of house desired by owner-occupiers. The tower block broke away from this common pattern of design, and divided people not only by tenure, but also by the style oftheirdwellings.Towerblocksbecameasymbolofsocial -_ division, and understandable discontent, and have in my view added to a sense of polarisation betwecn tenure groups.’ He enthused over ‘the move back to the basic, well tried and well loved idea of houses—where possible with gardens’. “2 ese) i TI ,1 eal : jl ne housing has reached the farthest corners of the kingdom. This ts the 'eo a ya —— Deena ef. Western Isles, designed by the J 0 | ~~ —v “Michael Heseltine's present policy (on council house sales) is enjoying only a limited Success — by the end of the present term of this government, he will be lucky to ownership against their will. have sold more than 10 per cent ofthestock.Heknowsthatthe article—thatmostcouncil next 10 per cent will be far harder to sel. On the other hand, the proposals we have made would bring about the large redistribution of wealth this country has ever seen — from the state to the individual.” So concluded a recent article in The Times, “How All Council Tenants Can Become Instant Owners", (May II 1982) by Peter Luff and John Maples. The theme of the article was simple. Most council tenants want to be owner |occupiers. Public housing is expensive and inefficient. Society isbecoming increasingly divided between those who own and those who rent. The solution could hardly be simpler; transfer the ownership of al council houses to existing tenants by converting rents into mortgage repayments. At a stroke this would satisfy widespread aspirations, Nothing new There is nothing new about this idea. A similar proposal was advanced in the mid 1970s by Frank Field, former director of the Child Poverty Action Group and now a Labour MP, and then in 1978 by Peter Walker, former Conservative Environment Secretary Unfortunately the latest authors seem to have learnt little from the extensive debate which accompanied the earlier Suggestions. tenants would rather be owners — acomprehensive NEDO Nobody involved in housing could pretend that al is rosy with public housing. But equally those who advocate radical solutions ought to be a bit more honest about the likely implications. The truth is that the above proposals would have dwellings with very low very serious social and economic repercussions, potential market values would be permanently trapped in poor repercussions which scem to have been totally ignored by their architects. First, there is the effect of coercing tenants into home Contrary to the assertion in the survey of tenure preference in 1975 found that 55 per cent of council tenants preferred council renting. The National Dwelling and Housing Survey in 1978 found that 74 per cent of council tenants were very satisfied or satisfied with their accommodation, Not expensive Secondly, there is the impact on public expenditure. In fact, the provision of council housing is not ‘enormously expensive’. Studies have shown that the real rate of return on investment in council housing has averaged 2¥4 per cent in the last decade While this is slightly lower than comparable rates of return on industrial and commercial investment, the social benefits of housing would lead one to expect alower than market rate of return, In addition, under existing financial arrangements, Owner Occupation costs more in public subsidy than public renting. It is also not the case that public housing ‘results in poor use of the housing stock’ as claimed. The average vacancy rate is no higher in the public than the private sector, the household-dwelling fit is much closer in the public than the private sector while under- occupation is much higher among Owner occupiers. The impact on the distribution of wealth could be much more complex than the authors suggest. Local authority dwelling market values are lower, on average, than owner occupied dwellings. Tenants in difficult to let and unpopular properties. especially those on low incomes. Mobility would thereby be discouraged for whole sections of the community. Private tenants would not benefit at al. If the authors are really committed to a more equal wealth distribution, more effective polices are available. Their proposal would be both capricious and inequitable. There is also the impact on the one and a quarter million households on waiting lists. Access to decent housing for these would be removed at a stroke. Indeed, the proposal would end the prospect of reasonable housing at reasonable cost for the large number of poorly housed, homeless and newly formed households unable to make their way in the private sector. The ‘right to buy’ is proving more successful than the Government —at least in its own terms — originally expected. In the 15 months since its introduction in October 1981, no less than 422,900 tenants had applied to buy, some seven per cent of al local authority tenants. Actual sales have risen beyond initial estimates, reaching an expected 134,000 in 1981/82 and a forecast 165,000 in 1982/83. A recent thorough and up to date review" of both the effect of sales and the future of public housing are hardly supportive of Government assumptions. The book forecasts a bleak future for public housing on current policies and trends with sales creaming off the best of the state and local authorities being left with the most unpopular dwellings; with subsidies continuing to fall and new building confirmed to special needs; and with increasing maintenance problems as the stock continues to age. Equally, Luff and Maples’ proposal will not put an end to “a two national country divided between those who own and those who do not’, as they claim It would simply recreate the same divide within one tenure that exists between sectors at the moment and which is being exacerbated by sales. The only real prospect of reversing current trends towards a society Segregated by tenure and class is to remove the artificial advantages — financial, social and legal — afforded to owner occupiers by successive governments. Stewart Lansley Vohn English, Ed. The Future of Public Housing, Croom Helm, 1982. PSLG July/August 1982 1) 51 CUSIB (Amw) Housing AJ7July1982 ee eeeee = ‘ CONVERT RENTS TO MORTGAGES? CPEEY CUSEB (Amw) (1976 revised) (Amw) 16 PSLG July/August 1982 yworpremper 1982 HUMEOTyewsween atOxford Polytechn: chelsea=<Qama> Circle 9 on Reader Inquiry Card vpair-was shown on television, there were 51 : 74 CUSiB (Amy) : 5 Unfortunately, it’s a fact of life that some power take offs are more reliable than others. But ifthe PTO that supplies power to your specialist machinery lets you down, the rest of your machin- P a units are the most reliableonthemarket | isquite simple. Only Chelsea PTO’s have afacility which as Chelsea power take offs. And that’s our exceptionally = Telex: 335665. fast delivery service. So ifyou’d like full technical literature, contact Spicer Power Products at Spicer Power Products Division, | Racecourse Rd, Wolverhampton WV6 ONE. Tel: 0902 773814. \ ery will be useless. And with some applic- ations, you can’t afford to take that chance. So if your application demands a high level of reliability and performance, there’s only one owertakeoffthatyoushouldever puton. They’re called Chelsea power take offs and they’re manufac- tured by Spicer Power Products Division. And the reason why our | allows you access to check backlash and accurate fitting. Which means that ifyou don’t s ecify our PTO’s, you won't be able to check a hothe® your | vehicles are suffering from prematurely worn gears, and they could break down with- out warning. Thankfully however, there’s @ still one thing that’s as reliable CI/SfB (Amw) (1976 revised) (Amw) — multi-disciplinary approach )in building, is to close. [thas years ago to promote a area in the next year. On the question of anew body to take over the work, Mr Jefferson said, “We're putting quite a lot of resources into our |institutions that it would have liked. STANLEY FLOATS BUILDING REGS RELAXATION provide the right type of land as their predecessors in the Labour government.” Mr Moody went on in his speech to forecast that the increasing cost of land would force many small builders out of the industry because of the large amounts of money that had to be tied up in expensive land There isachance that a similar unit of some sort will survive, though probably not in report from the continuing professional development working group which recommended a yoluntary system of education, backed by incentives. The York Centre was: The Government iscurrently )York. The York Centre |Advisory Committee will discuss the setting up of another body, possibly in London, at its meeting in November. This toowilldependoninstitutional to have played a major role in the guidance and co-ordination of the RIBA approach, a job which may now fal to the RIBA. investigating “without commitment” the possibility of relaxing some of the rules governing health and safety requirementsinnewhousing,in purchases. YORK CENTRE TheYorkCentre,setupfive educationasa“keypriority” made its mark, with proposals for continuing education having been taken own programme, and I'd be the up by the RICS, IOB, and last to say that there would be |finally,lastweek,theRIBA, anythingtospareforoutside ~wa who also announced the closure. But ithas not had the support from the work". Compulsory education The RIBA council accepted a - support.Governmentfunding »Acompulsionincontinuing favouroftheuseofinsurance. es ASBESTOS RULES TO BE TIGHTENED Specifiers of products containing asbestos are explicitly obliged to consider its substitution by other materials * the recommendations of the final! report of the advisory | committee on asbestes, published this week. “he committeewantsastavuto! ban on new applications of blue asbestos and statutory control limits on the use ofbrown and white asbestos. There is no quantitative evidence of a risk to the general public from exposure to asbestos dustssays the report, and in worker exposure ithas not been possible to identify a threshold limit, so the committee rejected an across- the-board ban on asbestos. Instead of a “hygiene standard” which implies a level below which exposure is safe, the committee wants a control limit introduced. This gives a realistic level of airborne dust )seems unlikely. The York Centre consisted basically ofits director, Dick |Gardner, plus secretanal support. Its total expenditure |over the five years has been some £70000. Mr Gardner is currently on holiday and unavailable for comment. | That the York Centre has |survived as long as it has is |probablyduetogenerous funding from ARCUK, some |$50 000 in the last five years. |The feeling isthat ARCUK may be unwilling to fund at this level given lack of support from other bodies. The RIBA, paying an the centre last year. The objective of the York Centre, Philip Groves of the advisory committee told | Bralding this week, was to jchange the climate on continuing education. It could fairly be said to have done that, he thought. Without the York centre report last year, the adoption of continuing education at the _RIBA council last week would not have taken place. education is ruled out by the group, unless after a period of several years the voluntary scheme fails. This is recognised as a hot political issue which needs to be discussed further, the report says. Speaking at the first international conference on house warranty, Housing Minister John Stanley told 300 delegates that the Government was investigating the possibility of removing from local authorities the obligation to Cost of the enterprise would be about £19 000 a year—a modest sum to change the outlook and standing of the professions,itcomments.Inthe designofhouses,matenals next year, the outlines of the scheme will be worked up, linking up with the regions and identifying topics of interest. Full development would be in the years 1981 to 1983 by which time the climate of opinion will shave changed, the group hopes, and offices will have started training budgets, the RIBA will have produced guidelines for standards of development, and members will have begun to keep a record of involvement in courses, in office events and personal studies. The group presses for the scheme to go ahead as rapidly as possible, but with its in built dependence on the York Centre, used, and the standards of construction. The present requirements would be replaced — to a greater or lesser degree —by the use of insurance. This would probably operate on the health and safety aspects of housing in the same way that NHBC guarantees presently affect the physical fabric. France has used such a system for some time and provided the Government was satisfied that minimum standards were being set and met and that policies for the conservation of energy were being followed, Mr Stanley saw regulate housing standards through the use of minimum requirements governing the CASH CRISIS CLOSES ry Mr t= SS Andrew Tait, NHBC director, opening the first International Home Warranty Conference, London, on Monday index-linked grant, gave £650 to Building 26 October 1979 E rT ll The York Centre has discharged its role, RIBA |president Bryan Jefferson the RIBA programme may need | no reason why a similar system | above which no person should claimed this week. This had |been to map out the work tobe | Centre at its next education some revision. ARCUK wil consider its should not be employed inthis | be occupationally exposed. country. This recommendation has position in relation to the York HBF president Don Moody _| been welcomed by theAsbestos done and to arouse interest. It | committee meeting in |Was essential that the RIBA now] November, but has not yet been| problem caused by land Government is aware of the picks up on the work, he said, ; asked whether itis prepared to | shortage “they do not seem at |and it would be taking continuing | support any new initiative. present any more willing to AUS Serrember- 1962 ae S _ SpainWasCheaatanhaeineae aS ‘ , there were atOxford Polytechnic. 74 pe ‘ ‘ _ OT Ree CIUSEB (Amw) (1976 revi )(Amw) renee NUEEF TIE a CI/SEB (Amw) complained that although the Cement Manufacturers : Assdctation, which says that it wil provide additional reassurance to building workers handling asbestos cers 2r.. AJ 8 September 1982 TorWnurDErUy — atOxford Polytechnic | CUSSS (Amw) City Centre Edge Hill Wavertree In place of riots The venue isachurch inToxteth,Liverpool 8, Wednesday 14 July 1982 ar 20,30. One Section of the church has been cleared of pews, and grouped around trestle-tables covered with house floor plans are over 70 men and women of all ages. Reflecting the area’s 35 per cent unemployment level, many of them are unemployed, the remain- der mostly in low paid manual and service jobs. All of them are currently living in some of Europe’s worst housing—crumbling six- storey municipal tenements, often without hot water. This is the Mill Street Co-operative and its members have met in the hall two or three nights a week for over three months, designing their 54 new ‘dream houses’ with architect Martyn Carmichael Associates. Even when the World Cup match between England and Spain was shown on television, there were Coppin of Brock or Public Sector SomethingincrediblehashappenedinLiverpool—arguablythemost important step forward in British housing for decades. Without anyone in the rest of the country really noticing, an era spanning 60 years of paternalistic quietly come to an end. In itsplace funded housing has taken over in which the users are firmly in the driving seat. Nick Wates reports. COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE THE LIVERPOOL BREAKTHROUGH | There have been endless research Studies and experiments. Occasionally, as at Byker in Newcastle for instance, architects for new schemes have worked closely with the tenants, but they have always remained accountable to the localauthority. Housing Phase 2 Liverpool City Council no longer uses its own architect’s department to build, on Spec, new public housing for rent—apart from a small amount for special needs. Instead it funds the people who need new housing to Organise the design, construction and management of it themselves through self- generating, self-reliant co-operatives. Liverpool’s first new-build co-operative scheme of 61 homes was funded by the Housing Corporation and is now two-thirds occupied. Nine more, involving 341 families, have been approved and are at various stages ofdesign and construction, and several more are in the pipe-line. All but one are being funded by the city council, /. It works like this. Local authority tenants living in slum clearance areas or deterior- ating tenements organise themselves into groups—so far ranging from 19 to 61family units—and obtain the Management services of one of Liverpool’s co-operative develop- ment agencies: Co-operative Development Services (CDS), Merseyside Improved Houses or Neighbourhood Housing Ser- vices. With its assistance they register as a ‘non-¢quity’ housing Co-operative with limited liability, locate a suitable site and negotiate to buy it. (So far nearly al the land has come from Liverpool City Council or the Merseyside Development Corporation.) They then select a firm of architects with whom they design a scheme which is submitted to a funding body. The scheme is then submitted to the DOE for Subsidy and yardstick approval as on al localauthority funded housing association schemes, When the houses are built, the co-op members become tenants of their homes, paying standard fair rents, but they are also collectively the landlord, responsible for management and maintenance. The full significance of events inLiverpool has not yet been Brasped nationally. The need for participation by tenants in public housing has been talked about foryears. 1 The spread of new-build Co-ops in south Liverpool, Solid dots show sites of those already approved, open circles indicate where co-op members are moving from—invariabl yclose by. Merseyside Development Corporation’s area 18 Shown hatched, with the International Garden Festival site in tint in the south. Co-ops inorder offormation: 1 Weller Streets, 61 units, nearly complete 2 Hesketh Street, 40 UNILS, ON Site 3 Prince Albert Ga rdens, 19 units, on site 4 Dingle Residents, 32 UNITS, on site 5 Grafton Crescent, 30 units, On site soon 6Southern Crescent, 40 1s, design Stage 7Mill Street, 54 units, design stage 8 Shorefields, 46 units, design stage. Two other schemes (Leta Claudia and Thirlmere) not shown on the map are on site in north Liverpool. public housing provision has a new way of building publicly CI/SfB (Amw) (1976 revised) (Amw) But the Liverpool new-build co-ops are totally different. The tenants are not being asked to participate or be involved—they are actually and firmly in control: they choose the professionals they want to work for them, they choose the site, the layout, the floor plans, the elevations, the brick colour and the landscaping—albeit within the normal yardstick restrictions—and, when built, they manage and maintain the estate. The implication of all this for architects and other professionals is immense. Only a handful of firms are involved in the work so far but already they have developed a unique new style of working. Instead of being accountable to council committees or housing association managers, they are accountable to the consumers who are making very different demands on their talents. The architect’s vision, technical expertise and design skill are as important as ever, but, in addition, a new range of knowledge and skills has to be learned. no absentees from the co-op meeting Tonight they are finalising details of their floor plans. Some people are opting for a combined kitchen/diner, others a combined living room/diner, while some want three separate rooms. Coppin moves from table to table, pointing out problems and suggesting ideas on cach person’s layout: “If you want a carpet in your dining room, the last thing you want is french windows into the garden as that’s your only access.” ‘Why not switch the sink round so that you can reach the drainer better?’ You'll get more space in the living room if you turn the staircase round the other way.” Mostly his advice is heeded, occasionally ignored—it’s up to the future occupant to decide—unless the co-op as a_ whole considers the chosen design so bad as to seriously jeopardise future lettability. In the end, the Mill Street Co-op opts for six basic house types with 16 variations Design mectings have become a regular feature of Liverpool 8 nightlife. The previous evening, a few streets away, 10 members of the design committee of the Shorefields Co-op were deciding on brick colour and elevations for their 46 new homes with three architects from Innes Wilkin, Ainsley, Gommon. Daye Ainsley displayed coloured Pantone drawings with a range of They're not houses for people. 1 think the options, 7. After discussion, one banded council housing thing is going to dic out and brickwork solution was rejected because it more houses are going to be built like we're 2 Fohn surveys the site of the co-op’s 46 new homes from afifthfloor access balcony ofdoomed tenements in Liverpool8 where most of the co-op members now live. They wilbe the first new homes built on land controlled by the Merseyside Development Corporation. The site for the International Garden Festival ts in the distance 3 The last days of back to back terraces around Weller Street where 61 families formed Liverpool’s first new-build co-op. Their new homes, mostly complete, are les than half a kilometre away. looked too ‘Noddy-like’. Another suggestion was ruled out because it was too ‘Corpyish’, that is, too much like Liverpool City Council housing The first thing that most co-ops tell their the major spur for the housing co-ops, and few cities better demonstrate the tragic and like those built by the council. ‘Council costly failure of Britain’s public housing. housing is the worst housing ever,’ said Despite having a ‘gross surplus’, almost one- architects is that their homes must not look atOxford Polytechinix 74 CUSIB (Amw) John doing it. It’s more personal—each one personally designed—and it doesn’t cost any more.’ Reaction to ‘Corpy’ housing has indeed been Bailey, chairman of Shorefield Co-op, 34-year-old Bailey, chairman of the Shorefield Co-op ‘Ivs boring, pathetic, inhuman—like someone went into the architect's department and said, “I want 400 houses—get the drawings in by half-three.”” unemployed bricklayer ee AJ 8 September 1982 AJ 7 July 1982 | { 0were ageriene Sr Co-op leaders put the council’s failures down to the fact that tenants w not involved in design and, as a result, the council did not build what people wanted. Furthermore, tightly knit communities were broken up in the rehousing process, causing widespread alienation, which, coupled with irresponsive management and maintenance, led to uncontrollable var m and violence They are convinced that their new homes will not suffer the same fate. For a start, al the co-ops are building on sites close to their old homes (se map and picture) and, by movir masse, the intricate web of family and kir ship ties and local associations will not broken In addition, their involvement in the design and construction process will give them a pride in their homes which no council tenant ever has ‘Once you've designed it yourself you're going to look after it,’ stated one co-op member. ‘You’re not just going into somewhere they’ve built for you. Council estates deteriorate, but ours aren't going to be like that. They’re going to be the best.” In a letter to a local councillor, the chairman of one co-op wrote: ‘Apart from the ambition which comes from the very fact that we are doing something for ourselves there are also prevalent feelings ofbeing part of, taking part in, belonging to and being. It is a very healthy attitude that is positive and contagious.” The community architects Four Liverpool architectural practices are currently working with co-ops Brock Carmichael Associates (two schemes); Innes Wilkin, Ainsley, Gommon (three schemes); McDonnell Hughes (one scheme); and Wilkinson, Hindle and Partners (three schemes). They range from small to medium-sized practices, engaged in a variety AJ]8September 1982 brick colours with architect Dave Ainsley at an architect Mike Padmore to help them choose landscaping for 6] UNITS OF FAMILY HOUSING FOR WELLER STREETS HOUSING COOPERATIVE LTD MINERAL CONTRACTOR WM TOMKINSON& SONS LTD. ; i cheSupparrcommemtryarcemexeurewey CommunityDevelopmentProject(CDP)privateinitiat ee ba. fora numberofyearsattheAands at Oxford Polytechnic okihete CUSIB (Amw) : re 4Some of the Weller Streets Co-op members ture to celebrate the beginning of work on site, August 1980. 5 The Thirlmere Co-op is addressed by 1s secretary, Mrs Martin, in the local church hall where itholds al itsmeetings 6Architect David Wilkinson discusses site with mem 1Co-op Shorefield Co-op’s design committee chooses rT scheme. ae grecimenre ny ryury198zZ = t that are having their top floors cut off to form single-storey houses at a cost of £20 million. Only last month the council agreed THE LIVERPOOL BREAKTHROUGH \ ‘ evening meeting. ler Streets Co-op members visit the Ness university botanical gardens with landscape third of the city’s housing stock of 75 000 units is now classified as ‘hard to let’, including much built since the war. Some 6000 homes are empty because no one will live in them. Much is scheduled for demolition, some is undergoing desperate last ditch surgery, like the ’50s walk-up flats pose for a pict to demolish some *50s low rise housing wernerere 54 "for anum! atOxford Polytechnic —-7-+ _ 74 CISEB (Amw) AJ7 July 1982 ray Grafton Street Cis 20m 19 z ; of work throughout the Liverpool area. In services all but two of those currently in existence. In a special pamphlet for co-ops called Choosing an architect, CDS describes the architect’s appointment as ‘one of the most important decisions that the co-op will take.... The architect is the co-op’s employee, agent, teacher, adviser, designer, negotiator.’ It also stresses that ‘the co-op and its architect will work together very closely for up to three years and the human or personality angle will be very important.” CDS provides co-ops with a list of firms it considers competent from which to short- list, although co-ops can of course add to the list if they choose. The pamphlet lists questions which might be asked at the interview, for instance: “What was the worst mistake you ever made as an architect?” While advising on procedure, CDS plays no part in final selection: this is up to the co- ops. The chairman of one co-op described the judging criteria as: Community Development Project (CDP) private initiatives have been more errective” by architects working with co-ops. 10 Grafton (Brock Ca rmichael). A central pedestrian spine and minimum car penetration provides an easily defensible core for the close- knit community. 11 Shorefields (Innes Wilkin, Ainsley, Gommon). Rejecting anything remotely addition, Merseyside Improved Houses 1s doing one scheme in-house. Invariably the architects actually doing the work are in their twenties or thirties. The starting point for architects is being interviewed by the co-ops, & process conducted with remarkable rigour. The co- ops usually insist on visiting previous examples of the architect's work, followed by an interview. One co-op interviewed no less than eight architects and made its choice by secret ballot using a non-transferable vote system. Co-ops are advised by their co-op agency on how to select an architect. The most active agency so far has been CDS, a non-profit- making registered housing association with a stock of 900 houses in the area controlled by avoluntary management committee elected from tenants and co-ops buying its services. CDS has played a pioneering role in getting the new-build co-op movement rolling, and 9 Ground floor plans for the Shorefield Co-op. Of 20 alternatives drawn up by Innes Wilkin, Ainsley, Gommon, the co-op chose the topfour shown. The bottom one was evolved with three families who wanted separate dining rooms overlooking the rear garden. A wide variety of site layouts has been evolved ‘| The people must be the ones who tell the architects what should bebuilt. 2 The architects’ involvement with the co-op must be total. 3The architects should act as advisers and scribes. (Tell us what is and isn’t possible and suggest alternatives.)’ Communicating and learning Selection over, the first task is educa- tional—for the architects to discover the needs and aspirations of the co-op (both individually and collectively), and for the co- op members to learn about architecture and the building process. ‘It’s like teaching the first three years of an architecture course to 70 people in 6 weeks,’ said architect Bill Halsall, partner in Wilkinson, Hindle and Dartners, ‘but it’s a mutual process. It is possibly more important for the architect to be able to listen and learn, and in the process unlearn previous professional preconcep- tions.” AJ 8 September 1982 Fol'years atihe AA and wscurrently afacarch musent 74 ‘Corpyish’, the co-op opted for semi-detached houses in spec-style arcadian layout, a solution made possible by a virgin unrestricted site. 12 Weller Streets (Wilkinson, Hindle). A courtyard scheme with six houses per court. 13 Leta Claudia (Wilkinson, Hindle). The solution for this long narrow site was evolved using a flexible model. Unlike other co-ops, old people wanted to be separate from families and their bungalows are grouped at the top right round a communal room/co-op office. 14Elevations for Grafton reflect a desire for a change, something different from normal council schemes. make design decisions’. All the architects have used models of various kinds, but in the end found that drawings are the most effective design tool which, perhaps surprisingly, people soon find easy to use and understand. ‘At first we couldn’t understand drawings,’ said Francis Mogan, secretary of Mill Street Co-op, ‘but once Martyn (the architect) had sat down and drawn little people and furniture on them, people soon got the hang of it.’ The architects have similarly found that people soon grasp the complexities of government yardsticks, Building Regu- lations and space standards, so that, as one put it, ‘cost yardstick densities are bandied around as easily as the latest supermarket prices’. Through developing a close working rela- tionship, professional barriers are broken down. ‘Professional people are no longer faceless. We’ve broken down the language barrier and learned how to handle the professional mystique,’ said one co-op chairman. Another said: ‘Professional people usually think they're better, superior. We didn’t know what they were about at first; now we know they’re people who can be very useful.” ‘The co-ops have an enormous loyalty to their architects, vying with each other as to whose is best,’ said CDS development officer Paul Lusk. ‘People talk about “our” architect, which isincredible when you think how architects were thought of a few years ago.” Each co-op has different priorities and these are reflected in the design solutions they evolve with their architects. The layouts of the schemes on the drawing board, for instance, vary considerably, Some have gone for semis, some for a more urban streetscape with small courts and alley ways. One scheme has old people in three single-storey houses, while another has integrated the old people in special flats which are deliberately indistinguishable from adjacent housing. The co-ops also vary in the extent to which they encourage individual eccentricities. Some have restricted themselves to a limited range of house types; in others almost every house is different. Same fee—harder work Inevitably working this way involves The practices vary in their relationships with local hall but regularly visit the architects’ architects in a great deal more work than deal with internal layouts and finishes. Most co-ops set up a design base in a convenient Wilkin, are ‘the most effective way of choices. To avoid this they see competition allowing people without design skills to between architects in getting the work as 55 AJ 8 September 1982 offices. they would have devoted to an equivalent ‘An early breakthrough was to sit around a amount of public housing in the past—an table—instead of round a room,’ claimed estimated 7hr per week over two years, Halsall. ‘It was psychological—developing a according to one architect. Yet, although it is the co-ops and are developing and refining new techniques all the time. A common early ploy is to give everyone a tape measure. “The most useful phase ever was when people measured the furniture in their own homes, cut it out in cardboard and fitted it on plans,’ said Coppin. ‘They were getting physically involved and it was the most useful device for getting past the threshold of people just thinking they were getting a new home.’ Architect Mike McDonnell visited al his co- A variety of techniques have been used to op members in their own houses. “It was familiarise people with the design process old rope, designing council housing,” workman-like attitude—and helped develop too early for those involved to have made a the idea ofprofessionals and co-op members working together on an equal basis rather than the architect lecturing. The first architectural discussion is how you organise yourself in the room.’ final calculation, at 6 per cent of contract price the work is stil thought to be profitable. CDS believes that this merely demonstrates that for 60 years architects of public housing have simply not been doing their work thoroughly. ‘It’s been money for and make them aware of the options and claimed Lusk. ‘Architects didn’t put invaluable. It gaye me a tremendous insight into what people were like and really helped with discussions.” Some co-ops have opted for having a design committee which liaises with the architect, work were shown using slides or an epi- CDS’s main concern now is that architects others have involved everyone al the time. diascope. Coach trips to see other examples should not try to save time by bull-dozing One co-op set up an ‘outside’ committee to of housing and landscape are extremely through their own ideas instead of deal with layout and an ‘inside’ committee to popular and, according to Dave Innes presenting co-ops with a wide range of choices open to them. Kids haye made models at school and taken part in painting competitions of houses. Examples of other anything in apart from reading design guides on what people were thought to want and producing standardisedplans.” CUS (Amv) AJ 7July 1982 ay jury T9sZ THE LIVERPOOL BREAKTHROUGH foughtintoSaltiey,Birmingnam,vyureeevee:VS——— Z~ Cane Project (CDP) private initiatives have been more effective the Support community architecture group in London. He taught for a number of years at the AA and is currently a research stedent atOxford Polytechnic Community Development overtime rates dedicated difficulty 1s An additional absurd financial that architects are not guaranteed any fecs at all until the site 1s purchased, by which ume a substantial amount of work has already been done. Some firms have had to work for up to two years Wjthout receiving any income and with the prospect that if the project fell through they w ould never receive any involved in the Despite this, all the architects work are finding 1t extremely stimulating ‘Working with a co-op presents the architect with an opportunity to open design precon- ceptions to criticism from which to learn,’ wrote Danielle Pacaud of Innes Wilkin, Ainsley, Gommon. ~There are obvious gains gers having first st the stirring of concludes Work enjoyable. Itisthemostrewarding discovered homes hav: designer under CUSIB (Amw) AJ7 July 1982 the architect’s imagination from the rman mee a neighbourhood and build new homes designed to their own specifications to be owned, controlled, managed and maintained by themselves 1s 4 remarkable one for which there is not space here. Now, though, the battles are over and most of the co-op members are settling down in their new homes and proudly showing visitors around, casually pointing out snagging details which would normally only be spotted by 2 trained building surveyor and monitoring the final construction process ‘What's going to happen behind this wall here, Bill (the architect)? If we don’t fil it with earth it’s going to become a rubbish trap.’ Bill agrees, and a solution 1s quickly 15 Members of the Thirlmere Co-op discuss the site layout for their 40 new homes on site with architects from Merseyside Improved Houses 16 Weller Streets Co-op ‘dig-in’, August 1980. Everyone in the co-op joined in to clear the site. Four lorryloads of cobble-stones were gathered and used later for landscaping. The event was also a good morale booster ata slack time between design and construction. essential. An architect who skimped would never get another job, at least in Liverpool On the other hand, the anti-social hours that architects have to work can create stresses within practices (and marriages), and the amount of extra work required would not be possible for practices paying normal Architects have to be in users rather than man ect, not mines local authority housing, as well as from the overriding emphasis on cost In eloper housing. On reflection, the co- ive works so well that to return to other systems of housing production would seem for us a step backw ards into contradictions whose resolution has been the first new-build co-op scheme is already three-quarters built and provides grounds for hope. This is the Weller Streets Co-op which is also important because it 1S having a vital call on an arc the imagination of the pressure tO consider primarily trying to live in his or her buildings rather than trying to organise the smooth management of them.” A report by Innes Wilkin, Ainsley, Gommon with co-ops is proving very experience in housing design that we have had as a practice Or as individuals. It releases stereotype of t building user conceived from a housing manager's point of view that agreed before we move on The scheme comprises 10 courts with six houses around each ‘We wanted itsmall and intimate,’ said one co-Op member. The courts were designed as the key to estate management, with decision making devolved to each court as much as possible They are seen as communal rather than public open spaces, where toddlers can play freely, although they are linked by a network of paths and the public are free to wander through. However, care was taken in the planning to ensure that they won't be used as short cuts, 12. Significantly the co-op had to fight hard for the courtyard layout because the city owsoe Paving the way Whether the universal optimism by tenants ind professionals involved is well founded will not be finally proved until the new din for some years. But ‘demonstration effect’ in stimulating the growth of Liv erpool’s other Co-Ops Much of the philosophy and techniques of communal design and participation Which are now becoming Widespread in Liverpool were evolved by the Weller Streets Co-op, CDS and architects, Wilkinson, Hindle and Part- ners. ‘Weller Streets paved the way by showing that the seem y impossible could be achieved,’ said Walter Menzies, special projects manager of Merseyside Improved Houses—Liverpool’s largest housing associa- tion—which 1s now moving into new-build co-ops and already has two under its wing in its role as an enabling agency The story of how 61 families living in sordid back to back slums, galvanised by their local milkman, fought bureaucracy and political inertia to make history by getting £1-3 million of public money to buy land in their AJ 8 September 1962 AJ7 July 1982 57 AJ 8 September 1982 THE LIVERPOOL BREAKTHROUGH engineer insisted there should be 4 Jitter every day. In practice, people take a designed by its users to be maintained by its hammerhead to accommodate articulated pride in doing it,’ said the co-op chairman. users—a concept which could offer an alter- lorries turning in each one. This would have (The co-op symbolically got its own back on native to the current choice between an completely destroyed the co-op’s concept by the city engineer by insisting on calling its increasing burden of landscaping main- requiring 12 houses round each court instead new street ‘Weller Way’ despite his protesta- tenance or a featureless, bland environment of six. ‘The whole point was that we didn’t tions about the “obvious implications’ .) attempting the unachievable goal of no want articulated lorries turning in our The designissimpleand almost utilitarian, 17. maintenance.’ Residents 1n each court had courtyards,’ said a co-op member. The city The same red brick is used throughout their own ideas and preferences, so that each engineer stood firm, so the co-op decided to (‘Everyone was in favour of using different will have a very different feel. have the courts ‘unadopted’, which means It, coloured bricks, but everyone wanted redin Weller Streets’ houses are less customised rather than the council, will have to maintain them. It was a decision that no conventional housing association could possibly have taken. their own courts’). “Bay windows were than some of the co-ops’ now on the drawing thought to be a bourgeoisie irrelevance,’ said board, with only six different house types Halsall. ‘Instead they went for super out ofa total of 61 units. (Members picked insulationstandardstocutdownfuelbills.’ outofahattodecide,withineachhouse High priority was given to quality fixings to tYPS> who should have which house, but reduce future maintenance, and to security, many people have since swapped.) A major So far this has not been a problem. ‘Each courtyard has 4 cleaning rota to sweep UP 17 Liverpool’s first new build co-op scheme, Weller Streets, completed summer 1982. 18 Co-op chairman Peter Tyrrel with his family one week after moving into their home. defensible space and ease of management The scheme was designed withmanagement very much in mind and the architects have provided each house with a manual. The co- op could have taken out a management agreement with CDS but, significantly, decided last year to dispense with its services altogether. ‘We feel we've built up sufficient expertise to run it ourselves,’ said a co-op member. ‘If they hadn’t designed their own scheme, they couldn’t have managed it,’ commented Bill Halsall. Landscaping also received high priority, with co-op members visiung other land- scaping schemes (notably Runcorn) and botanic gardens with landscape architect Mike Padmore of COMTECHSA (AJ 7.7.82 p74), 8. According to Padmore, the landscaping is ‘a unique pilot scheme, exploring the possibilities of an environment cy eee ee prUEE UL CIC CHMLITY UTA yoruntary-ana —$—<$—— een currentryWTEsCSCSTUSENT at Oxford Polytechsic Community Development Project (CDP) private initiatives have been more effective 74 CUSEB (Amw) 58 AJ 8 September 1982 AJ 7July 1982 ae sayy re 74 CUSEB (Amw) New horizons Despite their achievement, the Liverpool co- ops have only just begun to explore the potential of user control. The current schemes are being conducted within an extremely tight framework of yardsticks and space standards, which leaves little room for experimentation, creativity and significant individual eccentricity. The present financial arrangements, for instance, are a deterrent to users doing any self-build, since it would just lead to a reduction in the grant. The tight restrictions and control over the form of public housing were introduced in part to protect users against architects who were working at arm’s length. With architects working directly for users, many of the restrictions could be relaxed. Regardless of whether new-build co-ops on the Liverpool model become more wide- spread, those involved think there are extensive possibilities for the lessons and techniques being developed there to be applied in other directions. There is no reason, for instance, why the close working relationship between architects and users existing in Liverpool’s co-ops could not be equally successful in other forms of tenure— for instance equity sharing or even in the private spec market. CDS might well be proved right in denying that Liyerpool’s new-build co-ops represent the end of council housing. ‘It’s the beginning of council housing,’ it says. ‘It’s public sector housing phase Day It may also signal the beginning of a new era for housing architects generally in which users, at last, become the clients. sail 7/pte x ed LPL ILO 19 One of Weller Streets’ 10 courtya rds. There are six houses in each with those for the elderly indistinguishable from the rest. t. ‘ Ao Oe monyhallecys elvideeefiat am Soerent caagaglReSom the rehab co-ops and, having proved themselves, new-build was a_ logical development. Liverpool’s housing policy has three com- ponents, according to chairman of housing, Chris Davies: stopping decay through a massive programme of housing action areas in strict order of need anyway, involving tenants effectively in design requires, by definition, preselection of tenants. This has always been the main stumbling block in the past in this country (although other coun- tries like the Netherlands have been doing it for years (AJ 30.8.78 p374)) because Labour and other politicians fear that they cannot predict who will be in priority need suffi- ciently far in advance. Co-op members, they say, are jumping the waiting list. Liverpool has clearly decided that any injustice in preselection—and indeed acertain amount of self-selection—is far outweighed by the benefits of self-determination and involvement. Tt is significant that many Labour coun- cillors in Liverpool who were formerly opposed to co-ops are now starting to show more enthusiasm, and the council is attempting to allay some criticism by incorporating co-ops in a more compre hensive housing programme. One scheme with Merseyside Improved Houses now on the drawing board will entail offering everyone in a tenement clearance area the choice ofeither forming anew-build co-op or being transferred to municipal accommoda- tion or moving into rehab property. ‘It’s a model of how local authorities should deal with housing,’ said Menzies. row blew up when one member wanted a containing 30 000 properties; cheap green bath, and in the end it was decided that everyone should have white. This reflects partly the co-op’s particularly strong egalitarian principles which are mile of the sites); and new-build for rent evident throughout the scheme, and partly the fact that it was the first and already had enough on its plate. ‘The whole thing was touch and go,’ remarked a co-op member. ‘We only managed to sign the contract two months before the Government’s housing moratorium. We could have fallen by a green bath.’ through housing co-ops and housing associations. The most important breakthrough isthat it is now official council policy that tenants shall be involved in the design of their new rented houses. The council only supports housing associations on that basis. ‘It is the way forward for the public sector,’ said Davies. ‘We've got to have people involved in order to strengthen the community base and to give people more responsibility, self- control and self-respect.” developer housing for sale (2000 have been built, mostly by Barratt’s and Wimpey’s, and most of it sold to people who lived within 1 As the good news ripples through the city, new co-ops are forming faster than the professional services can cope. ‘The trouble now is controlling the co-ops,’ said Davies. ‘We haven’t got money for endless new- build co-ops.” He is in the process ofturning one down and delaying another. Whether Liverpool’s lead will be followed is difficult to determine. Charles Barnes, a DOE principal architect in the North-West, who has dealt with the Liverpool co-ops, is personally enthusiastic about them. But he stressed the importance of local authority support: ‘The local authorities are the key link in al this. They’re providing the funds. This department can’t do anything unless the co-ops have the backing of the local authority.” Inevitably there are stil many unanswered questions, Will the co-ops stand the test of time? Will they manage to maintain the current enthusiasm and involvement to handle maintenance and management effec- tively? What will happen when people start to leave, and others, who were not involved in the design process, take their place? If the public sector were to rely completely on co- ops for al new-build, will some people be left out? The last point is the nub of Labour council’s reluctance to be more positive about co-ops (or any kind of tenant involvement in design)—it does not secure rehousing in strict order of need. Leaving aside the question of whether current waiting list procedure houses people .Pe * ks * ee Tenants’ control for real In the long term the importance of Weller Streets’ scheme is that it happened at all. It has demonstrated beyond doubt that tenants’ control over the process of design and construction of their homes is possible, even efficient. Catherine Meredith, director of CDS, points out that despite delays due to being a pioneer, Weller Streets was the ‘fastest housing association new-build scheme on Merseyside, from land registra- tion to start on site. So much for the argument that participation slows the process down too much.” As a result of Weller Streets’ success, tenants’ contro] is becoming a reality in Liverpool. That the co-ops emerged there is due to a unique combination of local determination, patient hard work over the last decade by a wide range of radical professional enablers, and oscillating party political control of the city council, which culminated in full backing by the ruling Liberal Party, with, significantly, active support from the Tories. Since 1970 rehab housing co-ops have been making their mark in Liverpool, with some two dozen co-ops now having rehabilitated over 1000 properties (AJ 29.6.77 p1215). The co-operative servicing agencies (secon- dary co-ops) and many of the architects now doing the new-build work cut their teeth on PHOTOGRAPHS: CDS 4,16;MIH 5,6,15; COMTECHSA 8;NICK WATES 2,7,18;JOHN MILLS PHOTOGRAPHY 5,17,19. — 74 wt | 1 ‘The failure of many attempts over the last three decades to tackle the problem of inner city decline successfully 1sstriking. Theproportion of national resources devoted to resolving the problem isclearly an important consideration, but it is noricea ble that large sums have been spent to little apparent effect.” (Lord Scarman) for a number of years at the AA and is¢ urremily ® research student at Oxford Polytechsic HERE ILLTHE Architects as fund raisers Many of the so-called community architects work in inner city area with voluntary involved: for instance, Shankland Cox on the groups. These groups have made use of Inner Area Studies, although this involved *Tom Woolley is an architect with experience ranging from community work oa 3Glasgow housing estate 10 practisingwith the Suppor¢ unity architecture group in Londen He twught minimal contact with community groups (AJ 19.1.77 p140), and Rod Hackney, who was brought into Saltley, Birmingham, by the Community Development Project (CDP) ‘urban programme! finance to rehabilitate there (AJ 5.10.77 pp630-636). buildings or even construct new ones. But there have been some encouraging deve- To obtain approval for grant aid, project lopments recently with the establishment by initiators have to demonstrate the feasibility the voluntary sector of some technical aid and likely cost of any building work. For centres. In _ Liverpool there are some time many sympathetic local architects COMTECHSA and the Community Pro- and other professionals have provided this jects Advisory Service, and in Manchester information—usually without payment. The the Community Technical Aid Centre. In early discussions about community architec- Glasgow ASSIST (AJ 10.11.76 pp899-908) ture, for instance In the RIBA Community Architecture Working Group (CAWG) report (AJ 39.11.78 p1023), were verymuch has been offering aid on an informal basis and there are plans for an aid centre in the city. In Newcastle the Architecture Work- concerned about the extent of such shop is increasingly taking on this role. In ‘speculative work’, Some private practices London Support and NUBS (Neighbour- even found that once the project was hood Use and Building Services) exist and approved, local authority architects would plans are well advanced for an organisation attempt to take over and their speculative called CLAWS (Community Land and investment would be wasted. Workspace Services). However, there is stil Experience has shown that community a yawning gap be filled between the architects should know a lot about fund demand and readily available professional raisingsothattheycanassisttheirclientsto advice. obtain the finance for the project as well as their own fees. Over the years it has not been easy for com- munity groups t0 find sympathetic profes- sionals who understand these problems. With the exception of SNAP (the Shelter Neighbourhood Action Project, AJ 3.1.73 pp249-250) in 1969, there have been few organised interventions to provide technical aid to community groups: This is surprising when one looks at the extensive serics of measures aimed at dealing with the inner city’s ‘pockets of deprivation’ or releasing ‘community initiatives’ to tackle social problems, 2. Some private practices did get edoibaCoedol ARD—REPORT ? fs ANDREW WI! 4, Tom Woolley* looks at the crucial issue of community architecture funding in the contextof government strategies to tackle inner city problems of urban deprivation and unemployment. He talks to Tom King,Minister forLocal Government and Environmental Services, about the role of the new Urban Initiatives Fund and examines some of the issues and problems in financing the voluntary sector. The announcement of the Government's £100 000 Urban Initiatives Fund (UIF) is important because it provides additional funding (albeit a small amount) for com- munity projects. It also indicates 4 change of emphasis in its recognition of the contribu- tion of voluntary groups in tackling inner city problems and of the importance of providing professional advice to those groups engaged incapital (building)projects. There is some debate within the profession about whether this new government finance should go to agencies such as community technical aid centres or tOprivate practice. Concern has also been expressed by some (for example, P. Lambert’s letter in AJ 16.6.82 p35) that much of the UIF money might be snapped up by the RIBA to finance its administrative work promoting com: munity architecture rather than going directly to projects. CUSSB (Am) private initiatives have been more effective AJ7July1982 Increasing emphasis on the voluntary sector The interview with Tom King shows that the provision of government funding for government technical support to voluntary initiatives marks 4 significant recent shift in policy emphasis. Despite 14 years of inner city schemes, poverty, unemployment, de- caying environments and social conflict remain. They were brought sharply into focus by the 1981 riots. The Conservative Government, committed to cutting public expenditure, has actually increased its budget for the inner city as 4 result; the traditional urban programme allocation for 1982-83 1s £24-6 million compared with £16-5 million in 1981-82. An increasing share of this money 1s likely to go to the voluntary sector, which is some recognition of the claim that voluntary and \ Carol Bucknell News and Features hs NOQUIR READERS’ ENQUIFha Fach feacur | CISyB The AJ15ave Please appl ; ntlybeen Alison Gauldie BA Buildings BUILDINGS EDI TOR DipUD, RegArch i ISSN 003-3466 Elwyn Jones CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMEN T MANAGER David Thorne SALESOFFICE MANAGER Brian Storey PRODUCTION MANAGER Willie Evans ASSISTANT PRODUCTION MANAGER Malcolm Todd AJ7 July 1982 FEATURE SEDITOR dD, wickshank BA NEWS EDITOR Charlorte Bilis DipArch, RegArch ASSISTANT NEWS EDI OR Belinda Ward BA Patrick Haxway Dip ASSISTANT BU Buchanan BArce Lynne Jackson INGS EDITORS ArchitecturalPracticeResearchand Advertising ADVERTISEMEN Roger Beil LONDON AND SOUTHERN AREA MANAGERS T MANAGER Phillip Capstick Malcom Hasniten Barry Law Rickard Maguire BA MIDLANDS AND W ALES MANAGER Ronald Baker NORTHERN AND 5 OTLAND MANAGER Circulation CIRCULATION Eamonn Vincent MANAGER COVER: British architecture for export (see p23). Illustration | based on Moroccan tiledesign Limelite Finishing Specially formulated for use over Limelite Plasters. It is porous, assists rapid drying out of walls- permitting early decoration. | PLASTER | | APRODUCTOF —_— ata Tilcon Limited SPECIAL PRODUCTS DIVISION Limelite Lightweight Plasters— Sales Office |74 COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE: Where will the money | come from? Tom Woolley discusses the funding of community architecture in the inner city, and interviews local government | minister Tom King about the UIF and the voluntary sector NEWS SECRE TARY Limelite Renovating Controls dampness passing through plastered walls and is also suitable where new damp- proof courses OF systems have been installed. | | 79. ASTRAGAL Vauxhall Cross double; Classicism revived in Shepherds Bush, Winchester and CoventGarden 81 LETTERS: Double takes of people and pictures; Jolly Jencks; Popular views of community architecture |86 HELLMAN ANDDIARY | | 83 REPORT: LDDC planners put to the test; Commons favour Vauxhall Cross SDO; Lubetkin’s Gold; Bristol’s fate reconsidered THE ARCHITEC TS’ JOURNAL | 7JULY 1982 Editorial Consultant DACA, Bayne© BE, Hon FRIBA | SECRETARY TO THE EDITORIAL CONSULTANT NUMBER 27 VOLUME 176 Please use the yellow AJ Reader’s Enquiry Card atthe backofthis journal when seeking information about products of trade literature advertised or reviewed in this issue It helps both the manufacturer and the AJ to know the original source of the enquiry Editor LeiteReiremsten é E Information Library TECHNICAL EDI TOR MA, MA(Arch), RIBA TIVE TECHNIC ‘AL EDITOR 1sMSc NT TECHNICAL EDITORS Anthony Ferguson MSc BArch, RIAS Graham Parsey ASSIST TYPRODUCTS EDITOR Jane Taylor BSe (Eng) LIBRARIAN Dorechy Ponrin ALA Limelite Cement Backing Dry bagged LIGHTWEIGHT plasterwith similar properties to 4 1:1:6 cement:lime:sand mortar. The ideal backing - offering a hard durable background surface, developing very little suction. Lingerfield, Scotton, Knaresborough North Yorkshire HGS 9JN Telephone: Harrogate (0423) 864041 Telex: 57471 | Gillan Collymore EDITORIAL SEC RETARY ¥ CARDS; Amew form oJ lypaid en be Al prices quored are for pounds sterling For more details enter 1748 on AJ enquiry card | Telex 8953505 —_—_— SS a ee em | Ealing |Greenwich 8 13 | |Haringey = 1 ee OFINNERcity| |THE FAILURE FROM |Havering - _Hounslow 8 |POLICIES: EXTRACT AGOVERNMENT REPORT* | 4 | |andChelsea — 13 | | didnot | ‘Local authorities |Lewisham |Merton |Newham |Redbridge |Southwark |Tower Hamlets |Waltham Forest 3 8 2 4 3 7 2 | |explicitly and consistently |attempt to channel traditional 6 — urban programme funds |towards the worst areas.’ 12 | — | 138 | | | | | 2 5 = |Harrow 1 1 | | Borough Local Volun- | Kensington 5 2 Wandsworth 4 6 4 6 | |Westminster — |TLEA |GLC TOTAL 3 | 14 author- tary | ity organisa- | projects tion | projects | 3— — 3 | Barking |Barnet 1 6 | Bexley 3 1 | |Brent 1 = | |Bromley |Camden |Croydon 3 8 1 66 1 | 3 | 13 | | one lar e~ Selected bibliography - The urden programme, the partnerships at work, Department of the Enviroament, 198) Review ofthetraditions!urbanprogramTMs Department ofthe Environment Inner Cities Directorate, March 1950 Donnison, D. and Soto, P The good city, Heinemann, 1980 The Econoreist, 13.382 pP 40-32, 10.4.82 pp3?-35, 2, 82 pp3e-+0. Eversley, D. ‘Retrospects and prospects’, The Planner,November 1981 Gough, L.,Thepolitical economy of the Welfare State, Macmillan, 1979, Hall, P. (ed) The inner cary te context, Social Scence Research Council, 1981 Potiey for the anner calves, HMSO, June 1977 The Brixton dirordert, H MSO, November 198) Whosefoun1IrayeHMSO,1952,(ReportofDurham conference) Home, R. K. Inner city regeneration, Spon, 1982.* Jones,C. (e4.) Urban deprrvatior and the inner <tly, Croom Helm, 1979 Lawless, P. Britain's tuner cities, Harper and Row, 1981." London Comenunity Work Service Newsletter, June 1952, No4l, Urban Aid Supplement Nabarro, R. and McDonald, L. “The urban programme’, The Planner, November 1978. Inver city mettoork, National Council for Voluntary Organisacion®, May 1952 Steen,A.D.Newlifeforoldcxticeaiofmindsustry,198) Regenerating our snner cities, Trades Union Congress, July 1981 *AJ ‘best bays’ OF FUNDS FOR TARY GROUPS* [HISTORY OFINNER CITY | Contact the National Council of Voluntary Organisations, Inner Cities Unit, 26 Bedford Square, | | London, WCIB 3HU (001-636 4066) \4 eS | POLICIES | | | | | | and Education Priority Areas. | 1968 Two weeks after Powell’s | ‘Rivers of blood’ speech, Callaghan lau nches Home | Office run Urban Aid Programme, Community Development Projects (CDPs) | | Urban Development | Corporation and Enterprise | Zones established. | «Many projects funded by local | |authorities, however, didseem— | |Urban programme: | (a) traditional urban programme |for deprived areas not including | inner city partnership and rogramme authority areas (b) inner city programme— partnership and programme authorities Local authority grants—rates funded Local education authorities— especially youth services Conservation—most architects will be aware of these sources The Sports Council Tourist boards The Arts Council | Health authorities | European social fund, EEC | The Prince of Wales Committee | Charitable sources Parish funds Commerce and industry Breweries—where licensed bars are included in schemes |Manpower Services Commission | | Liverpool8. As well as running jts own direct jabour | team, theNewcastle workshop hasmoved from being an environmental education 1972 | New Conservative Government commissions Inner AreaStudies. Peter Walker pratses SNAP. | resource [0 becoming 4 technical advice | service, But, aS competition for funds becomes fiercer, the survival of even this | |1973 enterprise 1s 1n question (AJ 9.6.82 p38). | 1982 Large increase in inner city spending announced. | | FJome Office Urban | Riots in Brixton, Toxteth, Moss Side, ete. Heseltine becomes M inister for Merseyside. | workers with tradesmen supervisors, has managed to employ 4 site architect to super vise their building projects, but he is paid £89 a week while the supervisors he instructs get £116 a week. |4969 ShelterNeighbourhoodAction | | Project(SNAP) setup1 | 4979 | Heseltine announces poltcy | review. Local government and | other spending cuts stepped up. | Centre for Environmental | Studies closed. | | to fall under the category of | | “more of the same”’.’ | | <Yoluntary sector projects | appeared,onthewhole,tofulfil | more of the traditional urban | sinner Cities Directorate, DOE, 1980 3i ) 1978 Inner Urban Area Act comes | practices with expertise in community Pro jects and technical advice centres. An exampleofthis partnership isthe Design Co-operative's close relationship with the nearby Community Technical Aid Centre in Manchester. However, such developments are themselves hampered by shortage of funds to which the UIF will only make a small contribution. | into force. Partnership scheme | | 15 ‘programme authorities’. Urban aid continues as “rraditional urban ard’. | Ian Finlay, of the Design Co-operative and | chairmanof the RIBA’s Projects Committee, ser up, with bulk of money going £0partnership areas and | | Architect as enabler Finance is likely to be one of the main topics under debate tomorrow, 8 July, at the RIBA’s community architecture conference. No clear policy has yet emerged from the RIBA, but it seems likely that the emphasis will be on a partnership between private believes that the Government will have to provide increased finance for such develop- ments. He, like Rod Hackney (AJ 13.1.82 p22), considers that it is time that free architectural advice 15 available like legal aid and most medical services. He argues that environmental problems are often at the root of medical and legal issues, and that local authorities are increasingly unable oF unwilling to tackle such problems. However, until funding is adequate and pro- vides for the essential professional contribu- tion to the job, it will be difficult to evaluate just how effective professional enabling can be. The imaginauon, skill and commitment are there, but theireffective application is threatened by 4 combination of bureaucracy and shortage of moncy- *From the London Community Work ServiceNewsletter | Deprivation Unit set up. | 1974 | Comprehensive community | programmes setup. | | 4977. CDPs closed down and Home | Office refuses 10 publish final | report. Labour Government | | | publishes White Paper on | policy for the inner cities and | DOE takes over responsibility from Home Of Ice. programme criteria than those | ‘submitted by local authorities.’ *Further information may be obtained from three | papers which will be available shortly Funding and planning a pacant building project, Funding skills and rechnacal support, and The role of local authorities. _— —= |1982 URBAN PROGRAMME | |PROJECTS IN LONDON* | AJ7 July 1982 Fighting for fees to the voluntary Given a shift in emphasis sector, will it be any easier for community groups to get professional advice? Urban aid and partnership funds for capital projects usually allow for fees at normal RIBA rates. These only become available once a project is approved. But thecrucial work is usually to establish the feasibility of projects: few voluntary groups can raise enough funds to mect the hourly charges of the professionals engaged in thisessential work. Experience in the field hardens some to this problem. The Design Co-operative in Manchester told me that it always charges £10 an hour after attending one or two initial meetings. In order to pay for such unfunded fees, some groups raise the money in 2 variety of ways, ranging from local authority grants to jumble sales. do give free In some cases local authorities assistance to voluntary groups in preparing applications, but this is very rare. Local councils of social service may attempt to co-ordinate applications to ensure that those most likely to succeed are pushed forward. However, many promising initiatives fail to get past the first stage. The usual pattern of project funding is to put together money from a variety of sources, 5. Typically, 4 redundant or tem- porary building isacquired for low costwith financial assistance from the local authority, urban programme money pays for materials and fees and the Manpower Services Com- mission (MSC) pays for building labour. Any shortfall comes from fund raising and private sources. expertise The accounting and management to co-ordinate this work is considerable, especially when some agencies persistently fail to recognise the problem. The MSC, for instance, assists many projects through its Youth Opportunities Programme (YOP) and Community Enterprise Programme (CEP). However, the MSC has completely failed to recognise the importance of professional input to projects. Many job creation schemes involve building work and the MSC regional committees always demand ahigh degree of technical detail, drawings, specifications, work programmes, cash flow schemes, plan- ning permission etc before approval is given. But even after approval no allowance is made in the funding arrangements for professional fees. this A number of projects have overcomearchi- problem by employing unemployed tects and technicians on their schemes. The Neweastle Architecture Workshop, for example, employing 20 trainee building > 75 lu arecent conference organised by the Labour Co-ordinating Committee, called ‘Beyond welfare’, has started discussions about more democratic and attractive objectives for the Welfare State. Itsuggests that local authority services should be devolved and demo- cratised, but there have been few steps (0 develop this in public architecture offices. It therefore seems likely that, in future, private and voluntary initiatives will be to the fore. in terms of the urban programme, despite the fact that the voluntary sector has received only asmall portion ofavailable funds. Apart from massive expenditure on expen- sive research (for instance, Inner Area Studies and CDPs) 75 per cent of traditional urban aid allocations between 1968 and 1969 went to local authorities. When implement- ing the cuts, local authorities have used inner city money to keep departmental pro- grammes going, rather than evaluating the most effective ways of spending It. This clearly influenced Lord Scarman in his strongly worded condemnation of the failure of inner city policies (sec caption to fig 1). The DOE’s own Inner Cities Directorate has produced evidence to support this picture, J. Some local authorities in London stil do not give grants to voluntary groups, 4, but in other areas urban aid andpartnership funds have become a lifeline to a whole range of esssential projects. The competition between groups to obtain such funds is fierce and there are always many more applications than money to meet them (for example, there were £1-5 million’s worth of bids for £0-5 million of partnership money in Manchester last year. In some areas attempts are made [0 COo- ordinate applications, but the overall short- age of money leaves a great deal of dissatis- faction. The most successful groups are arguably those that are most sophisticated in assembling finance rather than those most capable of doing an effective job. Because of the expertise required to tap such funds, an inner city network of highly professional organisations has grown Up, many advising or servicing voluntary groups to the extent that the term ‘voluntary’ sector issomething of a misnomer. A Ao THE MINISTER’S VIEW Tom King, the Minister for Local Government arid Environmental Services, was worried about inner city projects becoming dependent on state finance when I talked to him recently in his Marsham Street office. His solution is to ‘get the voluntary sector moving’, and he em- phasised that ‘public money will never do all the jobs because there is such a massive amount to be done. The Government will do what it can but its skill is to get the maximum gearing with other funds coming in to support projects.” He was prepared to admit that ‘under the squeeze, local authorities tended to cut the voluntary side to protect their own programmes’, but pointed out that the recent increases in budget would benefit voluntary groups. However, King stressed that projects should not expect to recetve a continual injection of public money: ‘I don’t automatically subscribe to the idea that they are all by definition totally unsustainable or unviable in their own right.’ His policy ts to cut out waste and help in a cost- effective way to encourage projects that will be self-financing. Groups obtaining funding under urban programme schemes will be given time limits to stop them running on and on, he said. Part of this strategy of increased support to voluntary groups ts to encourage technical and professional advice. This is the main purpose of the Urban Initiatives Fund (UIF). King explained that the idea of a fund had emerged from discusstons during the European Cam- paign for Urban Renaissance (ECUR) (AF 6.1.82 p21). Despite criticisms from people like David Eversley, who called wt an ‘intellectual middle-class professional movement’, King considers that ECUR has been a success—its exhibition of demonstration projects had ‘stimulated people around the country 10see what they could do themselves’. King believes in the power of example and hopes that good professional advice would encourage more successful voluntary projects in urban renewal. He sees COMTECHSA* as an example of effective professionalassistance. He would not say what criteria had been used to assess the many applications which have well exceeded the £100 000 available in the UIF, but a decision on its allocation ts expected shortly. Applicants have to match any grant pound for pound, bur King hopes that a number of differ- ent approaches will be supported so that the most successful can be evaluated in use. Look- ing into the ‘foreseeable future, he said that the fund would be renewed each year. «Cocamunity Technical Services Agency, based inLiverpool. Itis financed langely by Inner City Partnership fiands. In 1980-81 its budges was £61 000, which isas indication ofbow thinly spread the£100000UIFmvoncywillbe.COMTECHSA ismanagedby representatives ‘ofthe community groups Htserves and local sympathetic professionals. Restructuring the Welfare State Early critics of community architecture, such as the New Architecture Movement’s Public Design Service Group, saw com: munity architecture as a threat to local authority departments. While some see current developments as recognition that voluntary groups do a better job than the more bureaucratic local authorities, others warn against the dangers of state services being whittled away and replaced with cheaper private groups which exploit the social concern and goodwill of unpaid volunteers. Much of this has been seen in the social services, where cuts in home help and nursing services, for instance, have put more burden on low income families. However, Ian Gough, in his book, The political economy of the Welfare State, argues that a preoccupa- tion with the cuts obscures an understanding of what is really happening— @ restructuring of the Welfare State which includesprivatis- ing many state-run services. The present Government has been able to implement many of these changes without much opposition because of widespread public dissatisfaction with public services, particularly in housing and health. Even the left of the Labour Party and the trade union movement has belatedly recognised this, and mame | ARCHITECTURE AS COLONIALISM |Colonialism isnotarelicofthe past—empire building inforeign ey - . “i of this year’s RIBA conference if t there was a genuine desire to listen to people outside the profession. lands—nor tsit just a superficial charge to be levelled at those members oftheprofession who f build models ofMilton Keynes in the Muslim deserts. C aphilosophy that tsvery much alive right here and now in the UK. (It could have been the subject ‘olonialism ts 2 Colonialism always includes three essential processes: the occupation of territory, the resettlement of communities and the destruction of indigenous cultures. If theprofession continues to claim some responsibility for the ‘world about us’ (as this year’s conference title would suggest) then 1tmustalso recognise the colonialist natureof so many of its actions. To absolve itself the profession must accept | 4 humbly, in principle and in practice, that because of our history and our narrow class base, we architects actually know very little about our own subject, ‘the whole environment’. So often we are brutally colonising an area and its people, feeding them only our narrow perception ofculture. Brian Anson in this, the second and final part of ‘Architecture as colonialism’ (Part 1,AF 30.6.82, pp29-44), suggests that the profession can choose one of three routes for the future. Two of them he considers disastrous; the third, ifchosen, will mean that to recognise our profound ignorance will not be depressing—on the contrary it could offer us a genuine cause for celebration in 1984’s Festival ofArchitecture. fie’ AJ 7July 1982 61 an ~— cnSe IEE oe Gio eerie eed ES mera ar ke ae | | | | | | 68 ]Frontis page: What environmental usefor the future of Bootle? 1 The two-faced profession—culturally oe Ay 7July 1952 AJ7 July 1982 we a 3 routes for the profession James Bellini, in his book Rule | Britannia: a progress report for domesday 1986, describes the Britain of a few years hence thus: ‘There will be a small closed world where knowledge is God and the altars are tended by a monastic order of information brokers. And there will be a vast backwater economy around it, where unemployment, menial work, moonlighting, barter and brigandry are | the standard features of everyday life.’ Many would argue that, in parts of the country, that world already exists. Bellini omitted to sketch out its envi- ronmental characteristics but we can imagine them—indeed, in some regions, we can already see them: | decaying industries, decaying housing estates and decaying landscapes. Such dereliction is no longer nicely confined to traditionally poor areas and the inner cities—it is rapidly spreading. Chronic unemployment, leading in many cases todisillusionment, apathy and bad health, prevents even ‘average’ | people maintaining their own personal environment. It is a cancerous phen- omenon which the architectural pro- fession has assiduously ignored. In the first part of this article (AJ 30.6.82, pp29-44) I suggested that the RIBA was perfectly correct to describe architecture as ‘the whole built envir- onment’ and pointed out that this wide- | ranging definition was verified by the fact that no architect (no matter how small the practice) has ever refused a major city development on the grounds that it did not form part of their sphere of knowledge. | Throughout the “60s and ’70s the pro- fession largely neglected its social responsibilities just as it ignored, or more often aided, the breaking-up of indigenous communities in the interests of comprehensive redevelopment— indeed the RIBA president, Owen Luder, is on record as declaring in 1972 that ‘the most successful architects are those who know the property field’. In its current neglect of the growing dereliction which is helping to fuel communal violence, the profession con- tinues to ignore its social responsibility. In the first section of this article I sketched out three community situa- tions with some reference to the ‘spatial culture’ within each environment. The case studies were chosen carefully to illustrate by comparison two of the essential problems of the architectural profession—its inherent ‘colonialist | character and class base, and its pro- found ignorance of the ‘spatial cultures’ of many communities. which way will you go? . a But, as a profession, we have also been in- volved in the other aspect of colonial- ism—the neglect or brutalisation ofthose we have either ignored or seen resettled. As part ofits social responsibility, the profession has never seriously considered how itmight put its talents at the service of those who inhabit the slums and grey areas of our environment. The profession’s general ignorance of the case, to be recruited from the ‘other’ classes. This is not to imply that the profession has a great knowledge of the numerous other ‘cultures’ within our society (rural, suburban etc) but at least architects are closer to these communities. Most architects will totally re- ject the idea that our profession 1s related to a colonialist mentality, yet We really are en- gaged in the same game. To the present day we frequently (and with- out protest) create our architecture on ‘occupied’ land—the compulsory purchase order and the comprehensive development area have been used for the same ultimate purpose (profit) and with the same success as was the bayonet in the past. We ought to have been perfectly aware that, through our architecture, we have aided the ‘forced’ re- settlement of communities of long standing and played a direct part in the destruction of their social cultures. The ‘language’ in the streets of many ‘gentrified’ areas of the UK is totally alien to that heard even a decade ago. These changes (in which the profession was heavily involved) were not slow and gradual, incorporating the best aspects of traditional cultures, often centuries old, but swift brutal acts of aggression. What, after al, is Covent Garden but a classic case of ‘colonialism’? people’s social culture has produced what are now aptly termed ‘the new slums’. Although the architectural profession has largely identical characteristics (as an elite) in the countries of al three case studies (the UK, Ireland and Germany), 4comparison of the ‘cultural strength’ of the three com- munities highlights the subtlety of the British system of social and environmental control, of which our profession is a part. Despite the severe problems it faces, the cul- ture of the Irish community is by far the strongest of the three, ifonly by virtueof the retention of its language. However, the furure is ominous: 4 member of the West Donegal community writing [0 the European Court of Human Rights received the reply that ‘no further letters in Gaelic will be acknowledged’. The German community, although with a similar working-class history to Bootle, is the ‘culturally’ stronger of the two. One explana- tion for this is that European communities, owing to their continuing history of wars, revolutions and occupations (and thus resist- ance), have a greater ‘sense’ of struggle ofall kinds, including community action. Architecture as colonialism Colonialism, in pursuit of profit and power, always involves three essential processes: the occupation of territory, the resettlement of communities and, to consolidate its con- | quest, the destruction of indigenous cultures. Having no interest in those com- munities the occupation of whose territories would bring neither power nor profit, it ignores them. Those it resettles it always ignores, in some cases first brutalising them. | Colonialismisnot4relicofthepast(empire- | building in foreign lands), it is @ philosophy—very much alive—which sees territory as merely a profit, of power making mechanism. As he threw starving | peasants of West Donegal off the land in 1849, the words of Lord Brougham that “it is the landlords inalienable right to do as he pleases, otherwise money will cease to be invested in land’ were only a more honest | version of those of one particular GLC | chairman, who in 1970 informed the Covent Garden architects and planners that they | should have nothing to do with community organisations because ‘they are more trouble than they are worth’. In its basic objectives, colonialism 1s more successful in its own domain than in ‘foreign | lands’. The British working class has been, justifiably, described as ‘the last colony of the British Empire’. If my reference to working-class culture seems excessive it is because this class has been the most neglected or brutalised by the architectural profession which tends, in any illiterate. (Illustration by Brian Anson.) i —e AJ7 July 1982 ARCHITECTURE AS COLONIALISM ART IN ACTION BRIAN ANSON "=noo eeeeee ee eb eA As regards Bootle, |know from personal ex- | perience that I totally failed to understand | how brutal and oppressive the environment of the dockland community was until I had left it. Jingoism, false patriotism and propa: ganda still prevent—as they did in my child- hood—the poorer communitics of the UK from fully appreciating the extent to which they have been conned into accepting, among other things, 4deprived environment of scandalous proportions. However, as the communal riots (with their shocking results) have proved, things are rapidly changing. Timidity isbeing replaced by community anger and violence towards the environment. The architectural profes- sion cannot hide from this; first because, as architects, we have a clear duty to face up to the problems of the ‘whole built environ- ment’, and, second, because the anger will | not be contained. I suggest that there are three basic routes | which could be followed and the future of the profession will depend upon which one we choose. 2 This year’s conference theme, but some worlds | are ignored. 3 Option two: defensive architecture. | | | | 70 vo AJ 7July 1982 AJ7 July 1982 uf > Route 1: ‘Steady as she goes’ This will be a continuation of the profession’s present course—really two routes in parallel but not in conflict, despite their different appearances. At one level is a profession obsessed with advertising, directorships, liabilities and ever-larger combines. Concomitant with this will be the continued expansion of architecture as an international pure ‘art’ form, complete with drawing sales, _ exhibitions, cultural jamborees and a continuous search for quiet cathedral towns (rapidly diminishing in number as Bellini’s ‘brigandry’ spreads) in which it can continue to ‘talk to itself? and ‘rage’ over the latest stylistic ‘battles’. For both profession and society the results of this course will be disastrous. Society will lose out because, despite its social failing and ineptitude, the profession has a wealth of creativity to offer all the people in this country. Architecture will lose because it will bring upon itself the naked hostility of a growing community of people who sce that they have as much right to a civilised habitat as they have to some form of dignified work. As the tensions grow in our society we will be reminded of the old adage that “if you're not part of the solution, you're part of the problem’. Characteristic of the blindness of the present route is the mind-blowing insensitivity of the RIBA’s decision to hold its 1984 ‘birthday party’ on the theme ‘The art of architecture’ in the drowsy environment ofOxford. Some will argue that the problems outlined in this article are being tackled by the much- lauded new venture of ‘architecture work- shops’, backed by both Government and the RIBA. They have recently becn described as ‘a major breakthrough on a national basis’. Leaving aside the fact that they represent @ minute element in the whole fabric of the profession, their performance so far would suggest that, at best, they are reformist (and paper over the cracks of the real problems) and, at worst, deeply sinister. If the work- shops idea was ‘to combine education and training in the built environment’ (thestated aims of the Newcastle venture), then their ‘curriculum’ must have excluded some very crucial subjects (rack-renting, land speculation, class and cultural take-over and environmental neglect on acriminal scale) or else their ‘pupils’ were mute, docile or architecturally brainwashed at an carly age. One would expect any normal community of people, being provided with the real reasons for their substandard environment, to give vent (at least initially) to a show of anger and protest. No such outburst has yet resulted from the activities of the workshops. On present evidence the advent of the archi- tecture workshops will not alter theexisting course of the profession; it will stil be ‘steady as she goes’—to social disaster and disgrace. This will be a development which acknow- ledges the growth of a violent society and Not al British landlords in West Donegal were brutal; some of them, though patronis- ing, genuinely wished to ‘improve the con- ditions of the peasantry’, yet their land ‘improvements’ depended upon the destruc- tion of the people’s most important cultural traditions—the inherent egalitarianism and countenanced by the system. The plan therefore included ‘safe houses’ for those on the run, Those who would condemn such ascenario as exaggerated and extremist should consider that it was outlined three years before the Liverpool riots. This route would also be disastrous for al sides: not as disastrous as the present route (which will in any case lead to the develop- ment of defensive architecture) for there is evidence that some form of creativity arises out of overt struggle. Yet few couldscriously desire such a scenario if for no other reason than that it would waste the immense amount of creative potential presently lying dormant in our society. There are two specific prerequisites for this path, the only way that gives the profession any chance at al of producing a socially acceptable architecture. The profession must first reject its obsession with corporate imagery and esoteric ‘cultural’ debate, and, having done so, must become involved in a major way with the areas and classes it has so long avoided. The second requirement is crucial: the pro- fession must drop its arrogant belief that it can ‘teach’ the communities of these areas about the environment; such an approach is impertinent in the extreme, given the record of architectural disasters. If their declared in- tentions in the Press are accurate, the RIBA’s Architecture Workshops are afaulty concept from the start, in that they propose to ‘educate’ the people in environmental matters. It is we, the architects, who need the education. The ‘spatial cultures’ outlined in the case studies were the people’s environmental knowledge—information without which any concept for improvement of their environ- ment is facile. I described only three examples (two of them working-class, since I consider the improvement of working-class environment a priority) but every community, whatever its class, has a unique ‘spatial culture’. If we ignore this then we not only design in a vacuum but, ironically, our creativity can actually be destructive. The communities of whole streets identical to the one described in dockland Bootle, but closer to metropolitan centres (particularly London), have been eliminated through the application of, among other things, ‘creative’ ideas. It is good for an architect to make @ humble dwelling more beautiful by the application of design talent, but ifthis results in the landlord (in his determination to get ‘more of this class of person in’) evicting the indigenous community, then the end result js bad. If the architect, in the quite proper aim of brightening up 4 grim environment, eliminates the vital physical elements in the community culture (for example, the blank gable wall which is the only ‘football pitch’ for the local kids), then the end result is again negative. Route 2: ‘Defensive architecture’ I proposed that a block within the area should be deliberately burnt and vandalised and then encased in an (exquisitely designed) glass sheath. It would contain a continuing anti-colonialist exhibition showing not only what Britain did to its colonies, but also how city areas were raped and exploited by the powerful world of property, aided and abetted by our profession. Defensive architecture is not to be confused with Oscar Newman’s theory ofdefensible space (and that is not to devalue his contri- bution to our understanding of architecture). Newman's analysis refers to the defending of space within communities; defensive archi- tecture will deal with whole areas designed in such a way that entire communities not only totally control their neighbourhoods but ensure the ‘other side’ keeps out. It will be created on both sidesof the divide in our society with the majority of the profession continuing to serve the ‘small closed world’ of Bellini’s scenario. A minority ofarchitects who have long endeavoured to put their creative talents at the service of the more de- prived communities will, in their frustration at the profession’s obstinate refusal to libera- lise(letalone‘revolutionise’)itself,developa Route3:‘Celebration’ defensive architecture for their side. There will be a difference in the two styles. One will continue to be ‘a green and pleasant Jand’, but with more private roads and, most importantly, guarded by the State through whatever ‘law enforcement’ arm iteventually creates. The other will be more aggressive in character and with one prime purpose in its design—to keep the State out. Space does not allow detailed description of the numerous examples of defensive architecture which have come out of Belfast in particular in recent years, but they include the ‘creation of open space’ (free-fire zones) by the army and the ‘physical removal’ of modern blocks (designed by architects to make the streets ‘more interesting’) by the Provisional TRA, who feared they would become conyenient observation posts for the army. In 1978 I described the streets of my home city, Liverpool, as ‘Belfastian’ in character and argued that ‘there is little difference between the Falls Road and the Shankill Road and the streets of Liverpool 8’. As an ‘academic’ exercise I designed a piece of defensive architecture for the centre of the city. I will only briefly describe some of the principal elements in the plan, 3. The first objective was to define the area that could be successfully defended against the ‘forces of the State’. Thus market forces (the MEF areas of the plan) are excluded as being too powerful to contend with. The streets of the defensible area are al renamed: ‘Street of Loneliness’, ‘Street of Irish Sorrow’, ‘Sam Driscoll Way’—the first to make the point that architectural training and practice seldom comment on the sad and derelict as- pects of our environment, the second to re- emphasise my contention that architecture has a ‘colonialist’ character and the third in memory of the many ‘ordinary’ people who struggled so hard for a better environment in the days of community action. The project made the point that, despite the fact that ‘participation’, ‘Jocal initiatives’ etc are now fully accepted processes in our establishment philosophy, this does not mean that sofa! control will ever be Oepe tries THO tenet a seg peeee er ae 2 eer Ahe orSN ‘learns how to live with iv. | AJ 7July 1982 Conclusion alone cannot solve the pro- The profession blems that led to the riots but it can recognise the part it played in their creation. Many architects might then join’ those who have taken to the streets, learn from them and, ultimately, co-operate with them in creating a more humane environment. If the profession does not take this route (and ‘a dozen architectural workshops by the end of the year’ is just an insulting gesture) then architects are in for a bad time. of the Perhaps the most dramatic example is the profession’s current social irrelevance high probability that, had the RIBA been located in Liverpool’s Upper Parliament Street or Brixton’s Railton Road and not in salubrious Portland Place, it would now be a burnt out shell. magazinenot- The decorum ofaprofessional withstanding, the justified hostility citizen of one of these environments prevents me diluting his reply when questioned on the architecturalprofession: ‘The bastards who design this shit in which we are forced to live make a lot of bread from it—when the time comes we'll burn them too!” But then perhaps Ihave got italwrong. Per- haps the profession is acutely aware of the future implications of the ‘whole built en- vironment’ and is seriously preparing tode- fend itself and its creations from the ‘prigandry’. This might just explain why Lt Gen Frank Kitson, former GCC Northern Ireland and foremost ‘counter insurgency’ expert, was going to be one of the principal speakers at the RIBA conference! of a 71 —on SA y= the caretakers, the typists, the canteen | 4 Recognising our ignorance of others’ cultures workers of their own institution. Thus they ought to be a cause for celebration; we can learn leave the school of architecture a homo- from one another. geneous mass, thinking and talking the same current stylistic irrelevancies. It is an immense tragedy. The recognition of our ignorance is not a depressing idea; on the contrary, it is a cause for celebration. “To know what you do not know—that is wisdom,’ said Confucius. The creative environmental knowledge we do possess is marred and rendered less effective than it could be because of its narrow base, but al its philosophies are not to be despised—they are just wrongly directed towards ‘the small closed world’ and not to society at large. Our acquisition of the knowledge possessed by the people will immeasurably enrich our own knowledge base: it will ‘feed’ it and, through this process, it will develop and thus live. The people’s acquisition of our ideas will similarly enrich them. Surely such a prospect can only delight us. The celebration of co-operation being sug- gested is in contradistinction to the absurd theory that architecture, in order to gain social acceptability, must ‘give the people what they want’, a notion as ridiculous as that of Anthony Caro at the recent Art and Architecture symposium that ‘people do not know what they want; when they get it they like what they get’. The citizens of Liverpool 8 and dockland Bootle may eventually require and demand defensive architecture but, like any other sane community, they would infinitely pre- fer an architecture composed of the richness of their own culture plus the wider ideas of any architect (from whatever class) who had goodwill towards them and was offended by the dereliction in which theyexist. co-operation with which they shared good | and bad land. Creativity, in the world of architecture and | environmental design, 1s not an abstraction: it must be related to social reality. The rota! experience of the physical environ- ment resides, by definition, within society. Every man, woman and child possesses cle- ments (possibly only munute ones) of the ‘knowledge’ that we architects need to do our job properly. It is a concept far beyond the (now sopatronising) ideas ofparticipation, consultation, town trails and the like: it is | based on a shocking realisation that, because of our history and our narrow class base, we architects actually know so little about our own subject, ‘the whole built environment’. Indeed in the considered view of those who | have already taken to the streets, we are simply illiterate in the matter. Our system of architectural education per | petuates this creative ‘narrowness’. Students embark upon architecture with a combined wealth of environmental knowledge—the expert knowledge, rich in detail, of their own neighbourhoods. I once taught a class of students and was able to draw out of them a massof environmental knowledgeof ‘spatial culture’ in which they were the experts: the spatial patterns of an African village, of growing up 1nFlorida, ofaNew England in- dustrial city, of growing up on the edge of the Libyan desert, and a dozen other such spatial culrures—it was only 3 small class! Retaining the definition of architecture as ‘the whole built environment’, we must work from the basis that, at one level, there are perhaps.20 million architects in the UK alone. Yet in al my experience with students they have never been encouraged to share this knowledge with each other, let alone with ee The Otis award To be given to the architects making the most significant contribution to the urban scene in the UK. First announced: AJ 16.6.82 p31. Sponsors: The Otis Elevator Co Ltd, in association with the AJ. Judges: Richard Rogers, John Outram, AlecClifton- Taylor, Simon Jenkins, Leslie Fairweather. Prize: £10 000. Closing date: Nominations by 3 September 1982 at 17.00. Details: See AJ 16.6.82 p31 or contact Barry Wheeler (Otis Award), Otis Elevator Co Ltd, The Otis Building, 43/59 Clapham Road, London, SW9 0JZ (01-735 9131). | | Current AJ competitions and awards | The AJ has two competitions and one award scheme currently under way. Here is a reminder of the crucial details and dates. Judges: Maurice Culot, Nicholas Cooper, Leslie Fairweather, A new leaseof life for Belsize Wood Ideas wanted for the future ofa9 acre site on the fringe of central London (below). First announced: AJ 24.2.82 p38. | 7 Sponsors: Belsize Conservation Area Advisory Committee, AJ, Camden Society of Architects, London Region RIBA and London Environment Group. Judges: James Stirling, Jake Brown, Leslie Fairweather and a representative from the Landscape Institute. | 5 Prizes: Total £500; first prize £300. | Closing date: Tuesday 31 August 1982 at 17.00. NB No further copiesof the conditions are being issued. | Po e but risk * Condensation * Mould growth * Delay and deterioration % . of decoration Efflorescence Rust and pattern staining * Material wastage Excessive labour Measured drawings * High maintenance International competition to measure and draw historic buildings, structures, machinery and archacology. First announced: AJ 3.3.82 p31. | by using Sponsors:WigginsTeapeandtheAJ. other Plasters! 2 IanKennedy. Prizes: Total £2500; first prize £1000. Closing date: Friday 29 October 1982 at 17.00 | Details; Apply to A. J. N. Edwards, Wiggins Teape (UK) PLC, Chartham Paper Mills, Canterbury, Kent, CT47JA. Architectural photographer of the year This competition will not be run this year, but is programmed again for 1983 when it will be held in conjunction with the a For more details enter 1748 on AJ enquiry card ys mats ’ 7 ; Victorian Society’s 25th anniversary celebrations. Details will | 2 —— AJ 7July 1982 ~~ uave scaled the be announced in the spring of 1983. PSLG March 1980 ee ee| fith the For more than 50 years, the provision of public housing on 4 large scale has been a central plank of successive government housing policy. In consequence. municipal housing now caters for about a third of the population One can speculate about what might have been without state intervention on this scale. But there is litthe doubt that public provision has been a major explanation tor improvements in housing conditions in past decades. As a recent NEDO report has argued, “its achievement must be regarded as among the successes of British social policy.” This is not to say that Council housing does not have its problems Local authorities have estimated 250,000 of their dwellings to be “difficult-to-let”, a product of deteriorating environments and obsolete physical structure and design Housing management still leaves a lot to be desired. Local authorities are too often insensitive and unresponsive. and standards of repair in many areas are simply appalling Tenants also lack real choice and mobility. and generally tind it difficult to realise rising housing aspirations The problems associated with e¢n- vironmental and physical decay are gradually being recognised, but the cuts in housing investment will severcly delay the improvements required, In an attempt to give tenants more tirmly based rights, the Torys version of the “Tenants Charter” contained in the Housing Bill/Act gives tenants security of tenure, the right to sub- let, take lodgers, make improvements and apply for improvement grants The Bill also requires landlord authorities to establish and make publicly known, arrangements for consulting tenants on issucs of housing management. These are steps in the right direction, and may lead to some backward authorities reviewing and improving their practices In view of the Conservative Government's drastic policies of the past twelve months or so, and in particular the controversial legislation consuming housing and local government, this year's National Housing and Town Planning Conference (The Brighton Metropole, 28, 29 and 30 October) should be quite a powder keg. Secretary of State for the Environment, Michael Heseltine, will bravely step into the jaws of the > ctocodile when he presents his Ministerial Address and, no doubt, will emerge again » <unscathed, without even a trace of plaque. >Among the diverse problems to be ironed out at — the canference will be public behaviour in the environmentSEE a housingtheelderly, . Gocial services-departments, planning in the. Sp eighties and housing management, ‘repairs and © feature, time is running out for public housing so. there may..be nd need to ever consider the . problems of maintenance ormanagement. TTTTT I] maintenance. But,-asStewart Lansley points.aut- in his opening article to this speciak PSLG _ 2 sa Not far enough But they hardly go tar enough. Two im portant provisions in Labour's Housing Bill. for example. have simply been dropped by the Tories. These would have relaxed residential qualifications and facilitated mobility by empowering the Secretary of State to require local authorities to make a proportion of their relets available to tenants moving trom other areas Significant as some of these problems are. the bulk of council tenants are happy with their housing. A survey in 1975 found that 75 per cent of council tenants were satisfied, though 40 per cent still had a preterence tor owner occupation An important feature of British public housing has been its comprehensive charac: ter. Since 1946, it has, in principle, been open to all — not just to working class - — — —_—* —_——- ai 2oe —_— a) pid a ———— - j => ol eeeed, Somaya —_— 4 oa ——~ wun } to ownere their own home . that ownerC- homes Provides greater freedom. dkernative 2 } aluminium plates for someon 40] Aj 20 February 1980 x This trend is hardly surprising. The tempt to put the financial and other benefits — But without radical changes in policy — and role choice between renting and buying 1s. as a of renting and buying on a par. households soon — the shadow may soon become a ing. recent Fabian author put it, far trom a with sufficient resources to make @ choice shroud. das z oT toTMown theirown homeaaEpa: : / j '- = cent. In 1975, 45 per cent of the poorest tenth of households lived in council genuine toss'up’. Financially, owning 1s will generally opt tor purchase housing. In 1976. only 2 per cent ot generally a much better bet than renting Time is running out tor public housing as professional workers and Il per cent ofem- Many other advantages lie with buying, a a comprehensive sector catering for a wide :m. ployers and managers lived in the public situation that is not the ‘natural’ one that range of income and social groups. What we jis sector. In contrast. 65 per cent of unskilled this and the previous Labour Government — are witnessing is the gradual demise of Fhe manual workers were council tenants, com- have claimed, but one created and fuelled public housing into a largely residual. pared with 55 per cent in 1970. Current by successive government policy. The facts Government policy will therefore simply are that housing preferences have been ar reintorce a trend that is already well under _ tifictally distorted in favour of home owner- way ship. Until changes are introduced which at welfare role — towards the polarisation ot any society. by income and class, between the ng two major sectors Council housing ts cer- and tainly passing under a deepening shadow jical | occupation provides greater freed es om. PSLG October LYS0 five 6! ach the leir /Yop BHOUSING! households. In contrast. social housing in other countries has played a more limited welfare role, catering mainly for the poor and disadvantaged. In the United States, for example, the share of public housing stands at about 5 per cent, and ts largely limited to low income houscholds. In 1970, 70 per cent of tenants were non-white, 40 per cent were one-parent families and 40 per cent were elderly and disabled, with only 25 per cent of houscholds containing wage-carners In Britain, public housing has catered tor a cross-section of the population. Despite this. its existence as a@ major and com prehensive sector is now under real threat Partly this is due to the policy innovations of the present Government Insignificant New building, already at an all time low since the war, could collapse to less than 30,000 by 1983, according to a recent report ‘ by the Commons’ Select Committee on the Environment. The new measures to boost sales will not have a significant effect on the 5 size of the public sector, at least tor some } time. With a current stock of 6!2 million dwellings, sales would have to rise above even the Governments most optimistic target of 200,000 a year, to have any i noticeable impact. Where sales will have an impact. however. — and a crucial one — ts on the quality of the stock and the range of houscholds catered tor by the public sector Despite denials by the Government, sales will lead, in the main, to a loss of better quality dwellings in popular areas. and bet- ter-off tenants The Government's retreat trom public housing is therctore important, but it is not the only factor threatening its vote Recent years have seen a gradual concentration of poorer households in the public sector Between 1967 and 1975, the proportion of all households in receipt of sup- plementary benefit’ living in municipal housing rose from 45 per cent to 37 per faith the PSLG March 1980 |2 iterative aluminium plates for someon | on The Government's retreat from public housing will mean that there may never be any more interesting local authority estates such as the one at Virgt Walk and Cherry Laurel Walk, in the Borough of Lambeth. | ‘ |d yes he f} ; a The ho; cant hea to InLondonW10 there’sahousewithafront wall measuring just four feet nine inches. In Oxfordshire there's a modest pile called Blenheim Palace that boasts a handy 200 rooms. Fooca(aoemdar alasccmaorremeORritllore other homes in Britain, from one-bedroom flats to eighteen-bedroom vicarages. Glow-worm gas central heating boilers can heat them al. And when we say ‘heat’, we dont mean we can just slap in any old boiler. With the biggest range of domestic gas boilers be authoritieswant.erate ‘Fi GhawawormLimuted,NeatinghamRoad,Belper,DerbyDESIT AdiviseeofTlGasHearinLgidow Circle 11 on Reader Inquiry Card pee," URAL a Baris in the country, we have the most economical unit for every size of house. With our combination of wall-hung, free- standing and backboilers, with conventional or balanced flues,we can fitaboiler anywhere. Up and down the country, local authorities are specifying Glow-worm boilers at the rate of over 300 per day. Which means we dont just have the biggest range of boilers for local authorities. We also have the kind of experience local Too many proye : san oe ane tocommission then slumimium piate for somecun c whereby a t1( ng ical fole ing a as each A the mative 2 to own their occupation provides uld preter that owner greater treedom own homes. council ifitwas years of thIe original sold within purchase This pre-emption clause designed to prevent the owner selling at a Profit within the five year period. A further Circular tssued in 1977 enabled councils t increase the discount to 30 per cent, but only with Department of the Environment consent The 1974-9 Labour Government. for I to rescind 4 DOE Circular in 974 (70/74) irgued that it would be wrong to sell houses in areas with a ontinuing Never bund 6,000 in € also points out that any old piece « alloeamkYelo) housing always has been a political pawn — up and down with the fortunes or misfortunes of successive governments. In the sixties the emphasis focussed on building more and ‘better’ UToaohMeyerTTCMTTathconstruction thisgeneralconsent has tailed-off dramatically and, in Michael Heseltine’s own words, ‘will never get back to the scale it was ten years ago’. Provision of new housing is being left to the private sector's CTIAERYCLTaLingenuity,sometimesin partnership with local authorities. At the same time, to continue updating the existing housing stock and its immediate environment, is imperative. In this, and the next two issues of PSLG, we are devoting our main features to the changing aspects of housing. The following article, by Stewart Lansley, Senior Researcher with the Centre ion Environmental Studies and author of consent to local authorities that houses could be sold atfull market value. without restriction, or at as much as 20 per cent below that value on condition that houses were offered back to the their opposition to sales, did little need for rented accommodat theless, sales fell sh irply to ar 1976, but subsequently rose to reach 28.000 n 1978. Then in March 1979, follow ng the growth in sales in some areas, Labour issued a circular preventing sales in certain narrowly detined circumstances Owner-occupation Council house sales are an integral plank of current Cx nservative housing Pp »licy a reflection of their determined Support for pation and their vision of Pe(TNTeeNT)ItaILO TAMTe Owning democracy But this time, the proposed policy has a new twist — compulsion. The aim is sales on a massive scale, and it is the element which has aroused particular controversy The generosity of the discounts is also Not all parts of the Housing Bill published in December have aroused political con troversy. Indeed, some sections remair largely unchanged from Labour's Bill » hich fell with the election. Most Parts of the proposed Tenants’ Charter, and the greater availability of grants for repairs and im provements have bipartisan Support. Other elements, however including the proposed shorthold tenancies, and the new local authority subsidy system particularly the intention to reduce the overall level of sub sidy — are being hotly debated But most controversial of all is the Proposal embodied in the Tenants’ Charter to give council tenants the statutory right to buy their own homes at fixed discounts of up to 50 per cent. This is already set to provoke a bitterly fe Ught parliamentary bat tle, which will almost certainly forex the Government into the use of the guillotir e The selling of council houses is not a new policy. Sales in England and Wales re #peak of 62,000 in 1972. This tollowed the e Heath Government's provision of genera highly contentious. Purchasers receive discounts from assessed market value of 33 per cent after three years’ tenancy. rising by one per cent for each year to SOper cent af ter 20 years or more. The option clause JEposit provides at year time continued from p42 H ATacteyKMey TeGovernment's decision to sell ofa large portion of the country’s council house stock. argued that most households w 718 " 177ayy : sef0COM 1 ic sfor someone fo¢ Option to buy at the price fixed att of the original 4tluation has also aroused wide concern Most of the arguments about stiles have already been widely aired Supporters have sluminium plate c ‘| ultimate value of the scheme as some | allocations ofcapital expenditure will be | marginal or accidental overspending’. _ F measure of the value of the scheme’. At | made, as before, under five main | The new broad controls on capital is IP diay Nick. et — — — ———-— =perwnmcsutinapresOrmn UTE" proposa aanrnrour OWCVETS cotomancan awe ee 5 Milton Anonue Re RIBA Comumlis Prelutieriane, CUSHE 81(A}p) = _Af30January 1980 *. ye > LONDON W.1. pessapo “ait Counate OF Te ultimate TEATUTE OY Mis Proposals that although | However intend to make directions Tory measure of the value of the scheme’, At | made, as before, under five main | The new broad controls on capital DEMOCRATIC DESIGN A ONE DAY CONFERENCE TO DISCUSS THE PROBLEMS FACING LOCAL AUTHORITY ARCHITECTS AND TO BRING TOGETHER IDEAS FOR RADICAL CHANGE. U.C.A.T.T, HALL, GOUGH STREET, BIRMINGHAM SATURDAY 6TH MAY, 1978, AT 10.30 A.M. REGISTRATION: £1 (EXCLUSIVE OF MEATS), FOR FURTHER INFORMATION PLEASE WRITE TO: PUBLIC DESIGN GROUP, NEW ARCHITECT MOVEMENT, 9 POLAND STREET, A MEW ROLE FOR LOCAL AUTHORITY ARCHITECTS DEPARTMENTS value of the scheme as some | allocations of capital expenditure will be | marginal or accidental overspending’. | CISIB 81(Ajp) AJ30 January 1980 Discucsios m o fete af anclulectie as a public Senet ane Surfacinugr hie avetulicturak guess. Not sorce tha AT Guest EMI Senisin (952 Lastherebtonanysilesprtad rsfomtd Conidtation or Mus malléy. The harlovingoy sf the long averdul Acbato is Less ttle. Public Expenditure Cuts ,particularly bn hoting amd LAucahar moans thot there will he Lass ote qr archutects Ar Ke same tome, as lal ouuck Cane hid) ncnasing pressinfeo teduce Shh, clopadtments ef ardulacture fank a chow Second fp Direct lalouY Crgamasahions aS promt iagels Pv te “back fp private profit WaovreweTD frchilictstimgonoval, but expecialythoseoko sores,te public Seep ford HomselvesAroust forccbly tify Spotlightasbuchclearly IecalesthomasacotfrWicksens| @ am a felibical stage: They ase not aloe din Tes precicawumt, It t ane usbuclr royShape thr Ke ore million Beetle houscholds on fhe coumpry’s Comet and housing asspiatio waiting lists,and C sat Chey peble Sect rotleoy)avd fspreafLefr wlian.thong Gernees ane tnttrdad. pabliescctvarellect isnotseparatefroHoatfhe tovand| tousung offeced AVbuilding wirtheny ard cannot : keasmably be conrsidend tn (Selatan, [et Thr is precisely what the RIBA and off shats ihe te socuity 2} Chil Aeluitets om Umal Authentics (SAA) are hymng clo as fray attmpl b cane to Wars tultr te Thus He potion of mctsbeds the ClsrmantingoftheLlelfiseult,ThePresideatfScatA, | Wstiad 4 ack nouledy lng thot fo provide VW Not fe Prom hy CE Repoblic Soniee » C aie prwulgatior 0 This melel isKerafrced by (ew Corhal of architictwal pepulatine(7i2cvid). Itaefumesdlearchilelas Bee dinAafe dint Srtreprevscu ofeling Marx dalisod : educatior ,omplayntict and / “in Ikitbecouse tHeyanounwillingvUmal4salccept thatAo metel ofarrchpaicktiszlinal hich has been pelaEe eeae) povedhasbeer) rolaeu%t tsproachesafarctlichan S é. Protea Cconowny |La canpotitian dull. othe archiltels “7 Be nae eae secttusmnuedelhasee, isothers (tle SufedUndoy Sumilay mgels) =—etatoret Chat et pe eneinptt.of © Te bey *® te Kealisahien of a ren) role fev public arcdulecture 15 an alteyalne nud based om s @y Gene Mefovwr biel elelsnasarlularyavd *e ob Shuctr bithianclues ard www Poses OL Shuictuhe - based arcoefibralireprcples (b) ForgingShongCechrucalandpleticalwerlonrglinksvoit Olay Avredlinatirurlsed dn te ae ¥ buildings, suchas bee—lEea,hosingqfecen|heey workeo tikes i CHSIB B1(Ajp) By oeeI | Ville: foto Proisiar al Aes pad Seytees , trade Unions dfar- the claw ann rbouldbe 4 create Unteqatidpublic 9 dudlnig mel aceoumnbaletoeouraiodllinenrson a (gal Lam. This wislel to dehtrdodt calloetedé actiar of avtulll® and fle wert ae acting D tins We UALCO and TA SS 7 bot, Us lanyploutnbohi throug. Shong tnlaAirciplonay ound Gucci oprrotin Subsfartal nor tix thar rection — RE erewecoranarnnre: ena anchitidined “Professional ‘ merely ; cumey)of private avclalirel : badly pln Murer) and Bal malt. are tmaltahad aretulich hadeuUnuaustsmApearNA EPOCs 6Og BABaIaciap Te)Tesiferia Ge clincuniFnigne Gussanc offppiats action atte wil. Me arnclelitiel pads undtausts ho act» tede tier aco jfotiltcal Le Solupe-T | a ime wn eanrpangus agennsh EY up fhe | Bee stjp cn at Seto> ie eel beelund Te cul > ee ww publec Lovitz , ab in, Reegh Sucl. : | Ln plenad soar Ce WS niglek ttl be 1] belt» eln Muvar{ Bob Male. a. lie “hs elgihsse one ai paie aeNarecalaty14YO, Interim Proposals and tenants. my the his hi To achieve an effective Public Design Service the NAM Public Design Group proposes local authority design and build teams which are area based and which will be accouritable to users ¥ DESIGN TEAMS SHOULD BE AREA BASED INSTEAD OF FUNCTION BASED. We suggest the following interim proposals which are feasible now and which create the potential for further change : td LOCAL AREA CONTROL OVER RESOURCES. AREA DESIGN TEAMS SHOULD BE MULTIDISCIPLINARY. JOB ARCHITECTS SHOULD REPORT DIRECTLY TO COMMITTEE. z : * " ABOLISH POSTS BETWEEN TEAM LEADER AND CHIEF ARCHITECT. = ESTABLISH JOINT WORKING GROUPS WITH DIRECT LABOUR ORGANISATIONS. For further information contact : Public Design Group New Architecture Movement 9 Poland Street London W 1 — aes van” estimofatthee|feature :re ultimatepatieoftheschemeassome ilese 1 sure ofthe value oftt 1 t 4 INTERIM PROPOSALS: _1, LOCAL AREA CONTROL OVER RESOURCES Since control over design cannot be separated from control over the resources of land and finance, changes are required in the formal counci] structure to enable control to be exercised at community level. Although counicllors are elected on an area basis they serye on function-based committees (housing, education) which have contro] over the expenditure of money on the provisioonf services across the whole local authority area, Real local needs tend to be subordinated to an assumed general interest. The role of a councillor as a committee member therefore may be in conflict with his or her role as a representative of a local interest, In order that local area interests are safeguarded, jt js suggested that a further tier be added below the main functional committees (c.f. neighbourhood councils), These would be area committees consisting of representatives of loca] tenants and residents organisations, local councillors and trade unionists, The size of the area would obviously be a matter for discussion. These committees should deal with al] council] matters relating to their area and would consequently relate to several or a]| of the main function-based committees, They should have powers of recommendation and of veto in their relationship to the main committees, They should brief architects and have power of approval over designs and standards, 2. DESIGN TEAMS SHOULD BE AREA-BASED INSTEAD OF FUNCTION-BASED So that they can relate to Jocal area committees and the requirements of local people, The present arrangement of function-based architectural teams servicing function-based client committees and departments has two major disadvantages. Firstly, in providing a service within this structure, architects are isolated from the people who will use their buiidings. Architects work on a Borough- wide basis, and people's needs and wishes, insofar as they are taken me as |alloc neas some/ allo 1fesch re",At Teenie Vitoyoravtet (American) tutors": ang | Goesm't catch his real atfec- remember, I'ma fan. had been invited to make .anyMors©5)and”9)tionforMarcarntiasRuatuadlinBiessenbos.csncninAstilsneeileal \ A —_— into account at all, are averaged out and presented to the architect in briefing guides as criteria to be designed for in much the same way as are site constraints. The total constitutes a design problem and the concept of the a-political officer paid to solve technical problems is thus reinforced, Similarly the professional ideology of individual architects expressing themselves in their designs is sustained, of that action. the recipient of decisions by others. P 218 CUSIB 81(Ajp) AJ30 January 1980 Secondly, this system creates a "closed circuit"! method of liaison. For the architect; architect-client department- client committee. It is illogical as well as difficult to break this circle to relate to local residents or even loca] councillors. The public also find this organisational] boundary virtually impregnable, They are vulnerable to officia] action yet the boundary renders the officers immune to the consequence It should be noted that the term ''area based team'' as distinct from ''function based team'' does not necessarily mean that the team is located in an area, ([t merely means that a team is responsible for the work in an area. As such, it would offer the architects a variety of types of project. It would also enable them to initiate action in their area instead of being 3. AREA DES|GN TEAMS SHOULD BE MULTI-DISCIPLINARY AND SHOULD HAVE AROUND TWELVE MEMBERS AS A SUGGESTED OPTIMUM : 4. JOB ARCHITECTS (and other team members) SHOULD REPORT DIRECTLY TO COMMITTEE The term multi-disciplinary would in the local authority context include planners and valuers as well as the more usual design team members such as quantity surveyors and engineers. Each job architect and team member should be responsible directly to the committee for the work he or she carries out, In this way PARRACTELORRIOeee) aeaena not only will committee members relate to the person actually producing the work, but job architects will be aware that they work in a political forum as well as a technica] one, 5. ABOLISH POSTS BETWEEN GROUP LEADER AND CHIEF ARCHITECT Group leaders should become responsible directly to the area committee and thus to the Council for the collective work of the group, The chief architect would then perform a co-ordinating role amongst the groups, similar to the role performed by the elected leader of the counc!] vis-a-vis committees, Occupants of redundant posts to be found a more usefu] role in the new structure. It is envisaged that in the future group Jeaders shou]d be subject | to election by their group and that the chief architect should be elected from amongst group leaders, with periodic change built in. lt should be noted that the present vertical structuring of the - architects departments stemmed from the late |9th Century private practice model, That is, from a form of practice compriseodf one | principal and a small number of apprentices, The largest practices of that time had one partner and around 25 apprentices. As private practices grew so did the number of partners, each being equally responsible under Partnership Law, (A common ratio of partner to staff is 1:15), In public practice the concept of one chief remained so that when the chief architect became responsible to the council for the actions of more than 100 staff, intermediate grades were introduced whose sole function was to contro] the job architect, Theirs is a non-design function and their status is dependent on increasing the proportion of procedural and managerial matters. under their control, They form an effective boundary between job architect and chief architect, let alone between job architect and counci]lor or job architect and user. en trern Ree primesse ne 218 <5 a — + ---- 2ne epee rr L Leeratenripeniveentxignh apt Rae ee otal” and more ominously, ne “con= Uinues, ‘perhaps an estimate of the ultimate value of the scheme as some measure ofthe value ofthescheme’, At| ected Imanotner sipmiticancrmmncnnr-ae! feature ofhis proposals that although| ho allocations of capital expenditure will be | m; made, as before, under five mair Rca mand . ren SS 218 YE, ~ee se~ departments. CISEB 81(Ajp) a —; 6. ESTABLISH JOINT WORKING GROUPS WITH DLOS To ‘consider how toachieve better designed, constructed and maintained buildings. In the longer term it is envisaged that separate professional teams should disappear in favour of design and build teams within the service of the local authority rather than within the building contractors! organisation, Summary: it is clear that many if not all, of these proposals could be put Into effect fairly readily, \t may be noted that in at least two London Boroughs, proposals similar to these are being actively discussed as departments of architecture are re-organised, These proposals are seen as part of a continuing process of democratisation of local government, without which a lasting communi ty architecture is not possible. They are not seen as a final solution but are offered as practical proposals applicable at this stage. The next stage in the development of these ideas is to widen this discussion to include representatives of tenants, local councils, relevant questions which should be considered but which are outside the scope of this report. e.g. * The relationships between architects and other council] i central] government and NALGO and other public sector unions, In advocating these proposals it is recognised that there are other * Devolution of power from central to Jocal government, particularly in relation to the control over building finance at present exercised by central government departments, ——S es AJ30January1980 Pr. woure-ve-tae value Of thescheme” At |m aaa i ere ns for ESeas aer itare2WiW.bemargin1aloracciidentaloverspending”. » under five main | The new broad controls on capital NtaterAtLtOT 19. pendence to elect a -—+—How the RIBA for m of building contract dictates the relationship between architect and building worker by separating design and construction, how this is necessary in the public sector, and how a new gement could be evolved to facilitate the on of local authority design and build teams. un arran format tectural education, including abour Party proposals for The role played by archi further discussion of the L overcoming the present sectar bias. (3)- jan and private practice Sreagcaas-—- ae: owe ontrols on AJ 30) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource AJ, BD, NAM Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Murray Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1978-1980 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/992f78476d856d3d85e07388b3f6acc8.pdf 59e110c6806ebabe33bd42022fca09da Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Trade Unions and Architecture Description An account of the resource Themes included action on asbestos and Health & Safety, and involvement with Direct Labour Organisations and Building Unions. Following comparative research of possible options, NAM encouraged unionisation of building design staffs within the private sector, negotiating the establishment of a dedicated section within TASS. Though recruitment was modest the campaign identified many of the issues around terms of employment and industrial relations that underpin the processes of architectural production. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource AJ/TASS Survey Subject The topic of the resource Major Survey of Salaries and Conditions of Employment Description An account of the resource eu} UT shuTUZeS UeTpeul *sdnoip abe 67-07 aseYyhTYy ATeUuR Yorez petzeTes sozeumiod SzeATId UT STTYM dnozbH pue AzysnputT sjeatazd ehe zeAo pue og sn s7oeATYyoOre ut pue eotjzoeId UT pepzr0Dez ere sqoeqTyorze AYTAoyANe sqoeqtTyorze ATey,ZO pue poTzerTes wr shuTuzes JO obe Sua zea 3V *sdnoiz6 sqoeqTYyore oy AAAOZ abe soul uT spTetz jzuewXotTdue 49470 UT SZOSZTYOAZe ueY sseT UZeS ssefkoTdue sotzoeI1d UTTM OeSsesrOUT UOTJeASUNUIST ATEYR Ses 09 AOSdKSe uoT}eASUNUISY PUe SOUSTASaxXT esoi shutuzes uetpeu UI “8L6T 403 ggEe'9F “6L46T UF OSS'9F O23 %B°TT Aq eyj ‘sozeui0s pue AAASNput e7zeatad ebutzy zeyjO pue *(Aed ouwtqZzsao0 pue sytyoueq TedoT zAoZ sHhutuzese uetpeu sot IOerzd eReatTad uT uetpew usemjeq soueZezZJTp Se7zeATad 3eyR smouSs STUL °9STQel UT uMoUS ST PTETI quewAoTduse pue ebe Aq shHutuzee ueTpeu Jo stsATeue ue pue ‘UOT é7eoTITTenb azeqze szeok 4satz yj ut ATzeTNotTyzzed souetrzedxes FO SanHbtz e HutathH Asazns wary ey UATM 6LET UT OOL'9F 03 %O°S6 AQ peseeroUT sjZdeqTYoOIe ARTz0yANe TeooT Jo shutuzes uetpeu oy uostzeduiod ut Hutszeys 4Tzoad Sexe ez0z7eq '*°e8°T) 6L6ET ATenuep T uo se AzetTes ssoxzb Tenuue S47 UO peseq erie shuTures ueTpeul ey, “*UuOTIeTJUT ATM eoed desy 07 peTTey oaey sHhuturee s7ZoSATYyoOAe petazaetes TTezeAo snyz +%E°6 Aq peseezOUT xXEpPUT SoTIg TTeIEY Azenuel UT OSB'9F OF BL6T Azentwep UT 6S9'SF WorZ %G°g Aq peseezout soe ;TYOAe PpeTAeTeS TTe Jo shutuzee uetpeu oyz ey ‘TeAeMoy poTzed sty Hutznq *pEg'oF FO Q/ET oun UT syOeqTYyore TTe AOJZ uetpew wary e YUATM sereduios SsTUL “°6L6T Zsoubty SUL *ATQertepTsuod seseezDuT ‘sesnuogq Hbutpntoxe pue NOLLVYENNWHa SLOELIHOU sqZoeqRTYOAY °G STqeL UT umoys se uotssezoid TeaznyzosATyore |yy FO %TL esTaduios oym ‘'ATUO peTzeTes syy UO sejezjUSOUCD Aeaang ssvL /OW SUL “sdnozb z9yZ0 ueYyA sseT eTqezepTsuos uzee oUM spoeqtyorze petzeqTes sot joerd sqeatad Jo esed ey UT suUeTpeU UT souebszseaAtp AeptmM e smous Asaans SSWL/CW eu 'sq0eq4TYOTe AjTZ0yANe TeoOT se YoOnu se ysouTe HutTuzese sozeuoo pue AAZSNpUT SRZeATAd uT sqQoeqTYoOAe petTzetes UATM ‘shuTuzes uT sTedtoutad sotzoeid eqeatid-o3 ATuo. puoses eize sosoAo dus WuUSUUASACH TezjueD 72eYyR peqseHhHns saey sAeaans Zey.0 Yybnourtw *“SPTSeTF JuswAoTdus ut pted 3semoT eyA sueTulst TTTIS sqZOSRTYyOAZe peTazetTes jo dnoz6H styy ‘sksaans yRog ur “8LeT SeUuNL AOF ANq 799'GF FO uetTpow Aeaans yaTY eyy YATM sezeduiod sTyUL “6L6ET Arenuel uT 0Gg9'GF 03 %z°G AG peseezouT sbhuTurzes uetpew eyj ‘sqjoeqTYyore peTzets Sot zoOeId e7eATid Huowy “y STqeL ut umoys se jueuAdoTduie Jo ptetz o3 Hutpz000e ATqezeptTsuood seTreA uoTIeZEUNUIEAZ s7oeATYyoIAW eu Aq pezeacD szeeA Jo requmMU ehzeT ey Jo esneodeq pue eTduwes [Tews syz Jo esneosq sHhutuzes uo 410dez 03 eTqTssod useq jou sey ATezeunZAzOJUN 4AT 'OgG Jo apts zeyuAtTS szeeX Moy oy} UT peyorer yeed sHhuTuzes uetpeu oyQ UaTM uoTZerSuNUSY Pue PTeta juSeWAO dug ~oe7eyy o2e pue wzostun 03 Hutpzoso.e sesAoTdue *SezSeYy ASYRANT YAIM ATeep you sezo0z ATAtez sq 03 Aeedde sotTZyZo ARZTAoyANe TeooT z0z sHhuTuzee *pepntTout jou ezO0jJez7eyUA ST pue SeoTFFJO JO SZTSs Sy OF pseucT ZzZOdde usyM TTeus dnozH ehe zeA0 pue Og 6v OF OF SUR UT SCT'TF OF O€ SUF UT OEG’TF OF AeA0 YFTM Ssoyuy pue Gg pue T Usemjeq ButAoTduse usemyeq cogs Aq Azea TOT seotzzo ueTpeul UT SSoUerSeTITP spToy sbutuzee eyj 2eq4eq *sdnoz6H ebe ey [Te UT shutTuzee MSTA pTey ATuouMIOD ATTeuCTITppe pue seoTFFO STTyzenb pue ueTpeu Seyj styW ut enzR ayy Fo eyj Worx esuodsez suy 03 seonpsez usey pue sesesezoUT sTYyR pue ‘seeXoTdue sHutTuzes uetpew dnoz6H ebe o¢ Zepun eu UL SeTqereptTsuod yATM ‘'Asaans SYA SsOTRIOeId SYR ZebzeT sy *sdnoz6 ehe anoz pezts qUuSezTeTITp AOZ smous / STQeL *seTjUNOD eu} pue UOpucT UT pezerzUSDUOD aq Of pUsay Wey Jo ysow se YSTNHuUTISTp OF FINOTJITP eze ezts soto pue UOTRZESOT usemzeq SeouresITP Sy (7eA0 pue Tg HbutAoTdue ssoyz ''a°t) seotzzo ebreT FO esed sy UI “Jyeqs TeaznjoeqzTyorTe Jo Zequnu eyz Aq peuTuzejzep se ‘eoTsyo eyj jo ezts ey. ST UOT IeTSUNUIEZ SZOSTJe YOTUM SOTFFO FO UOTReoOT ueyR Aooey Queqszodwt ezou y °? sya on Hutpz0s0e sHhutuzese uoTZeASUnUISY pue UOTIeEDOT Fo ezts uetpey 003 sem *dnoz6 ofe dnozb obe EE SUID SOoTAOeAd SZeATAg UT UOTZeASUNnUISY pue SZTS SoTITFO “uTeqyTrd 7eSeID JO suothsez 7ASyRO sya 03 pezeduoo ueym O09F OF OOEF USEeMzeq OF peoNnper st sous DIFJTp uy ySnoyate "ZSSM-YANOS Sy pue SeTeEM pue Ase_—-Yy4NOoS ey pue UOpUOT USeEMjeq se jJUSpTAS Sie suUeTpoW ey} UT O0O0'TF FO sseoxe ut ssouszesFTd *rt070es SjZeATAd sy ut ATQeZepTsuod seseezoUT AT ‘3Ze8IH Jou st sqo0eqTYyore AqtazoyANe TeosoT z0j sbutuzes uetpou FSOMOT pue ZSeyhTYy ey, uUSseMjeq SoUeTEZITpP ouR YySnoyzte "UOTIEDCT SOTFFIO JO swxz9z UI “*4sem-yANosg sey pue seTem UT FSOMOT puUe PUeTSII UASeYIAON pue UopuOoT uT yseySty eze Z0}70esS OTTGQnd sy UT shuTUZeS UeTpeu ZeUR oes OF eTQATssod ST 3T ‘TeASMOH *puNosuN ATTeDTIAsTAeqIs eq Ue pue USASUN AteA ST peuotTjzodde useym eTdures ou3 esnedsq pueTeAL pue uTeqtag 7eezD FO suothberz eT sya pue dnob6za ebe on Hhutpz0s0e uoTZezreuNUIST JO suoSTireduiod syeul 02 STQqTSssod useq jou sey 3T ‘ATezeuN_TOIUn «=UOCTZeTEUNWEeT Jo suosTieduios eyew o7 eTqtssod useq Jou sey 4T ATezeuN_ZAOZUH “UCT eASUNUIEZ SsqDeqTYOIe FoOeTFe UeO YOTYM AoOWZOeT ASYRZANZ e& ST SOTJFO FO uotzeooy *ebe sty Hutyoerer zeqze sHutuzee azteyy eseotOUT 7OU Op spTeTz yuswAoTdue ZeyZO UT sjdeqTYOIe TeNpTATputT Feyy HbuTuesw se pejyerzdzeqjut eq you pTnoys STUL °oeseoerOUT TeuTbseu AeA e SMOYS YOTYUM sqdeqTYoOITe ARTAoyANe Teo.oT Fo uoTydeoxs Sy} UFTM sjoOeaTYOAe peTzeTes TTe AOJF SUTTOSp of aeedde shutuzes uetpeu ‘0g puokeq 'ssetTeyzzeaen *stsATeue PeTFejep e AOF MOTTE FOU seOop YoOTYM dnozbH she zeao pue OG Mey YUATM Tedtoutzd syjz FO uot AerAOstp eyR ye sem SACST YOts pted fo potzed ey sotjzoerzd eqeatad ut usezFO *z03098Ss OTTqnd sya ut peAotTdwuse [Te ATArAeeu of pezreduoo SOU ZO syUOU 9g OF PSTIATIUSe e7eM SoTIOeAd sjeaATAd ey UT ehequeozed [Tews AzeA e ATUO esnedeq peyrAeW SzOW USAS ST STORZOSS OMA SYR USEeMIOEq SoUSeTZeTJTp oyq 'AoAeMOH *sAep OZ ASAO OF PeTATIUS |ezZEM SOASuMIOD pue AAzAsnNpuUT SREATIG UT %/°99 pue sRZOSeQTYOAZe AAtTzAoyANe Ted9OT FO %z7°CE STTyM sAep SAOW AO OZ OF PSTATIUS e7OM %/°G6E BSeEeAT SUA Fo °O peTatqjue ezem Assy SAeCST YOTS pted Jo potzed yeym Pept OU PeY CUM (%Q°py) sROSATYoOAe sot IoOeId ejeaTad Jo ebequseozed ybty AzeA sya Sem ATNsea HuTyTAAs ysou seus SACST YOTS Pted *dnoz6h she og wpun ey ut %ET ATuo etTtym ‘'dnozb ebe ASAO pue OCG Sy UT %TE Aq peAolCue oze AepttToy sAep Gz 03 TZ #eUR HuTMoys uMopyeerq peTTejep e seaTth FT STqeL *SsoTAZTSS OTTQqnd ut ssshoTdue putTueq TTeM TTez Aeyz stTyuR zeqAze ueAS ang ‘seoTAZes Jo szeeA oulos AeqRze juSeweTATIUSe AepTToy PeseeAOUT SATSDSZ AOROSSs |RZeaAtTaAd oyA ut sssXkoTdue AuewW *skep gt ATuo uotyz0doid queoTITUBTS e pue ‘'skep Oz ASspun evAey (%8L) seeAoTdue ZozoSes SzeATIAd FsoWU STTYM (AOROSS SReATIAd.syA ut %z ATuo 03 perzeduios) zesA zed sAep o¢ 03 972 HutAoLus mou ssaAoTduie zojzoes otTtTqnd jo AqtzoCeu sy ‘sz070eSs OTTQnd pue syzeatad ey uUseMjeq se WUSUETITIUS AepTTOY UT ASTXS Of SeNUTIAUOD SSoUsSTSTIJTP STQezeptsuods yey MoUs sqQTnsez ASaans SyL sXept TOH *poeyzeu ATSA YOU Sze SpTeTF WUewAoOTduse useMjzeq YSem Zed pexTOM sanoy FO Aequmnu sy Jo ssouezreFJTp oy smous €T eTqeL ‘*quewkoTdwe AqtTzoyANe TeooT ut (%z°zz) ebejueoszed AemoT ATRUHTTS e YATM soASUMIOD pue AzYsNpuUuT eyeatTid ut syZoOseATYyoOTe |eze ySem ANOU GE OF TE e Hbutyzom pTEts queuxotTdue Aq (%0¢€) ebejueszed ysebzeT eu *yeem red sznoy Of pue 9€ USeMISq YAOM sjoSeATYyoOAe peTreTeszsoW T[TezreAO SANOH *sqoeqtTyorze AAtTzAoyANe TeodoT Huoure uowuwoo 3ZsSOUl ST SOURPMOTTE APD e FO UOTSTAOCAd SYA 3eYW MOUS syTNsez Asamns euL “*sseutsnq AoF 7ZeD UMO ATER Hutsn suokue Az0;F TeSASATUN SsSeT AO SAOW MOU ere SSDUeMOTTe SheeTTU rzeD "8 STASL UT umMoYS sT stsATeue UY “FTJeUSq STU YITM peptAord eze zo0j0es OTTQnd seyA uT ehbequeored AueDTJTUHTsuUT ue uostzeduos ul ‘*sozeumoD pue AaqysnpuT eqjeatad ut %LE AjTzesu pue 7eD e& YATM pepTAord oeze sqoeqTYoOAe peTzAetes sotzoerd ejeatid JO %zT AeAO Asne “*oeaeeT YOts pted pue sAepttToy ‘ssousyos uotsued zedozd fo souesqe 3yy UT ZozOes e7eATAdC Sy UT STQeTTeAe 4TyJoeuseq ,ehutTzz, STTUM “UAOM YsOU Sy} WeRFO ST uOTSTAOAd sty *sz0RDes OTTQnd pue ojeAtiad eyj seystnbutjstp ssn ajeatad pue ssoutsnq ZOFZ 7ZeD e FO UOTSTAOAd |yR 3eyA swztjzuoo Aseaans SyL SOUPMOTTY Ae pue STeO LNYWAOTdWH JO SNOILIGNOO eTqUeL UT uMOYS ST SOTFJO sepnqtaqe jo stsATeue peTtezep pue AzZsnpuTt sejeatid ut LQ 'S3ZOe4TYOZe AZTAoYANe *s07EuMIOD UFTM ‘ANOAeT UT %BE SA0M "%E°SG ST SUOTUN JO ANOAeF petzeTes [Te AOF ey *peuTuexs 870M suOoTUN Teuotssejozd Huowe sAeaans %1G pue jueuIZeACH Te muses TeooT Huouwe AnoAez ut uT %/ 28S) %TZ 0} peseezOUT SuUOTSUSg “TLT STqeL umuTUTW AzZORZNRZeIAS SUR AZeAO Aed Aouepunpesr HuTAtesez ejeAtsd Ul “*umMuUTUTW eSejueorzed ey. sozeumi0o WAaIU oul %p°eoT pue umututu euz ATUo HbuTaAteser sem 7OROeS OTTQnd syYL pue Azisnput AZ07N7eI4s UNUTUTU PSpuSUMooer Waly ey Hutatecsesz %e°T ATuo Xed Aouepunpez umututwu Azoqneqs ey. oF ATuo yQTM peTAtTWIue ez0M sqoeqtTyore petzetes sotqzoerzd ejzeatad go Aqtazolew j3Veerh oy Keq ADuepunpey “9T STOeL UT UMOYS pue AzyZsnpuTt eqeatad SL°LT ATUO UTM Az0jDes Szouw ZO anoz Hutatnbez ST stsATeue peTteqep ut %e* TH pue e0T OeAd “OT FO SZTS Of HutTpzo0ooe suotun o7 e sot joeid oS7eAtTisd uTUATM uoTUN © FO ANOACT UL — SoT Joerg SjeATAg erSYyR ‘SeoTIOeId ojeatad uT ehejueozed ey sqoeqTYyore sTeeAezr ET STqeL FO stsAtTeue OF Sepnytje 4eUuR UT seeXoTdue uy osu SNOINN OL SHCALILLV zeyjo worzz szezstp Aeaazns %G°OL UTM reQ3eq ATQUeOTITUBTS “SsoTAZes Jo yAHueT of HutTpszoooe yw °eozSuMUCD ejZeAtad ut sem soTWZOU SsyeeM potied zebuoT e seiznsue 2t030es oTTQnd ey UT 4OerAUOD OTTGQnd ey UT %z° Tp szeAoTdue ssou, cseeXkoTdue eyz pue aeKoTdue ey3 yaoq Aq jueuAoTdue FO UOT}eEUTUIISA JO SsoTZOU Fo PeusTTqeiss pue eainoes e Jo ehejueApe Hut{Tteaerzd qUsuAOTduUg FO UCT JeUTUSL, *PTSeTF WusewroTdue Aq QueWSeTyTWUS FO potzed eyz sMoys GT STqeL “seuttTeptnS pestubooez ey uteby 4aATM *sTeAeT AzeTes UATM peuZeoUCD sem sjUSpucCdsez Fey Fsebhns squsumod Meg “*sTeAeT AzeTes YATM peureoUCD sem squepuodsez Aq spew juTod jueqzodut jsouw sya zez Ag *HuoTeq seeXoTdue sqt jo Aqytaofew ReezhH ey YOTYUM OF Susyos uoT}ZeNUuUeZeEdNS UMO sqT sey AORDES OTTQNd SUL *“Sulsyos ees ey 03 HuoTeq %p°y ATuo °dn peddoj susyos e7ejs oOTseq ATeyW HSutaey %z°TT pue suleyos eqeqs eyj Fo 4no HuTZOeTAUOD %Brz_L YATM ‘sorSuMIOD pue ATZsnNput eqeatad yATTTM sysezquoD STULL “sweyos szeAtid e yatTM dn peddoj suweyos oejeas oTseq ey sAey %g°z ATUO “*sMOUS BTeTaeE,se ‘ano pejoezquoD HutAey ssoTtsyo %z°SGz YAM oweyos ejeqs ey. on HuoTeq AeASMOY 70ORZDeSs ejeATAd 9yA UT (%S9) AajtzoCeu yeerhH SUL “ST FSUSq JUSUIEATIZOA ASRZAEq ASyyJo sowseyos sqzeatad ‘peaordut yonw useq sey ewseyos uoTsued ejeqjs meu oyy ypnour tw *,S8SZOM TO 7eRzAEeq AOZ, AUTISep ,,UMO, ITye} JO ehbzeyo UT pue Aejsew TENPTATPUT AITSeYyA UTeZUTeU pTnoys AeyA WeU ATEeF srSeyI0 “ezTSyMesTS jueuAoTdUIS Yyeoes pue SAeeT PTNOM Assy usey} ‘suey roeqqeq eReTAobeu peTsstizesstp ez0em Ay FT Sssou; JO “UOTZeNATS ey qanjstp Sezojsoerey, pue ‘SUuOTITpUCD Aeyy eu} 4FTeF squepuodsez ATuo 3YyHTw suoTunNn pue sTeAeT AzeTes pooh pey eseyZ go Auew *szeXotdus eq pTNoOd suoTzTpuos pue YUITM ATTENPTATPUT PeSssnosTp sotzetTes ptes squepucdsez ezeyM pue [Tews UT pexyTOM uOoTZeSsTUOTUN seoTJJO ,Tewz0sutT,, O32 pesoddo ysou ssouL ,UMO, ATSYR eq O73 SqUYHTI ATTeuoszed you PTnos pue 2eYR pequeumioD Auew ‘sjuspucdsez *,SSOTJJO UT swoysnNd pue juseuEheuew Tepnesz, ey Sutaocizdut ut uotun e Jo ontTea ey4 Mes AUSepUOCdseZ “siequicul S3T ASFJO pTNoD SoTApe Sy peuotTjueu sjzuepucdsez sUO 4yaz0ddns pue uoTun peystTqejse ue jeyW JO SUOCTZTPUOD pue suze} ue yONpuSCD pTNodD uotun e 3eYyj e7eM SpeU squUTOd zeY30 pue sTeAeT AzeTes Jo Yyooyo Tenuue mez yw *quewAoTdus STaTFeducout sem dtyszequieul uotun zeYy AYyHnoyQ TIt3s zZequmu TTeus yw “suotun Sututol zzeqs azteyy jo ,eaznseetdstp, moys 7YybTW szeuqZzed ATSeYyRZ [nJzeezy ore sqoeqATYoTe AuewW *ATSATIOSTTOO peqetqoHbeu eq oa peu ButyzAzeae 2yHnoyW AeysL uéSUOTFENFITS YIOM pue sqof juezezztp Auew os ystxe ezeyR USYyM seTZeTes YATM dTSy uoTun e pTNoOD moy, sem uot Zsenb TeotdA, yw *oanjzeu oTseq eZOU e JO sem soUeTOUHT ‘eIOU SNoTz9ss ez0uUl 2 UO “SeOTFZFO ShreT ut eyzetadozdde Atuo st UOTFOS SATRIOSTTOO ey peutHbeut ATeptm eq o7 saeedde ar *sseAoTduie Teuotsseyjoxzd Hutjueseazdez suotun zeTToo SaTUM Fo spoyyow pue SsToOr sy JO soueZOUHT suoOs ATAeSTO st ez9UL suoTun JO ANOAeT UI ON SSOUL — SoTJoeIg oFeATIAg *(uoTun butzseutTbue ey FO 10ROSSs AeTTOO eyTYyM 933) SSWL MANY sem zeTndod jsoul eyZ 3nq ‘SLOW pue sWLSY o70M peuotyususucTun yong *suotun peysTTqejiss seyj fo suo uT sTeuotssejorzd HbutpTtnq zoyF uotjestuebz0 pue AqtTjUepTt Huozas e HuTYSsTTqeyss JO AnoAezy uT sem TeAeMoOY uotutdo bututeum —-T8A0 SUL “UOTINFTISUT STUY UT AZNOGqe WZUuHNOAq eq oO SzEM ehueyo TeVuUSeuepuNZ JT seToT seaogqe seyy uo seyeq 03 Apog eTGTssod e se WAIN peuotTjueu sqyuepuodsez Jo zequmu y *ssoTsJJO ubtsep HutpTtnq ut Fyeys petzeltes TTe Hutjuesezdar uoTtjestuebio eTTeazqum euo ojuUT Jyeqjs yzoddns ateyR pue sTeuotssejord ey} TTe zeyj,eHo 3 Hutbutaq Fo eept eyj sem quUSUIOS UCUMIOD e ‘sizequiewl uUOTUN HUTISTXe Jo esed 9Yy UT “sqZodeqTYOAe YooFFe YOTYM SONssT TTe ssnostp o} pue AOTTod jZusewuuzeAch souentTjut 09 ,dnozb eaznssezd, e se joe 03 UuoTUN e JO pesu ey} Mes sqUSpuOodsez Jo zequmuU e 33TNd “sqoeqTyore petTzetes oj} 4YTyeueq AeTNOTAZed Jo eq pTnom sty3 3T8F SZuUepuodses AueW *SWTeTO uMO ATSeYUR SeyeU OF YOTYM UO uoTFeULTOFJUT pue SsoUEepPTJUOD ssefAoTduie sath ptnom Azostnduiod jou ybnoyzTe ‘SSeUuTTEepTNS esey, cweyj z03 ubtedureo 'ATRUueAzOduUT 7SOuU pue SUCTepUSeUMIODSA eYeUl pue eANjonNzAAS pue sTeaeT Azetes Yyorzeeset PTNOM uoTuN e ZeyR 4Tezx Auew eToOsnu Tetzysnput HuTzzexs Jo WTFSeueq ey OF se peptToOSepuN ezeM sulos YbnoyAtW *uoTuN eperz e AO UOTANATISUT Teuotssejozd e 0} AeyjTeu pebuoTeq %>Gz pue dTysrzequew vay peuwteTO %/1°29 eoTqoerd ejeaATid ut squepucdsez sy} 30 SNOLLVITIAAV “ODIVN UT pequeseidez 270990q S}SeTERUT TeEUOTIOSS ATEeYR Ses OF PSEYSsTM 4Nq AATAOUANY TeOOT *oTdures ou} UT pepnTouT ezemM poeAoTduie-jJTes eyz pue sr0jOeATP stedtoutad ‘szeujzied se zeyHty eq pTNoM 7030es e7ZeATIAd syuy UT ebequsorzed ey 'ASAeMOH =*UOTUN eperzzZ e OF pehuoTeq szeeuTbue uetoTuyoe JO %z7E pue sxAseuTHuse peze_zTeYyo JO KOZ Zoqoes ezeATszd eyj UI *z0RDeS OTTQnd eYyy UT UoTUN SpezR e OF pehuoteq srzseutbuse UCTOTUYOS, Jo -%Gg pue srssuTbhbuse pezeqzeyo Tle FO BLL ‘suot3anqzTysul HSutzseutbug_ Jo TTounop sy 70; qno petazeo Aeaans LL6T SUR UI *sdnozb Teuotsseyorzd rz3y70 aulos YRTM dtyszequeul uoTUN JO uosTAeduiodD e szezZjZO TZ STAeL *sozemuos pue Azysnput ey7eatad ut %eg pue 7009S otTqnd ey UT UOTUN espera e of BHBuoteq %G°og eTTUM ‘%se ST uoTun e 5utyzoddns ehbejqueozed ey '%E*L OF SzZOSERTYoOre soTtTzoOeId ejeatsd Hbuowe dtyszequieuu pesesrzoUuT ue smoys Oz e1qeL FO stsATeue uy ‘uotun pestubooez onL e oF BuTbuotTeq aot zoe1d eqzeatid ut %z azepun ysnf Jo eHequseozed e pemoys 7eUL *dtyszequeu uoTtun uo sjzoeqyTYyoOAe peTzejTes Ao; uotTysenb © POPNTOUT owTZ AsATZ Sy AOF ‘'SLET JO ASAANS WAU SUL yons se uoTzestuoTUTN oF pesoddo jou ezeM peTFsTyesstp eseuz go AueWw “*SsAeOTJFO YuSwuuASACH TeooT Fo soperzb [Te sjueseidez yoTYyM UuOTUN ey — ODTIVN YFTM uoT IOeFSTWIesstTp FO sem pesserzdxe ueqjo 4soul META BYR SszOeRTYOTZe Huowe mou wzou eyy ST UoT}esTUOTUN ezZEeYyM sqZoeqTYyorAe AQTAoYyANe TedOCT Huouww *qonpucD yo epoo Teuotssezorzd ATSeYyR UTM OSLL OSOL O€8L O80ZL O9E9 O009¢G 6Z6T S8L6T STTRI7eENH z0dd nN O00SG 000s OSO9 6G€¢ OOLG O007 6Z6T S8L6T}] STTAAeNH IBMOT OSS9 OOL9 OS9S €2LS L609 O€TS quSsuUTeAOD TeooT %OOT v°s 8°TT 0°6 o°6 0809 699¢ soe 7Tyoly TTW SsozASuMIOD /AzASNput S7eATId 6Z6T UO BLET] SsesrTOUL % Yo SLET 8ZET (F) sbupuzeg ueTpEH eoT IOeIAd SzeATIG quewhoT dug oO oT 3O PTeta V eTqeL 8° c*e Z9UI0 uoT zeONpy, €°€T spzeog TeucTieN pue jJUuSeUUTSAOD TezQUED 8°6Z 9°6T : petzeTes - sdTIOerg sTedtoutzd sotqoerzq sReATIg ejeatzg 0*6z % SoyTAOUANY Teo.oOT G eTqeL (Valu 802n0S) SL6T NI GiIgIa LINAWATGWH AG SLOULIHOWW JO NOLLNGIUMLstIa 6Z46T PUP SLET YOM CISIA LNAWAOTAWH Aad NOLLVYSWANEY SLOALIHOUW, aZis HOlAdAAOLLOOWUd dNowuS wqSv anv ALVAIUd NI NOLLWYSWANTY SLOPLInOUw O1 00S 00zS O0nr W OSOL on OO8ZL 0€S9 OvOS 0089 OzSS + TOT O1 OSLS WwW OOTL on 7998 OzSS 00SP OT} 0009 87Z9¢ W O8STL 0879 on} o098 LZve O8zs OSes 0099 00SP 000g OOPS OS - 92 SZ - IT OT W on 0909 OOES 0S99 0009 OvOS OOOL 0099 00Ss O1 W on OOES OOLP 0007 OSL9 OOES OStP OSSL 0009 00SS OT - 9 OT W on 080g OO€P Ov9E G68¢ 0006 SLIP OOLL OS6S 009% S$ -T +05 _ _ 67-07 6€-O€ of a SOTITIO "6 sate 00€9 0089 OSOg 00S OOT-TS 00ST L eTqed, OT W 0809 OOL9 ETS9 SELL OOSL OSzg €T98 0OSS OS7P 0909 S8Lv | sjZOeRTYOAW OOL9 OOPS TIw on OT 00SS W OSs9 on OSLL GLOL SZTL L8ELS 0Sog8 Osrs OSP9 S798 SLL8 0069 OOLS e7eATIg OT 0S09 W OOL9 on O€SZL EOL9 LT99 S68S SEL? O1 OOLb Ww 0S9S on O09€9 oO8gs OS6S 000S 0089 0669 Ov6S 0008 L@vs 0099 OOT? OSLYP OSZsS Sotoer S66L S8LL SLd9 9T88 67248 LELY ZETS ARTz0yzny 0009 TeooT _ _ cn PTeta TTIW +05 60-07 6€-O€ 0 juewko dug DOS SOTOUMIOD S9z@S /AASNPUL SzeATIg 9 STQeL QTaila LINGWAOTdWaA CNW GOV Ad NOILVYSWANEY SLOELIHOUW 80SS 0OO00S O09% O00S O0@% 680% OSE ODODE STTFIAeNH ASMOT SvV6S SVZS LTSS 8S%S O¢C6h SEY SSGLE ODE ueTpen cveo9 OLLG OST9 8S7S 0095S O000S OSZ% OD9E STTIz7eNO szeddn 646T S8L6T 6L6T B8LE6T E6L6T BSLET G6LET 8LET OG 6v - OP 6€ — O€ o€ Nn TT STAeL 6L6T PUe SLOT NOFA ADV Ad NOILVYAWNNAY SLNVLISISSY TWHNLOALIHOUV OS¢c? _ tiv VLIE OSGE clOV OOTV 80GS OSLP ARTAOYANY eoTIOeId TeooT SeqZeATId OTTAAeNH AEMOT ue TpeW eTTAIzeno zeddg OT eTae, 6Z6T CIeId LNEWAOTAWa Ad NOLILVYAWANGA SLNWVLSISSY TWHNLOSLIHOUw cELvY OOEV OOSH O8TF OOH ODTR 9552 EVTZ STTAACENO ASMO'T O¢vVS OOTS O8¢S O8Lh OSLH O07 OOSE LEEZ ueTpeNW 0909 Vv97S OOLS O8%7S O002S 009% SHZF OSE STTIzeno sz0ddn 6Z46T S8L6T G6L6T B8ZLET 6LET B8ZL6T 6L6T 8ZLET +0 67 - OP 6€ — O€ Oc Oo 6 e1qeL 6Z6T PUue BLET YOA AOW Ad NOLLVYAWNNEY SNVIOINHOEL TWENLOALIHOUwv OCCUPATION ARCHITECT EMPLOYMENT FIELD ARCHITECTURAL TECHNICIAN PRIVATE PRACTICE 5.0 LOCAL AUTHORITY 0,0 0.0 9.1 90.9 ~ 48.4 45.4 7.2 i8.5 2.8 PRIVATE INDUSTRY/COMMERCE|} 25.0 - pe 25.0 73.9 - 7737 = 20.9 250 - - 0.0 8.4 ARCHITECTURAL ASSISTANTS PRIVATE PRACTICE LOCAL AUTHORITY PRIVATE INDUSTRY/COMMERCE 10.0 PRIVATE PRACTICE all Under 30 age group 30 - 39 40 - 49 12.0 22.7 0.4 21.4 77.4 0.8 | 78.0 19.6 2.0 . 0.4 | 7.0 8.7. 39.7 44.6 50 + LOCAL AUTHORITY — 1.6— PRIVATE INDUSTRY/COMMERCE|! 37.0 570} - 30.0 69.0 1.0 | 63.0 34.8 2.2 _ | 2.2 11.1 66.7 20.0 tH On oO aiew 0.3 1.6 22.2 73.0 362 9.8 34.5 54.9 0.8 f#1.0 0.7 93.2 5.1 6.7 0.8 27.7 0.0 o.1 11.) a2 10.0 70.6 0.8 93.2 5.9 0.8 - }aa.4 4.0 12.8 71.8 88.8 - 33.3: 39.4 24,2 3.3 f:14.2 2.0 42.8. 40.8 88.8 - 62.5 26.4 Oo.1 ~ t 0.0 9.9 39.8 51.2 4 ; +Bfry : tblof t Bay Bl ‘ wyOo} troH! ayo iy oF CH oPRRAg aBo OS ® Qu o ad2 I i 87.0 13.0 vou eey . 75.0 21.0 72.0. 24.0 63.0. 731.0 . 1.0 17.0 82.0 - 89.0 7.0 2.0 1.0 I 9.3 15.5 38.1 37.1 65.7 22.8 .t AJ/TASS RIBA| (30 31-35 36-40 40> | <20 21-25 26-30 31> | , | ‘Know Number of Hours Number of Days QB Ay . cE peo wapaa > 4 ud SH aKr<o aa gO Poh BA z ad= UD 3 Ha] 4 Bia <CHg Q hy«o2Ov, a a oe qs | ba do esacg wo 5a He BSB" RHOk j Be a5ane Cw Q|8z gS a ae5 4 w ob a 4K-9 9 ——54 He |8P myoF oF By 5 rd ea 53 Hi -4 Fe a 5:= 3& ia d ts 4. a 2 0 -: -’ |‘ \<10 '11-20!'20+;Z Don't: 1 HH> YPWHRHHYD © po 75.0 16.6 | dHoO: H wm OCCUPATION ARCHITECT PRIVATE PRACTICE all 2.9 79,0 18.1 3.3 79.0 17.1 97.9 1.3 0.8 65.5 25.2 7.8 0.0 2.0 Under 30 age group 30 - 39 \ 40 - 49 50+ , ‘| LOCAL AUTHORITY ap PRIVATE INDUSTRY/COMMERCE| 1-0 58.7 40.3 1.0 58.7 @2.3}78.0 21.0 1.0 4.4 77.8 11.2 7.6 49.6 42.8 €.7 “52.1 22.2 | 70.5 16.4 13.1 10.8 0.0 0.0 ARCHITECTURAL PRIVATE PRACTICE 3.0 85.7 11.2 6.1 83.8 19.1 |89.0 8.0 3.0 63.0 20.0 13.0 0.0 2.0} TECHNICIAN LOCAL AUTHORITY 3.1 80.9 16.0 3.0' 84.0 13.0 87.0 10.2 2.8 3.0 0.0 0.0 97.6 0.0| PRIVATE INDUSTRY/COMMERCE | 3,3 66.7- 30.0 4.5 70.5 25.0 |90.2 8.1 1.7 25.0 41.7 . : 33.30.0 0.0 fl ARCHITECTURAL PRIVATE PRACTICE 1 7.0 85.1 7.9 7.0 75.2 7.8} 91.5 2.5 5.9 75.0 14.6 5.2 0.0 ASSISTANTS LOCAL AUTHORITY 1 5.7 71.4 22.8 2.8 85.7 11.4 }86.6 6.6 6.6 2.7 0.0 0.0 94.4 5.2 PRIVATE INDUSTRY/COMMERCE| 13.3 53.4 33.3 13.0 54.0 33.C |89.0 9.0 2.0 2.7 48.0 20.2 0.0 3.8}. - <a 4 4> f Notice fromEmployer Notice fromEmpioyem min, mess Know an Contract © Pub other in & top annuation ,a o. eats e Bae| OUD c} ago) \‘ Seas|Be ah. ag Ne * wa 7 Bec 3? HO ~ on ~ a4 MC 2A - ‘ nEe733Be 4 ‘ot Ma won a ~|w ae : . ogg 9 a ze 28.0 <4 4 / 4 |. Stat. Stat. Don't] Contract out Contract super- - Qa g Be rasa & Cis fi a 0 Ba u eK mo Bu og 42Q pe ag fi re dg , ae 0G Ba Q& CH OZ a Be U0 wd mS Q 0 ai is BR |: it: . Bg vnu 87.5 1.7 0.0 6.6 83 ai YP EMPLOYMENT FIELD NOILWdNO90 AG SNOILVSINVDYO “(TaId LNAWAOTAWa Ad CNW 0°79 0°02 O°O€ 0°0€ O°€Ee O°6E +TOT OOT-TS 0S-92 S2-TT OT-9 S-T S°0TFJFO JO Szts O°Ss 0°08 0°94 0° OF z°T9 0°sSs O°rL 0°9G E°SS O°LS o°L9 O°LL O°8SE ANOART UL squeySstsse TeanzoszTYyOIAe TIwv SorSuNUYdD /AASNPUL S7eATIAg AyTA0yANY Ted0T SoOTAOeAg Szeatiag’: suetuyosaL TeaznzoeATYyOAW TIv SOASUMUOD /AAASNPUL SAeATIG AQTzoy;Ny TesoyT SoTAIOeIg S4eATIAg JO SNOILVITIa@av JO SDWLNHOUEa FHL sjUeIsSTSsy - [TeanypoeztTyoay ueTOTUTYOsSL Teanzoeyryolay spoeqTyorze TIV SoASUMUOD /AAASNPUL FUSUTIATSAOH S7eATIAg TerzUSED ARTA0yANY Ted0T TTW e0TOeIg PTSTA yZUSUAOCTAuURy SQeatiag 7odeATYOIY uoTRZeaNSdSO 6T STCeL 6°E? 0°69 6°17 Z°6 O°TT 0°02 ALIYOHLAY TYOOT LNWLSISSY HOLILOved ALVAIYd| IWanLoaLrTouw O°EZ O°Ees O°E9 9*¢ O° LP? 6°72Z ALIYOHLAY TWOOT HOLLOVed ALVAIYd NWIOINHOSL | IWYNLOSLInOuw S°6 ©" 6E LY G°0O8 6°99 7°TL L°L9 BOUAWNOO/AMLSNANI aALVALad ALIMOHLNY TWOOT aOLLOVdd SLVALUd O°SZ ees LOULIHOUY Suo eUuUOTSSOTOZ "Saxe tadorddy quseuA0T Gurg uotun N OperzL UCTArnaSury : . PTIOTaz : uotaedn Fo 720 Og eTIeL (SsoTzoerd SejeATid UT SoTsIO JO ozts AQ pue) CGiala LNAWAOTdWa AG GNW NOTLVdNDD0 AG SNOINN dO UNOAVA NL SowLNaOudd out UT OO”7'’SF Fe ASeYIO YOes HutTTenbe uetpewu ebe TEepTO ey UT senuUT uetotuyoe, AZTz0yANe UT SsMOZZeU SOUSATSTITP SUL “SEO’TF St 3 ‘QuewkTdwe ARtzo0yAne TedoT sy uaTM dnobz ebe 6E O12 O€ SUR TROOT UT seszsUM Ege’eF ST S,0€ AOpun |yR AOZ SoTIoerd eqeatad ut sbuTuzes uetpew eyL °*€z STqeL UT uMOYS ST STUL “*saOqDeS oTTqnd pue ejzeatid ey ueemjeq Azea shutTurese uetpeu ATpeqoedxq SainoHy SOURPMOTTWY APO pue Saeo ONGWATGWH JO SNOILIGNOS uoT}ezSeuNUIeEY Pue SoUSTTSdxy *dnorih efe OG zeACO syy yATM dnoz6 UCD puSszy o"UL “P7e'’ Ps Ae 68TH Aq peeue UOT eATSUnUSY PUe PTET jUSUAO TCU O@p'SF 03 shutTuzese uetpoul dnozb she 4YsepToO ey ue peAsTtTyoe suetotuyos, JeTTeus pemoys sdnoz6 out UT OSL'PF 02 “BT°ET Aq pue 626T Atenuel uT COG'EF OF Meet Aq peseeiouTt O€ ASepun esoyR AoOZ sHhutuzes uetpew ezeym sdnoib fe ASMOT OMA 3ZseHhrzeT OM su °dnoz6 ATeptm Aq peseezouT suetotuyoe7 jo shuturzee / ebequeored HbutAzea ut %z°9 Jo eseezDUT UT STTUM Ogz'SF O3 %S°OT ‘dnoz6 ebe 6% 03 OP zepTo om eyz *dnoz6 eBe 6¢E 07 OF SY UT Oo10M SoseeZOUT abe o7 Hutpzooc0e sebequeorzed "6STqeL oes ue ATUO seM oezeUA JO SseezoUT SUR UT *SOSeoAOUT ueTpoSUu ALL NOILVaANNWHaA SNVIOINHOaGL SNVIOINHOGL TVWYNLOELIHONV “a070eS S7eATId Sy UT UeYR Ssanoy GE pUe TE USseMIEeq y¥IOM sueTOTUYDER AXTZoyANe TeooT ezow AT3YyStTTs ‘peyrzeu Area jou ore SPTeETsZ queuxoTduis usemMjeq sesoueTeTITp ey Ubnouatw *fT STaeL UT uMOUS se YSem red sxnoy OP pue 9E USeMqIeq YOM sueTOTUYDEA AsO TTezTEAO *suetTotuyos ARTZ0YANe TeodoT Huoure uoumiod rsouU oze SOOUeMOTTeE eheeTTW 7eD *ATyeueq sTyy UTM peptaAord eze 20R30eSs OTTQnd eyy UT zequnu JUPOTITUHTSUT Ue STTYM 7Zed e© YATM peptaorzd %G AZeao 3snl UFTM 20R08S SjeATId 9|yR FO Saznjzeey e suTeWeET osn eZeATad pue sseutsnqd zA0F Zed e FO UOTSsTAOAd 9|yA 'sRoSEATYOTe UTM sy *“sqZoeqTyore Huowe Zuezesstp ATpeyzew st YOTUM puerzy e - ATqertepTsuocd smozzeu siojOes OMA 93YyA USsEMIEG sbutuzes uetpew ut SsouseresITp ey ‘Aqz0F Jo ohe syRz ASeAZW “STQesotzou st Hutyeed Tenpezb azeTTwts e sdnoz6h ehbe AsMOT SYR UT ZOQDES OTTQnd ey UT azeyupbty eze shutuzes uetpeu sy3 ybnourtTy “*dnozb eHe og zeAo 9yR uT senbeeTToo Teuotsseyorzd zateyy ueyz re3eT ATAUSTTs syeod pueTenpez6 st she 03 Hutpzo0d0e shutures UeTpSeUl UT SseeTOUT SUL *sdnoz6h she AZeMOT Om} SYA UT ez70M Otdues |yR UT zZSequMU yZSeRZeeErTH SUL *“ebe Jo szeeA O¢€ ASpuN orem oTdues ey Jo %o°sp *sdnoxzb ebe eseyz UT sueTOTUYDeR FO zAequMU ebrzeT ey H5utzoeTyez ‘sdnoi5 efe 4SseMOT OM} 8YR UT 7ZseyuhHty sem esuodsez sy 3eyQ sMOUS € pue "Z ‘T seTqeL °zpz sem suetotuyoe3 worzy surmnzez JO zequnu euUL “Spell sq ued suosTazeduiod ou os ‘suetotuyoe7 TeanqoseyzTyoze A0F WusuAoTdue Fo suot3Tpuos pue sHhutuzee jo AsArNs sATsusyerduiod e puTZ of eTQtssod useq you sey ALT pSjUeASTsse Teanqoeqtyorze eTatTssod useq Jou sey 4T *jZueuAoTdus Jo suoTyTpucD pue Aed jo AsAaans eATsueyerduiod sueTOTUYDeA TeAznZoeATYoOTe SLNVLSISSW IvVunloaLIHouw SNOLTLVI TIAA * (ZeA0 Sy UT eAze ANOAeZ uT ehbejusozed TTeus Area eYyR UT eTe ANOART pue TOT) seoTFFJO AZsebszAelT ysebzeT eyy pue (G-T) seoTJFJO uT ebejqusozed YseTTeus HuTpzo000e suoTuN of sepnitjaje ezeATisd UT ANoAeZ UT Sere HuTAznoaey sOTATAoyANe TeooT OTTQnd eyy uT st eHejusozed FFFEeUSq FO eq pTNom uotun sueTOTUYOS; [Te FO %GG AZseyHty eyuA ATqeqAtTaAeut e Fo dtyszequew yey cweyy of zyHnoyW eu 03 5uotTeq ssefoTdwue UI “°(8T STQSL Ses) pezoeszquodD eAeY CUM “%QIT 3eU *sweyos uotjenuuerzsedns otTTqnd “OT eyy 073 HSuojtTeq Aytazofeu ouleyos uoctTsued ejeqs oTseq yesez6H oyA AoOjoSs SeEATIG SUOTSUeg SABST YOTS Pted eyj 7eYyR SMOYS SOTIJFJO JO JO umopyeerzq yw *eoTjoOerd Ky Hutstadans e ‘teaemoH ut seeXhoTdus %9/ UTM rORDeS eu sTeeaez ETSTqeL SNOINN OL SHCNLILLY TTe ATzeeu AORDES OTTqnd 'reyQeHoqTe suweyos eqeas pue ‘osuwsyos ejeqs eyz %TT UTM sXep QZ ueyi sseT Ssaey oUuM ZO QDeS e7eatad“(VT STAeL Ses). pesoddo se Aepttoy seyuy ut %¢g OF skep gz 03 Tz Aoluse mou seeAotTdue r07DesS OTTqnd yo AjtazofLew eyL *srz0jDes oma oy usSeMjeq ASTXe OF SNUTAUOD sSsouerzeJITpP STQerSepTsuod yeyqj mMoys satnsez Aoaans ous e puTJ oF YIM sy go stsATeue uy ey suq FO Ano dn doq szeXoTduse ezts of *suoTuN Sy ULI SACPT LOH uoTyned os ‘eTdues ey Jo %6°97 SestadwoDs coum sdnozb ehe ZEMOT OM SYA wWozAZ useq seu ssuodse z qZsehzeT ay ‘utesy ‘dnoz6 ebe zeybty syz Az0zF sajtnsez eyQ uT pesseidxe eq ysnu “zey;TeEUu OF HbuTSuoTeq “%T°TT uyFM uotTun oper, e& OF HuotTeq %e°e¢g STTYM UOTANATASUT TeUOTSsSezozd e 03 HuojTseq %9°9z pue sueTOTUYyoeR AATAOYANe TeosoT Hhuouy *“zeyjtTeu of HuThbuojTeq %6°e9 YATM UOTUN Sperq e OF %/°9 pue UOTAINFITISUT TeuCTSsezorzd Wey OF HhuojTeq %G°zEe eotjzoead e7eATId ul “*suotun epezqz AO suOoTANATAZSUT TeUCTSsezord TSUATS JO suetTotTuyosez Fo dtyszequisu syz sMous Oz STGeL “ZUSUSTITIUS SAPSeT YOTS pted Aue Fo ezeMeUN STEM AORDES STU} UT sjUepUucCdsez AueU Ang ‘'UOUMIOD ere YRUOW SUO ANoOGe JO spoTzed 2030es eR2eATIAd Ssyy UT STTYM 'RORTQUOD SIR ut pezeqs ATzeeTO pue peustT{qeqse ATWATJ pue uouMOD ore Szo0ul AO syyUOU g9 FO spoTAzsd 20R0es OTTQnd sy UI “*SsAeeT pted jo yQbueT Fo 4eyR St CT STqe_ UT uMOUS se szrOjDeS OM SYA UseMjoeq SouezeZJTpP OTseq su “*seaeeT yots pted sAep 0% AeAO SATSOSEAT suUeTOTUYDeQ aya JTeyU AAO AsNyp UT ST°TT UTM pezeduiod squejstsse sotqoeid eqeatad SACPTTOH *quewAoTduse AAytTzoyAne TedsoTt STqdeL “sanoy ewes sy} TeRSOT FO %8°SS STTYUM MZOM (%9°OL) SOTQOeAd ARTA0yANe TeooT Huouwre OTTqnd eyj UT SeTqesotjou e7zeatid uT %OT pue zojOes S47 ST SSN SjZeATId pue Aytazoyjne OF USEeMaAeq go AAtzoLeu eyy Ssainoy °seoAoTduie SbeeTtu ze9 *Z030eS pue ATZSNput Fo ehbeTtatsd 03 HutpzoD0e squejsTsse pue Tenpez6 st ofe Jo shutTuzee ueTpeu UT SSeSAOUT SUL uoT}eTSUNUEY Pue SOUSTASUXY sanoy GE pue TE useMzEq Jo ehejueozed ZebzeT © 2eUR SMOUS ET YOM sjUeySsTsse TerznjoeqtTyorze 'Yoom Zed sanoy OP pue sQZeATAd ut squejstsse uoumioo 3sou ST ssoueMOTTe OU ST 4T STTYUM SeozeuMIOD Sjeatad suR UT %L°9 sseuTsnq ATOJ zed e FO umoys se ‘'dnozb she zeA0o pue Og ey UT syeed “TT STQeL Ut *potied sures sy AeA0 O76’ PF OF 7°ET JO SSePSeTOUT Ue Sem orEYyR dnozb she 6¢€ O73 OF SU ACT SePOTSUM "6L6T Azenuer ut 9G/'EF 02 BET Aaenuep UT OOP'’EF worz %Q°g Aq esort shuTuzes uetpeu ‘dnoz6 efe o¢ szepun eu3 UI °*%e°6 Aq dn FUSM XEpUL SOTAgd [TTejeUu ey potszed stya Hutazanq “PET Azenuec 03 dn azesh ey UT %E°ET pue %G usemzeq Aq peseezDUT sey dnoz6 efe 03 Hutpzoooe squejstsse jo sHutuzee uertpeu suzy “TT SAPCST MOTS pted YIOM (%L°LZ) uoTstTaAord syy SOURMOTTY 2eD pue sized LNEWAOTIWH JO SNOLLIANOD 328M Ady SACST YOTS pted FO potszed yeymM of ezeMe JOU e70M szUeASTSSe SOT IOeAId ejZeATtad Jo & 2eYyR SsMOUS CT STIL *sXep Jo zequmu owes sy ezeUS jUOEU -AoTdue AyTzA0yANe TeooT ut %e°ce ATuo STTyM (sAep ct ATuo uotzzOdord eTqereptsuos e pue) zeeK e sKkep oz ueyi sseT oaecy (%7°€6) SRUeISTSSe SOTIOeId ejeaTtad go AqtzoLeu zeerhH ous *e0TIZOeAd eRzeATId UT g*o ATUO 02 pereduiod ‘zePeA we Aept Tou sKep o€ 03 97 Aolue sjueastsse AqTA0YANe TedCT Jo zeqzenb e ATAPON “PT STAUCL UT umoys st se QueweTatjue Aepttoy UT STORIES OMA SY} USEMIoeq FSTXS SSoUsSTeTJTIP eTqereptTsuog “OT STGe} SSG *r0RDeS OTTQnd eYR UT zEQ' PF pUS COT’ HE ST quUeISTsse TeanjoseztTyore sotyzoerzd sjeatid eyy AOF uetpew sy “sqoejzTyore pue suetotTuyoe} TerznqzoeqTyore YATM se AZOJOSes oQeATId pue oTTqnd eyj Usemyeq yonu se Azea jou op sHhutuzes ueTpEW uOTZeAZSUnUSY Pue PTeTaA jUSWACTCug NOILVYENNWaY SLNVLSISSY TVaNLOALIHOUW *szeok 0G rteA0 Ssoyy ATTetToedse -eL Ssozeumiod pue AAZSsNpuT sjueystsse AjTzoy4Ne TeooT *s0TzOeAd sjzeatad ut %97 ATuo pue sjeATzd ut %0g ATM ‘ZNoAeT Jo & ZeAQ *suUOTUN FO UT SA9M SRUeISTSse TerAnjoseAtTYyoOAe dihsasanan CQNY SNOINN OL SdaniLiILiv UT ezEM ANOAeT TTe FO JTey Teao asnp ‘SUOTSUSeg "(ssw~ ATTensn) uoTun sepezq e of pebuoteq eotjOeId SezeATad ut %6 ATuo eTTYyM (ODTWN ATTensn) uotun epezy e oF pefuotTeq sqjueystsse Jo %69 juUewAOTduS ARTAoyANe TeooT ul "03 pebhuoTeq sjueqstsse Jo %p°~E YOTYUM OF Ssueyos uoT}enuUeredns oOTTGQnd umo AaTeyA eaey AATAOYRZNe Ted07 *yno HuT}oerWUOD %O°HT YITM ouleyos uotsued eje4s oTseq S47 03 pebuocTeq sotzoezd ejzeatid ut & 3eUR SsMoUS BT STaeL “(S0TAZesS JO potzed uodn Hbutpuedep ‘ezow 20 syjuoU 9 ATTeultou) saeet pted skep ezouw 20 OZ FO 4TyJOueq oy peU t03708S OTTQnd UT %g°zy STTYUM (YQuOU e ATTewxzou) sAep oezoul ro 0z O32 PETITIUS Se798eM soTIOeAd SjeATtad ut %g°zT Atuo *SOTAZES OTTGnd ut juUSueoTpezd sures ey pezeys %g°oP STTYM 'peTyTIAue sHutuzes uetpoew ey3 dnoz6B “OVT ‘pF peyorez ebe 6% 02 OP ety UT eTTYM ‘dnoizb abe SeM UeTpPEeUI OoOor’eF sem ueTpSU SUL "%T°6L ST 3T ‘'203D0eS OTTqnd ey SASM K%B° TZ SNOINN ‘dnozpb obe “008'PpF sem ueTpeW SUL °“ZOL'9F sem sHutTuzes uetpeuw oeyz yotym zoF ZSAO pue OG SYR UT Siem sqUSpUCdsez |eyR Jo AsOW STOFeAZSTUTUpPe PUES SSTAeJS708sS STeU TTe zOzZ sHhuTures 6€ OF O€ SUF UT OS8’'EF OF PeseszDUT YOTYUM OOE' EF eyuy dnoz6 efe o¢ AzSepun |syuRz urT °6/6T Aaenuec ut Ssz07zez74STuUTUpe pue sSsTAejsAOSs STeuley [Te AOF sHutTurzese UT STTYM uoTUN seperzz e 03 HhuoTeq %e*g z04Des SqeaTad eyR urT *uotTun e& FO ANoOAeT UT SASM SAORZeASTUTWpe pue setazeqzerzoes [Te Fo %6°T9 jZUSeUAOTdUeS ATAOUANe TeDOT UT STTYUM azAnoAeZ UT ZojxoSs SReATIAd Ssyi Ul °%6°ZH SEM Wey YTJeueq pTNom uotun e zyHnoyy OYM szORZeARSTUTUpe pUe seTAeJeATDeS TTe Jo ebejusozed sus NOILVYENNWEaA SUOLVULSINIWGW/SHIYVLAYOTS *uUOTANATASUL T? SToeL GOVLINGONdd VW SV ejetadorzdde ey} JO suznqez eTqeTtTeae asejetT uo peseq st Asaang suotqnqtysul Hutzeeutbuy zoz TtTounog (Zz) Z°T6 szeeutbug Tedtotuny O°eD S7oe RTyoszy TeAen SreeuTbuyg TeoOTzrAAOeT, szseuTbug TeoOTueyoey Z°0S T°Op 0°0P L°62 SzseuThbuq [TATO Je 4stThbsy ywnouw uo peseq ‘st Aesaans wary (T) EeOb S°og SPOOR TYOIAY ZODSS OTTaQNg : eT . sdeqTYyolW eee SoTOeAG |eReATIg (z)846T eamns Igd Aeaans valu Aseaans sswl/cw (T)8L6T SL6T Gassadudxa dIHSusaWaW NOINN 43O SNOISSH40Ud UFHLO HLIM NOSIUWdWOO srzseutTbuq Teazanzoenz3g JO uoTJerSuMUSIT SATSequIEU S8e9 799s OOL9 OS9G OSSG OSLS 00S9 TSL<S G69S 66729 ESGL osog OSzg OOSZL 6L6T Azenuel AST uo sHutuzeq uetpew *uUOTAINATASUT SeqeTadoadde sy "(SZ6T SunfG) AsAANS WEIN uo peseg » *ASAINS SSVL/CW UO peseq ¢ FO peyOnpuoo sAeaans USWUATSACH Ted07T ee ee Sot IoOeId eReATIAa WUSWUATSAOH TedoT petszetes SOT IOPId STeATIG uo peseg fT SsoeqTYyoOrAW y: geoesPeay 7 BTOASAINS zo toteuT asa 7SteDeUEH sqo0e73U0D 2b1ueby/SaaBeUeN e4TS 2sz0Kkearng ZoTues 2br07eu ea ZOTues -7 eeeH ,Sa2eureug TeotueyooyW 7S7eeuTbug TeOTAROSTT qeteres TTATO uotzedns009 s}oerUOD 7ACTUES “(JFeIS 66P7-0G7Z) Sr0RDeIQUOD peZTts- untpeu Aq peAoTduis Teuuoszed Aey Jo sHhutuzes ue Tpeul o7UT 3TUN SssUuTsng SutptTting Aq pejzonpuos Asaazns uo peseq Z *NOISHd DNIGTINd NI NOlLWdnooO Ad NOTLVUANONGY AALLWYVdNOD % \ (od sSrawira vom} Gib) pody SoySIES proUNURHet Wo paseg 88SE S6SE CO9E PPLE OOTP? 3STUOCTIdedSsy euoydete, ‘ysTdkz Kdop Sszeimnogey Sutpting ‘ssejzew sueusazesz5 3STGAL yrETO sqstdaz pueyzaz0us STT7 v9ICT CSF SLEPT SOT IOADS¢g szeAeTyotszg SLOP VELP S8TS SAISYeupooy usus yubnezq S6TS Hutzseutbuq - uswuer0g szeyoeey Azeutizg OvES szeyoray, Arepuosas sjueqUNODOY SISUTW TROD peuTezy eoeg Sszsuuexrborgq zeynduoo ‘sqsAtTeuy suejsdg S8Ss SO9S OZLS 9L8S TVT9 SRJUBAZSS TTATD z0Tues OTUOTAOOTHE/TeOTsAAOSTY_ -— szseurbuyg uot zeoONpY, zey,Ang ‘sasyoreyz LEES ST69 S2I80TFISO AQezes eaty ‘gz0j0edsur SOTTO FFEIS OTwWepeoy Aqtszeatuyg 8802 = UsWSIT I STSYIOM SACFTOM SZSATIAG spoon Anarsy eanneeneeR “SdNOUD. TwNOTLWano00 UaHLO HLIM NOILVWYSWANGY JO SISATWNY TALLWIWaWOO sy} JO shuTuzes jo peerzds oyq eqeotput AzeA pue ‘'AsaTns eze YOTUM soTzeTes Aeyy "que zzodut Aq peuzes ATTenzoe *eTdosed oz eyq yo ‘suetpeu ’zreAemoy jou ST YOTyM eaznhTtzZ e yatm dn ueyy pue ‘seTzeTes pues TTem Aeuw suo OZ seyej suo JT 'eHezoae eu 4yNO 'pespur *yaTOM PeATWTT ST uOoSeez puOodes ZO ATUO ST eznbtz eHezene ue ey OuUL S49 ST 4FSTT 2no umop Syuj pue ‘STT ano umop Su ST AT ‘Aes 03 AzeTes eq PTNOM eTTAzenb éSeindtyz yons satb Aum "SeTTqazenb AeMOT *sTdues sui ut etTdosed Oy UT sTenptatput ere ‘'soeTtjzenb pue Aue Aq poeuzee ATTenqoe Aem sy JO szeqaenb Aem ayy FO zeqzenb ST ReEUL “*HuTYyUeZT zeddn eyr ‘SOUTT owes "FFeORS TeANZ9SR FYOzTZe OF ATtzeutad ATyeem setdoo 000’'€z Fnoqe sTTes pue '*paq sserzg Teaznzoeqtyoszy eyy Aq peysttqnd st Teuranop szoeq4TyoAy SUL - Sswi - £V sezyR Azetes suo Azetes ano UT OZ zequmU 98 Huoty é8[TT3IeNG© ST 3eUM cueTpen © ST 4euM ATAMNS syTOMm *eTTIzZenb zeddn eyq ut sAemte oze sesAoTdus atTeyz FO jSsow WeYyR eznsue oj AoTTod Tewz0z ITeyA 37 syeu Aew soetueduiod suios ‘uoseexz styq 10g *ssoutsng JO SUTT STY UT pTed 4seq sy Hhuouwe Apeerzte ‘TTe zeqaze ‘ST 8H “ysed JO suosesz r0zZ Auedwod reyjoue 07 peyduse; eq 03 ATeyxTTUN sT oy vey ‘uCTssezozd zeTnoTjzed sty TOF eTtyzenb zsddn sy3 ut AzeTes e Hutateosez st uoszed e JT 3euR sqsTTetoeds Touuoszed Huouwe jJetteq ptey ATeptm e st ezsUL “suo TeoTjOeId e ST YSATZ eSUuL “suoseer UTeUI OMA OTe OO, “erTyspz0sz2eH ‘Aoysng 'peod PTSTIUHTH Gz ‘uoTR0SS Sszzeis ‘ubtseq Hbutpring ssw many Aq peusttqna “MOTSq oe Srey se (OV) UeTpew eq eAOge seTzeTes AueU se ooze e7ey} ‘SPIOM 7SeYyAIO UI °,UeTpeU eyy,ST AzeTes AsTpP eyA ueUa ‘FSVT FSOMOT |] pue ysaTyz AzeTes yseuhty eu yATM ‘Zepz0 Hutpusosep ut eseyj ehuerze em JI *seAoTdue yo AzobezeoD utTeqzzeD e 20F pejzonb soetzeles juSeTeTJTP Tg eze ozeyR Aes sn yoq *Z0Rz0es AzeRZUNTOA 8yR AZO ‘'sDzSuNMIOD pue AzZsnput ‘setoue “4TNSsuooS UT FSYyVZSYM***eeeree"s*HhutuuetTd pue BbutzssutHue ‘Hut -Aesamns 'SaanzoeqyTyoIe UT SeOTIJJO AoOWOes SszeAtad ut peAotdurr eTdoed TTe roy uotun 9yA st sswL Fo uoTzOSeS szyeqs ubtseq HuTpTting euL *srzeyr70M Hutzseutbug Fo uotun pezeuwebTeuy eu ‘uoTUN FsebzeT puodes sS,UTeITIg JO UOTIOSS APTTOO aATYM eu} ST uoTIOes Arzostazedng ‘SeaTIeAYSsTUTUpY ‘TeoTUYDeZ eUL dtyusizequisu uoTUN eper} UT erOM 3G°Og SOS qTYyoOAe AATAoyANe TeooT buouwy "SSWZ~L ut AQZtTzoCew syj - sAZequew uoTUN MoU eze Bers STTUM ‘WaIY Of HBuoTeq szoOeRTYyoZe ejeaTad Jo sazeqazenb sezyR ASpuy SUOTIETTTSFV pue sdtTysrequey *sqZOe4TYyorZe AATAoyANe TeosoT Huouwe op g// STTyM ‘uoTuN e ANOAeF MOU SZOSeATYOAe SOT AOeAd a4eaTAd Fo gee suoTun *oueyos uoTtT}enuezedns szt OF HhuotTeq rz0Rz0eSs OTTqQnd oyu ut AqytTzoLew jeezbh sya STtTym ATUO YFIM suSyosS uoTsued ajzeqs eotzoerd ejeatad go ARtazolew syy *seotqzoead ejeatad ut esou} ueyi spotaed zebhuot Aey wory au} UT esoya ATTezSsueH “SsAeaeT YOTS eTeMe JOU SAeM SjuUepUcdseA FO ASqumu ‘Ano Hutyjoerzy4uods Azeazenb e oTseq oy 03 HuoTed sqoeq4TyoIe peytyoueq z0jDes otTTqQnd pted of JueweTATIJUS ATEeUA JO shazezt ATSbutstadans w ‘sot OeAd szeatad ut gz ATuO eTtum zeeK e skep oE€ 02 92 butAoCuse sesAoTdue AATAoyANe TedsoT Asou yATM ‘sao DES OM} SY USsEeMJeq JUSUISTATJUS AepTTOY UT 4STXe seTOUSeTEeIFp STqezeptsuojD “*siznoy OF pue 9F€ USseMIEeq jZuewAOTduy JO SUOTITpPUOD *pueTeAI ASyRAON pue uopuoyT uT sueTpow yseySty ey UTM WACFTuUN 03 ButpzoD0e sjoeqTYyoAe AATAoYANe Teoso,T AOF sHhuturzes uetpey *seoTgsO Fo dnoazb ysebazelT pue 4seTTews eyj usemjieq OQQGTZ AeAO yoeor shuturzes uetpew ut seouezeyztp SOTFFO 9YyF FO SZTS 93YyR ST SdOTRIOeAd dnoxz6 efe eTpptw ey ezeym SsjeaTad ut uoTWZereumuUeT Fo STSAST SzOSFFE YOTUM SOTFIO JO-uCTRZeOOT UeYW AOAOeZ AeQeeTh YW "0029 03 30°6 Aq BsSOozr sHhutTuzese uetpeu soe ATYyoIe AATAOYINY TeOOCT ETTYUM 0G9G3 IToey HbutseerouT szoeqQTYyoOAe sot joerAd eyjeatad yAzIM ‘sptTety queuAOTdus UseMzeq SUOTIETACA Aq 9sot Xepur SoTIgq [Tejey ey USyM UTR & Ae ‘08095 OF STQeTSpTsuOo sTOeM STOYL °3E°S 3p°g Aq peseezoUuT soe ATYOTe peTazelTes [Te AO0J shutuzes uetpew UOTAZeEASUMNUSY YIOM sjoSATYyoIe AsOW ezOW |oAze UOTReOOT pue SeztTs 03 37°6 Aq sHhuTuZeS ueTpeU SNOILIGNOO CNV AYVIVS =: SLOYLIHOYV Sitnsoy Asaans Jo ATeuums qe ean eee eam ea ea eam oan a ens SdTySTequew pue SUOTIETTISIV (eoTIOeArd e7eATad UT 39h pue SeTRTAOYANe TedOCT UT 391) Weyz OF 4TySeuEq eB eq PTNOM UoTUN eB SsASTTEeq sueTOTUYDeA TIe FO FTeYy TS8AO 07 dnozbe e6e Asepto ey az0F peseezouTt suotun SUOTITPUOD “OCVSS stTenpearb Atuo uoT}eTOUMNUSY “uoTun sper} e OF HuoTeq FTeu e TSAO STTUM UOTIeTOOSSe Teuotssezoad e of buotTeq zeqjzenb e ATuo suetotuyose, ARZTzroyANe TeooT Hbuowe eTTYyM uoTuN epezq e& OF g/°9 pUe uoTzeTOOSSe Teuotsseyoid e oF HuoltTeq eg°*ze aotroead ea3eaAtid ut *yno HuTJoerQuOO ggT ATuO YATM suEYos eqeqs OTseq ay OF BuoTeq 70RDes sQeatad ayA uT sueTOTUYyoe 4soW <‘shep Qz ueu} SSeT eAeYy OYUM TORZDSeS |ReATId |UA UT g¢Eg 03 pesoddo se Aepttoy skep gz 03 tz Aolus seedoTdue z0oj0es oTTqnd so AytzoCey “*saznoy op pue g¢ UseM{eq YAIOM sueTOTUYDS ASOW pue 08¢S3 07 SS°OT JO sseezTDUT Ue peASTYOeS sueTOTUYDeR dnoz6 o6e 6P-oF eu UI ‘dnozh abe ¢6¢ 03 O€ SUA UT OSLPSZ OF $T°eT Aq pue 6/61 Aaenuepr UT QOSGEZ OF PeseeToUT sey dnozb ebe o¢ ASepun sy Az0Z sHhutuzese UueTpPSU dU, INQ QIQUOQUGN QUQAUIGI *sdnoib abe Tep[O ey UT 3no pseusAS SSeT TO erou pue sdnozb ehe AemMoT ey} UT peyTeW ASOW ozeM Zo}ZO8S |SjzeATAd pue oTTqnd syj usemjzeq seToUuSeZeTITG SNOITLIGNOD GNV AYVIVS : SNVIOINHOSL ITWHNLOALIHOUW ~~} UseMjeq UOT}eASUMUST UT SoUeTeTITP eseorOUT Ue SEM |z78YyR dnozh suotug SUOTITPUOD *SZTORZOSeS OMA 3YA AST [Tews yonw e sem orsdUL “OC673 OF SZ°ET FO oefe 6¢€-OE SUA UT SeezZEUM uOTReASUMUSY SNOLTLIGNOD GNV AYVIVS =: SINVLSISSV TWHNLOALIHOUV “SOT ATzouANe TeOOT Su UT $69 ASAO YATM UOTUN eperz e 03 HuoTeq sotjZoOerd ejeatad ut yqueqa ke AZepuN jasnp *eoTQOeId sjeATad UT 297 UATM ANOAeCF UT ereM SjUeIASTSSe ARTAoyANe TeooT FO sxzeqzenb sezyA AeAQ *suUOTUN Jo ANOART UT S419eM SJUeRSTSSe TeANIOSRTYOAe TTe FO FTey Aeao 3Asne "Jno but joez4uoo gg°PT ATUT YUATM sUleYyoOS oqeqs OTSeq eu} OF HuoTeq szue4stsse soTJOerd ejeatad Fo sazeqaenb sezur ‘uTeby °qjusewXoTdue ARZTAOYANe TeoOT UT patyR e ATUO 0 pezeduos Aept{Toy skep QZ Aepun saey soTWOeAd aReatad ut sjuejstsse jsoWm “ATYSemM SAnoy OP pue 9F USseMAeq YIOM ASOW 6L61 Azenuep ut 9g/,¢E3 03 3g°g Aq |sor abe Jo saeak gg aepun sjueqstsse [TeanjzosqtTyorze FO shuTuzes uetpeu sug "3no pejzUutod eq TTT sAeaazns omy SUA USEeMzeq SssouszeFFJTp *pezeduiod eze sqoeqtTyore ejeatid ysnf usym peyzew “sqoeqTyoze Tso’T JO eTdutes ssetT st sotdures UT SoUSeZeTITP e uo peseq st ASarns ssuL/Cw SyL ouL eu FO sseAoTdue TTe Asarzns eatsueyerduos S3T JO sASAANS paeTWTT JO suctTyZTpuooD pue setzetTes UST3TIAg FO UOTAINATIsSuL HutseezouT sumsse 03 3ZsezeqjUuT Jo eHansdn ue TeAoY Sy STTYM *eoUeyrOdUIT eTqejou ‘Asaazns styW AATz0YUANe TedOoT pue eoTtzoOerd “SPpTSTF jZueuAoTduUS TTe UT syZOSeqTYOTe peTxetes gg6’T FO eTdues e pey g/6T eUNL UT Ano peTazzeo ASAaNS WHIM B/LET SUL *sqZoeatTyorze AATAoYWZNe TeooT pue soTjoOerd sjeatad suzeouos se AtTTetoedse sAeaans OM SYA USeEMzZeq Speuwl eq UeD SUOCSTAedUOD peTTeIep sulos FeuR smMoUs I STqeL “SL6T UT eTdwes waru eya Fo %0°6z pestaduiod oyM eoT}OeId eqeatad ut stTedtoutad SepnToxe ezozezey pue ‘Azysnput ubtsep Hbutpttnq eyy ut ssoAoTdus je ATTeotstoeds pue ATTeuotjuequt peute st ‘°e*T ‘suotytpuoco pue seTzeqTes seutuexe Asarns SsvL/fv eu eu ST szOSeATYOAZe 03 pzebexz YATM sAeaans omy oy usemqeq SouezessItp Azewtad sys °I eTqeL ut umoys st umopyeerzq yw ‘peptaord ezem suanjez eTaqesn sjuspuodsez ey Jo (768‘'T) OM AQZouTU pUue pezpuUNY AYyHtTe ‘puesnouz suO ‘uotize -oTTQnd suo uo SutATexr pue ezTeuotysenb petteriep e e4Tdseq eTdosd op suot3tTpuos pue ssoTsjo usemjzeq ‘Ssz0RZD9es e useq zAeAeu sey ez90uW usyeqrepun sey (WdIU) jo ‘'sazequisw UMO szoOeRTYOAW ATSeXTT eze AsyR pue useq sey ezeyq zeek ased SONSsT Oesoy UT eu UI ézepun YAOM Azea wes} ubtsep Hbutpttnq Fo puTy 3eUuM ESSUTTAUTOSTp ‘wes uUbtsep HutTpTtng useMzeq ejzeATIAd pue OTTQnd useMmizeq eyy utTYyATM SOTzeTes Op Moy ynoySnoszyyz NOTTONGOMLNT. ‘SSOTSYURASASN “UOCTINeD WTM pejzeezq eq PTNoUS s4tTNsez eUuA os suanjez Jo zequnu [Tews e ATuUO sem ezsy, — suotssezoird ubtsep butpTtnq zeyz0o ATqejou ysow - suotiednos0 euos ut “suanjezt eTqesn o47'€ ‘'SL6T ut Bbutptaosd (%0L pue 09 USeMZeq) esuodsez yHtTy e eAeTtyoe sAoaans esod SUL “aZe4SsTbez (MNDUV) WophuTy peatun eyA Fo Trounos; uoTzeAzISTbey szoseyTYyoOAy Sy WorZ pe AoetTes eTdures SATI uT SuoO eB UO peseq sT pue UoTIOSS sOTISTIeIS WaIU eUuR Aq peyonpuods st sTyuL *sbhutTuzeg pue jusewAoTduy ,sjzoeqTYyoAYW go Asaans WaIUu ey. UATM suostTaeduicd sulos Hhutyew yyrom ST 3T 'sZDeRTYOZe STEM squepUCdsez Jo dno2zh ZsebrzeT eu. sv *“ATsnhooueyTNuts suotieottqnd Tezeaes ut SeazTeuotysenb ey ysttTqnd 03 szeeX eznyng ut pedoy st at ‘TSMOMOH *STASPUNOULANSUT Sq OF UOTSedDD0 sTYyR UO peAord suotssejoid ubtsep SutpTtnq zeyjo of petTtTe suotzeottqnd AOYIO OFUT SATeuoTZSsenb oyy HutyZzesuT FO setTA[TNOTIITp ous “Teusznor ,szoe Tyorzy ey Jo ATUO enssT suo ORUT peqZesUT seM (xTpuedde sy UT peonpozdez st yotym) uodnoos ATdez ptedjsod e YATM zeyRZeEboI ‘ezteuotysenb ey, ‘enbtun ezojsezeyy st - Teusnor ,sq_oSRTYyYoOAW ey puUe SsvL ey JO uoTIZOeg UbTSEeg Butptting eyz Aq pezosuods AtAjutTol ysatz euy —~ Asarns STUL qZueuyzZedeq pue SUOTINITISUL *“SOT3STIeISs JuewAOTduY Fo HutzseutTbug_ zo; Ttounoy seyW Aq peyonpuod syTnsez Asarzns sy uo peseq Spew st suotssezyord ubtsep Hutpttnqg eyR usemjzeq uosTizeduods peTte,ep e 'zeaomoy eeee *7pzUuoD *sbutputz Aeaans o9y3 uT PepNToOUT st stsAtTeue ue 9599 886T 87S (ATuUO sjd.eqTYOAYW petzertes) Asaans Waly T2T %8° LE SOV %6° TV 097 ZeyzO pue uoTWeONpY ‘uoTjzetoossy Hbutsnoy /AQTAOUANY UATePSH SsoASUMUIOD /KAASNPUL |VeATtszdg ZOWDeS OTTQNg SOT OeITd szeATIAd SLOALIHOUY T eTqeL HIdNWS 4AO SISATVYNY 9E 68 vst 8c LS LUT cLYy 7° TT 6TT %0°6 G6 O9T O€T 6SZ cre TeIOL SUdHLO GNY FAWLS DLwYoddns S'TIVNOISSHAOUd NOISHA ONICIING UFHLO ZI5U20 ZORDES OTTQNd SOT OeRAgG SReATIG SLNVLSISSY IVYNLOALIHOU ZEeU30 ZOADEeS OTTAGN eoTIOeId |eReATIAd TSOT ASAANS SSVL/CW SNVIOINHOEL TWANLOPLIHOUuy “SENWLSISSW TWUNLOZLIHOMW aA? = Z°6 T T "ez 6°2Zz 9°9z | Ov | ZTZAO 8°“08 65°91 O°.LL PyEeL | ennOr | Zo jDeS OTTand zo z0es |] zo qDe¢ eaqzeatid fl ottang z03D0¢ |} z030e¢ e7eatid || OTT¢nd zojz0e¢g {> dnoz5 sqeataza| aby SNWIDINHOSL TWANLOZLIHOUY SLOALIHOU «| ovze Z°Sz | 6°z9 ete | | € eTqEz, NOILVdNOSO GNVY CISId LINAWAOTdWH AG SUVHA OF UBGNN BAOWLNAOWSa a TWHNLOELIHOUW IN ~ 8°S PET 9°CE Z°Lb 0°6 0°9 L°ot POT 7°S2 6°67 S*Ts. L°LP €°OT T°LT €°OT S*0z 8°Sz 6°97 O°LP | S°ST - L°s S*6T PoP peuz +0 6P-OP 6E-0¢ 68 | vett | L9 Letot|fl =so7 { oopv| etToaazoess %OOT %OOT LOOT %OOT xyoot |i soot |TwengoSLTBOUY SLOGLIHOTY 203085 edTROeAZG || zojDeg = so TADeAg | Z0zDeS edTIOeIg oTTang eqeatiadfl ottana eyeatadj] OtTana — eqeatza aby |} Z eTqer NODTLVdNOoO GNW CISIG LNEWAOTdWA AG NOLLNGIULSIG FOw AHL oft oo a | Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource AJ/TASS Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Allan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979/80 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/c31abd23455bb0664bdd313bde83f5c2.pdf e25ad5cfa1c255f4fae451ef903df79a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Professional Issues Description An account of the resource A cohort of NAM members became engaged with the professional registration body, standing as elected councillors on the Architects Registration Council and its various committees. Hitherto entirely dominated by the RIBA bloc, the Council began to yield to a new dynamic through NAM's involvement, enabling fresh perspectives on such issues as mandatory fee scales, greater lay representation on the body, ethically-based standards of professional conduct, etc. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letter to John Allan from A. Leggatt re. ARCUK Council Meetings Description An account of the resource ®& 14th December 1979 Cur reference: M12/AJL/HC John F. Allan Esq. Shepheard Epstein & Hunter 60 Kingley Street -Regent Street London W1R 6EY Dear Mr. Allan, A.R.C.U.K. ae Nice (bA afer Cur Aon F arr:O NACHSHEN CROFTS& EGGATT ; Consulting Engineers 192-198 VAUXHALL BRIDGE ROAD LONDON SW1V 1DXx J ECROFTIS MC FICE FGS MSIC(France) MConst AJ LEGGATT BSc FICE FiStructE FIArh MSIC(France) MConst G E BRATCHELL BSc FICE FIStructE MIWES MConsé 0WSWAINBScOMNICE Private LCJOMNScDEICMSiStroctE Teli01-8341575 ameserrryre Telex 917502 JGACH FIStructé GMPINBScFDICOFILCEFDiStuctt ae we [Rarbof Lyre Bs ths SORE sets) ae By way of brief introduction, I am a more or less permanent member of A.R.C.U.K council, representing structural engineers. I am not an architect - attached nor unattached. I can thus afford to be neutral and objective in my dealings with A.R.C.U.K. but nevertheless I am very keen that the objects of A.R.C.U.K., which are to administer certain acts of Parliament, are properly and fairly achieved. It occurs to me now that I might possibly be of some help to A.R.C.U.K. in respect of the position of the unattached council members vis-a-vis the chairman and officers. For the last few years the unattached architects on council @ have provided an interesting, and at times - welcome, intrusion into the otherwise monolithic conduct of the meetings. For the general health of A.R.C.U.K., I think this is good but I am now becoming worried that too much antagonism is building up between the unattached members and the "establishment". The December 12th meeting was about the worst I have attended and was most depressing. Although I think the Chairman tried hard to maintain the order and the dignity of the proceedings, there were times when matters proceeded ina thoroughly bad way. Certainly a great deal of time was wasted and meetings such as that can only bring eventual discredit of A.R.C.U.K. as a whole. Responsibility for this poor state of affairs, in my view, lies more or less equally in all directions but that aspect does not particularly concern me. What does concern me very deeply is that A.R.C.U.K. should not become a shambles and I am sure that this view is shared by yourself and the other unattached members of council. Now the point of my letter is to offer myself as a link (or if you prefer it, a "go-between"), neutral and disinterested, whereby unattached members of council can have a communication channel through to the chairman and officers and - most important-vice versa. If I proved acceptable to both sides, I could not guarantee that all issues could be speedily settled but in a percentage of cases I feel that a lot of time, heat and exasperation could be avoided at the council meetings. My three main qualifications for this task might be summarized as follows:- ts Die I am independent of the issues likely to arise but at the same time feel a responsibility to promote and support the proper and fair administration of A.R.C.U.K. as a statutory body. I am experienced in the conduct and behaviour of a number of organizations which are democratically based. All of these organizations have, from time to time, their ginger-groups, rebels, protest movements as well as their reactionaries, "establishments" and the like. At various times I have found myself a member of almost all such factions! I have served on the council of my own professional organization (the ACE), I am President elect of the consulting engineers Common Market liaison committee and I have written the constitution for and helped with the administration of, a successful national charity - apart from all my technical work as an engineer. Bo Any services I provided in this respect would be confidential i.e. I would not be known outside the parties using the channel of communication nor would I be known in this role to the council itself. I am making this suggestion off my own bat and there is nothing lying behind or underneath the offer. I have not so far approached the chairman and obviously his co-operation would be essential. I hope you will pursue my suggestion for at worst, nothing would be lost and at best, both time and temper would be saved and perhaps some of the objectives of the unattached architects would be achieved more speedily. With best wishes for a happy Christmas. Yours sincerely, A.J.Leggatt » Mo De.Kappa OA yr o_ Fae eneGUO oe ain. ere GN Ja QU yor a) CS CRS ES Ane Gun x HikeDaven Cs. Bppnsec Cink - Sots i aoe Zs Fe et rofess rofessor Gabriel Epstein AA Dipl (Hons) Hon D Litt FRIBA SADG ‘eler Hunter Dipl Arch (Oxford) RIBA FSAI ssociate John Thacker Dipl Arch RIBA onsultant Derek Bridgwater B Arch FRIBA 60 Kingly Street Regent Street London W1R 6EY Tel: 01-734 8577 s Nos, CSL ee aeee inUSA The Graduate School of Fine Arts, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Pa 19104. inFrance 43 Rue Mazarine 75006 Paris. in Belgium in association with CERAU Architects, 12 Avenue du Venezuela, Brussels 1050. J Shepheard Epstein & Hunter Architects Town Planners and Landscape Architects orPeter Shepheard CBE BArch Hon DLitPPRIBAFRTPI PPILA O>uwDT ee 72- JS Ulu QU rol dy AT Acq Uk A ” Valen OD cau Len Novy NAG, DWNx j LNG e ase I herey prs Gly Whee one Prfmeails Osi (ay ay OR eae MaCLUS Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource AL/JA Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Murray Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 1979 Subject The topic of the resource Letter to John Allan from A. Leggatt re. ARCUK Council Meetings https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/aac82d5f8ce62e5e4ddb537dd07068c3.pdf 6bc8206b78090255d2a1706f8048de61 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/975acf336f42d49fb9bb87b9adc4b845.pdf bdb9116c66e73f262684d81211b1b87a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Brian Anson/ARC pre and post Harrogate Subject The topic of the resource Various documents describing ARC ideas and activities See below Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource ARC Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975-1976 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Brian Anson Letters and Documents 1974-1978 Subject The topic of the resource Brian Anson Letters and documents 1974-78 and AA Lecture 1974 from Albane Duvillier 4th Year AA Essay submissision 18.02.2008. Pia Arias Covent Garden Report about Brian Anson Description An account of the resource COVENT GARDEN Anglo Saxon and Early Medieval Westminster Excavations have confirmed that in the area of Covent Garden and Aldwych, there was the ex- tensive Saxon Settlement of Lundenwic: over 150 acres, with roads, lanes, houses and industrial buildings. It stretched from the contemporary wa- terfront inland of the Embankment probably to the old Roman road beneath Holborn and Oxford Street on the north, and from Aldwych in the east to Trafalgar Square. A wide range of Continental trading contacts, from Norway to France, is indica- ted by imported objects found in the site. Two ce- meteries have been found, one under what is now St. Martin-in-the-Fields, and another to the north in Covent Garden; the latter may have been included burial mounds. The Saxon town, which have gone through several phases of development, seems to have been occupied from shortly after 600 to so- metime after 850. The main excavation, at the Ro- yal Opera House, found traces of timber buildings nearly 40ft long, with lanes, industrial workshops and many signs of a thriving, congested urban spa- ce1. The Later Middle Ages Covent Garden was the name given, during the reign of King John (1199 - 1256), to a 40-acre patch in the county of Middlesex, bordered west and east by which is now St. Martin’s Lane and Drury Lane, and nor- th and south by Floral Street and a line drawn from Chandos Place, along Maiden Lane and Exeter Street to the Aldwych. An ancient footpath called Aldewichstrate (‘Old Farmstead’s Way’) issued from the west gate of the City of London at Fleet Street and Drewerie Lane branched off here to the north. In this quadrangle bordered by wall, the Abbey or Convent of St Peter, Westminster, maintained a large kitchen garden throughout the Middle Ages to provide its daily food. Directly to the north the monks also owned seven acres known as Long Acre, and to the south, roughly where the Strand Palace Hotel now stands, two smaller pieces of land known as Friars Pyes. The monks of St Peter’s Abbey cultivated orchards here, grew grain, and pastured livestock, selling the surplus to the citizens of London. These type of leases did eventually lead to property disputes throughout the kingdom, which the monarch King Henry VIII solved in 1540 when he dissolved the monasteries and appropriated their land. The next year, in exchange for some land in Devon, King Henry VIII granted both Friars Pyes to John Baron Russell, Great Admiral of England, and later the first Earl of Bedford. In fulfilment of his father’s dying wish, King Edward VI, bestowed the remainder of the convent garden in 1547 to his maternal uncle, Edward Seymour, the Duke of Somerset who began building Somerset House on the South side of the Strand the next year. By 1600 rapid growth here and outwards from the city alarmed the authorities, who made several Area Plan from the 1968 Draft Plan. (1) [1] The information about the Anglo Saxon excavation was decribed by Pevsner in his book London 6, Westminster. Pevsner Architectural Guides. attempts to halt, restrict or at least control the builders. None was properly enforced, especially when the Crown realized that fines for non-com- pliance amounted to a useful new tax. The plan- ned private developments of the C17 were able to evade these prohibitions by creating select, we- ll-built new districts that would not fill up with the disorderly and dangerous poor. In 1605, timber was prohibited for house fronts, and had to be replaced with bricks, though it was not given up for decades afterwards. Further Pro- clamations from 1615 tried to regulate floor hei- ghts and to enforce the use of vertical rather than horizontal windows.2 Planning Development The 4th Earl of Bedford decides to plan his esta- te with "buildings that would serve to ornament the town" and commissioned the Surveyor of the King's works to draw up a plan for an elegant square or piazza. During the years between 1615 and 1640, Inigo Jones (1573-1652) was the central figure in English architecture. Born in Smithfield - London, he became the Surveyor to the Kings' Works in 1614. Travelled to Italy and came back greatly influenced by Palladio, Bramante, Serlio, Scamozzi and Vitruvius. He established Palladianism as the Royal Style by dis- playing the Italian influence in the Queen's House at Greenwich, the alterations to St. Paul's Cathedral, the Banqueting House in Whitehall, the Queen's Chapel at St. James's Palace and the Piazza at Covent Garden.3 The Piazza counts as the earliest of the squares of London, laid out on the example of the Piazza at Livorno, the design made one composition with the existing mansion, Bedford house; taking charge of the side, and with streets entering at the middles of the north and east sides, and to the west side, where the center was taken by St. Paul's church. The houses had uniform façades, to make them individually inconspicuous and give them all together a palace air, a uniformity not achieved again in London housing until the C18. The owner cleared the land and laid out streets, but the houses were put up by agreements with speculating builders, who were then permitted to sell them on long fixed-terms leases. The landlord thus acquired the reversion of the properties and kept control of over the quality and design, without the cost of building them himself. Jones's plan also included London's first meows, that is streets meant for stabling and services (Maiden Lane, Floral Street): a device which encouraged the fronts of even very large houses to face directly on the street. And so, for all its quirks, Covent Garden begins the story of what we now think of as Georgian London.4 [2] LionelEsher,onhisbook“AbrokenWave:TherebuildingofEngland”,explainsthisperiodaswellasPevsneronhisseriesofArchitecturalGuides. [3] For more details on Palladianism and its references in English architecture, visit The National Trust website www.nationaltrust.org.uk [4] Inthearticle‘LondontheRing,CoventGardentheJewellofThatRing’:NewLightonCoventGarden,DianneDugganexplorestheEarl’sarchives and his intentions for the development of Covent Garden. Inigo Jones 1577 - 1652 (2) The Market The Piazza is half-filled by Charles Fowler’s Market House, built in 1828-30. Roofed over in the C19, and restored and converted into shops and restaurants by the GLC Historic Buildings Division in 1977-80. The- re were no British precedents for such an ambitious conversion and its immediate success inspired a host of imitations. Twenty years on, the market remains immensely popular, though the small independent shops of early years are less in evidence. Fowler’s structure remains almost intact, the best-preserved Late Georgian market house in England. It has three parallel east-west ranges, with external Tuscan colonnades of Aberdeen granite. The outer ranges are two-storeyed, and have at the outer angles low pyramid-roofed lodges. In the centre of each long side is a tall pedimented pavilion, curiously placed just east of the entrance passage. At the west end the central range stands free, a little set back. Above its columns a balustrade terrace and then the upper storey, pilastrered and with a big central pediment broken by a lunette. Through the middle of this range runs a glass and timber-roofed passage, with shops where herbs and flowers were sold. 5 The Piazza looking North, circa 1717-1728. (3) Their shopfronts were modified with plate glass in 1871-2. Segmental relieving arches above them, then a clerestory of rectangular openings with colonettes. Delicate produce was traded at the E end, which is different again: columns stand four deep across the whole width, making a continuous upper terrace. On the central pediment allegorical figures by R.W Sievier, of Coade Stone. The upper terrace has a glazed restaurant shelter added c.1985. Its wings evoke Fowler’s twin hothouses for the sale of potted plants, but with an obtrusive round-topped link between. The shelter first provided was modest, limited to a small area in the north court, to make it more spa- cious, twin roofs were raised over the outer courts, giving the markets its bulky external presence. In [5] “Covent Garden Market”, in Survey of London - Vol 36 The market building in the 19th century (4) 1874, W. Cubbit & Co added the iron columns and arches, and a glazed roof with an open clerestory. The offices were removed to the south court. Two oblong areas were sunk into the floor, to allow public access to the vaults running beneath. Fifty shops were created in all, some restored or replicated to Fowler’s design. Axonometric section of the Market (5) GLC Covent GArden Action Area Plan, 1978 - Covent Garden Committee St. Paul’s Church St. Paul’s Church by Thomas Homers Shepherd , 1828-31 (6) Built in 1631-5 by Inigo Jones in connection with the 4th Earl of Bedford. The first new parish church in London since before Elizabeth's time, it broke com- pletely with native architectural traditions: a new way of building, intended to suit the Protestant Church of England. The church is a perfectly plain oblong with no subdivision inside. Widely overhan- ging eaves, deep portico with two squares angle piers and two sturdy Tuscan columns between. The conceit of square piers derives from the Etrus- can temple as illustrated by Scamozzi, the rest from Palladio's Tuscan order, though with rather diffe- rent proportions. Originally there were six or seven steps up from the Piazza, so that the temple origin was more explicit. The church also points forward, to the simplicities of late C18 Neoclassicism. The Piazza lies at the east end. Contemporary evi- dence shows however that the altar was originally meant for the west end, with the entrance under the portico. The plan changed during construction, probably due to Bishop Laud's intervention.6 St. Paul’s Floor plan (7) [6] Pevsner, London 6 “Westminster” - Architectral Guide Series Though Jones’s conception can be savou- red undiluted, the church has had an unluc- ky history, and the visible fabric is mostly c18 or later c19. The red brick facing is as late as 1887-8 by A.J. Pilkington. Jones's walls, of rendered brick, were stone-faced in 1788-9 by Thomas Hardwick, but badly damaged by fire in 1795. Hardwick restored the shell up to 1798, renewing the portico. The west front has two more round-arched windows and a central doorcase with oculus over, i.e. the same arrangement as within the portico (if only because Butterfield's restoration erased lesser doorways benea- th the windows there, 1871-2). Low wings to each side: an original feature, made lower by Clutton. St. Paul’s burns on the 17th of September 1795 (8) Westminster City Council Archives Also by him, the semicircular steps and the holes cut to house the bells. The interior has a spare qua- lity that may not be far from what Jones intended, though nothing remains from his time. His ceiling is known to have been painted in false perspective. The present ceiling is compartmented plaster of 1887-8 to a more Jonesian design than Hardwick’s; it may well be Clutton’s brainchild, carried out by Pilkington. St. Paul’s Church Interior, 2007 (9) ©Steve Cadma, steve@stevecadman.me.uk The Royal Opera House Stands upon the site of the thea- tre erected by John Rich in 1731–2. It is the third theatre to occupy this site, both its predecessors were destroyed by fire. The first, designed by Edward Shepherd, was burnt in 1808, and the second, designed by Sir Robert Smirke, was destroyed in 1856. After this second fire, the present building was built in 1857–8 by E. M. Barry. After nearly two and a half cen- turies of theatrical usage 'Covent Garden' has earned many claims to fame—as a theatre still acting under the authority of letters patent granted by Charles II, as the scene of the triumphs of many great actors and musicians, and in recent years as the home of both the Royal Opera and the Royal Ballet.7 In 1983 there was an open competition to refurbish the existing auditorium and foyers, accommodation for the Royal Opera and Royal Ballet along with the rehearsal facilities and a second auditorium. Reconstruction of part of the Floral Hall and a ribbon of shops around the piazza. It was won by the architect Jeremy Dixon. The objectives of the project were: -To modernise the stage and scenery-handling facilities -To move the Royal Ballet to a permanent home at Covent Garden -To improve amenities for the public and make the theatre more accessible -To provide a decent canteen for the staff and performers -To improve rehearsal facilities -To bring the production workshops on site8 Axonometric view of the changes made by the Architect’s proposal (11) [7] Detailed information can be found in the Survey of London Vol 35 - www.british-history.gov.uk [8] The above is extracted from the Archtect’s website, www.dixonjones.co.uk/projects/royal-opera-house-covent-garden/ The Opera house and the Floral Market in 1892 (10) In the reconstructed Floral Hall, a grand pair of escalators (visible through the glass wall) to the Am- phitheatre Bar moves you to above level. Here they either remain in the upper foyer or proceed further directly onto the open loggia overlooking Covent Garden piazza. In place of the hierarchical public access of the old house – whereby the upper (i.e. cheaper) seats were reached from a separate side entrance –now this will cater to the audience from main Bow Street portico. A new public entrance from the northeast corner of the arcade that complete Inigo Jones’s square. The challenge was to meet all requirements of the Royal Opera House and at the same time to find an architectural approach that could respond to the diversity of the site context, bounded on the one hand by the implied formality of the market square and on the other by a series of typical Covent Garden streets with their ad hoc accumulation of uses and architectural styles. SOCIAL HISTORY As the eighteen century approached, the wealthy residents began moving westwards towards the newer squares of Mayfair and St. James. This produced a dramatic change in the social character of Co- vent Garden. Elegance was replaced by bohemianism as not only the poorer classes encroached on the area but also the writers and the theatre people. The theatres were re-opened and many new ones built. The Old Cockpit in Drury Lane was where the ordinary people of London flocked to see the plays of Will Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe and Ben Jonson. Running parallel to theatrical Covent Garden in the 18th and 19th century was the literary world, centred on the coffee-houses and taverns, which became fashionable overnight. By the late 18th century it was the lower class of citizens who were rapidly taking over the spacious, decaying mansions of the gentry. The mansions of the nobility were gradually converted into tenements9. In 1836, in Sketches by Boz, Dic- kens10 exposed the poverty of much of Covent Garden, of Drury Lane he wrote: Drury Lane, Seven Dials - Illustration by Gustave Doré(12) [9] Lionel Esher, “A broken Wave” [10] CharlesDickens,alongwiththeartists’movementofthattime,livedandgatheredinCoventGarden.Sohewaswellawareoftheconditionsand spirit of the place. ..."The filth and miserable appearance of this part of London can hardly be imagined...Wretched houses with broken windows patched with rags and paper; every room let out to a different family, and in many instances to two or even three - fruit and sweetstuff manufacturers in the cellars, barbers and red-herring vendors in the front parlours, cobblers in the back; a bird fancier in the first floor, three families on the second, starvation in the attics"... Conditions grew so bad that, early in the 19th century, the Duke of Bedford's Estate began a determi- ned effort to change the area from the "lower-class residential quarter" it had become, to a profitable commercial centre. Every decayed house was pulled down without any attempt to make it habitable until major new building work could begin. In 1830 the 6th Duke of Bedford had begun the process of redeveloping and transforming the place, under a Private Act of Parliament, he cleared away the old market stalls and constructed the present central market building. In 1890 the Bedford Estate surveyor recommended that: "All the courts be pulled down as a commencement of the general clearance which it is desi- rable to carry out in this neighborhood..new houses will be constructed, which as soon as they are completed will be leased to very desirable tenants... and by prohibiting without consent the whole or any portion of the houses being underlet, the objectionable class of tenants who for- merly were inhabitants of these houses are excluded..." As the 20th century began, the London County Council took over the role of property landlords of the Bedford Estate. By 1905 the great thoroughfare Kingsway had been constructed, and many streets, alleyways and courts were gone, linking the Strand and Holborn, it was a desirable improvement because it cut through a large amount of slum property. By 1961 the population was down to 4.060 and the area was a commercial jumble composed of a multitude of crafts and trades. The major industry was the fruit and vegetable market, which now occupied an area of 15 acres and was the largest in Great Britain. By that time it was under the control of the Government, who appointed the Covent Garden Market Authority to run it. Since the 19th century, traffic congestion in the market had been a problem. By the 1960s, it had reached a breaking point. Naturally, the area had been designed in the 1600s for horse cart traffic – not for lorries. The existing roads and buildings couldn’t handle the huge volume of produce being brought in for sale, so business began to decline. Because there was no room to expand, the CGMA commissioned Fantus, a firm of ma- nagement consultants, to consider the relocation and to investigate 2 sites: Seven Dials and Nine Elms. In 1966 they gained Government’s approval to move the market to Battersea. The 12 acres empty spa- ce was seen as an opportunity to redevelop the 96-acre site, defined by the five principal roads of the Strand, Kingsway, High Holborn, Shaftesbury Avenue and Charing Cross Road. In October 1965 a con- sortium of the GLC, Westminster City Council and Camden was formed, they set up a Planning team and instructed it to work under the authority of a “Steering Group” composed of the chief planning officers of the three local authorities.11 [11] Lionel Esher, “A broken Wave” The Draft Plan Covent Garden Area Draft Plan, 1968 (13) The Steering Group was chaired by Ralph Rookwood, with Geoffrey Holland, Brian Nicholls and Brian Anson as deputies. There were three main objectives in the official mind. First was the need to clear out a small amount of actual slum and a much larger amount of depressing and redundant warehousing and office space and some archetypically gloomy Victorian tenements. The second was the opportunity, at a time when such objectives seemed within reach, to improve the heavily trafficked main streets surroun- ding the area, traffic was a major preoccupation in the 60s, so new roads had to be proposed. The third and most exciting were to wrap round the historic core of Covent Garden an architectural backcloth which would rehouse and augment the indigenous population, together with the theatres, arcades, ho- tels, boutiques, bars, restaurants.12 According to Anson, the major elements of the plan itself had nothing to do with the real history and character of Covent Garden. For instance, the brief stated that they had to design a plan segregating pedestrian and vehicles, and their intention was to make the centre of the area traffic-free, but to compensate more roads had to be included and it resulted in a drastic road plan that threatened to demolish over half the area. The Market Piazza would be redeveloped as a major shopping and entertainment route, the Piazza would be revived with a national conference centre and hotels. “Multiple uses” was the prevailing wat- chword and “partnership” between the public and private sectors the technique, whereby the profits of the latter would go some (though not all) of the way to carry the burden of the former. [12] Brian Anson, “I’ll fight you for it” Shallow surveys were set on foot to discover what sort of dwellings the locals wanted, and the results were inter- preted according to what the brief required. The ragbag of tiny industries –violin makers, coppersmiths, theatrical cos- tumiers – the 34 bookshops, 26 stamp dealers and 124 pu- blishers, printers and engra- vers, not to mention the Opera House and 17 other theatres, all were happily recorded by young clipboard callers. Urban structure and visual character were analyzed after the man- ner taught by Kevin Lynch and Gordon Cullen, and pedestrian routes and habits carefully plo- tted. Anson claimed that they must have been protected, not driven out: “The interdependence of existing activities must be recogni- zed and special care is taken to avoid their accidental loss”, even if they “may need special accommoda- tion in terms of design, location and rental levels”. 13 In 1968 the Plan was introduced in the most humane way possible: “One of the most exciting prospects is the opportunity offered by the removal of the market to cultivate experimental activities and new possibilities in urban living, small laboratory theaters, new combinations of indoor entertainment, small informal galleries combined with books and the modern equivalent of old coffee houses, linked with ar- tists’ studios, experimental film units... “the residential population would increase (from 2,347 to 7,000) as would space for hotels and entertainment, while office and warehousing space would be reduced. Ve- hicular traffic of all sorts would vanish underground, pedestrian radiating freely in all directions, often un- der cover, from a 3-acre garden that would replace the grim chasm of the ironically named Floral Street.14 Proposal for Road Network (14) Covent Garden Area Draft Plan, 1968 [13] Lionel Esher, “A broken wave” [14] Brian Anson, “I’ll fight you for it” Pedestrian Spaces (15) Covent Garden Area Draft Plan, 1968 The whole project, illustrated by expressionist drawings was uninhibitedly positivist: this would be the new heart of creative London. From Branson’s point of view, public participation was not as nearly as im- portant as economic viability; and with this being a £150 million project, with the private sector providing £110million, there was no question who it had to answer to. The struggle After the project was introduced to the public, major changes were made responding solely to the developers necessities. Little was left of the original plan and so the public, with the help of the press, became aware of the major faults, such as lack of housing and increasing traffic congestion due to the new commercial approach.15 By 1970, Anson was out of the team, and he made it his business to stir up the hitherto apathetic inhabi- tants against the intentions of his colleagues, with the premise that the working class had been left out of the plan by not considering enough accommodation for them, and the proposed ones would have higher rents that eventually would lead to their displacement. The artists joined the movement worried that their cheap accommodation would be eliminated too, and without it, their activity couldn’t flourish. In the Reverend Austen Williams, Vicar of St Paul’s Church, he found a sympathetic listener, and together they unfurled the banner of the defenceless poor and old. In 1971 the Covent Garden Community Association established itself with Anson and Jim Monahan orchestrating the first meeting. Monahan was an architecture student who rallied his classmates to hand out leaflets to every single building in Covent Garden for that first meeting. The demands were clear and a public statement was drafted: “This meeting calls on the GLC to publish in clear terms, what it intends to do in Covent Garden: to guarantee that the existing residents will be accommodated in the area at rents and rates comparable to those they now pay; to guarantee to people and organizations working here that they will not be bought or priced out by the GLC or private developers and to give a promise that the GLC will preserve the community.” Metting outside St. Paul’s Church (16) Coovent GardenCommunity Association The GLC/Camden/Westminster consortium split by political tensions and the GLC assumed the strategic responsibility which had been specifically reserved for it in the London Government Act. A Covent Gar- den Committee was set up, and it was chaired by Lady Dartmouth16. Born Raine McCorquodale, served in her local government for many years. As a member of the Conser- vative Party, she became the youngest member of the Westminster City Council at the age of 23. She ma- rried the Hon. Gerald Humphry Legge on 21 July 1948, and he became Earl of Dartmouth in 1962. They had [15] The above is part of Brian Anson’s statements, from his book “Abroken Wave” [16] More details on Lady Dartmouth’s life can be found on the local press’ obituaries, www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2016/10/21/raine-countess-spencer--obituary/ four children together: William Legge, 10th Earl of Dartmouth, Hon. Rupert Legge, Lady Charlotte, and Hon. Henry Legge. They divorced in 1976, after which she married Earl Spencer, Lady Diana’s father. Soon she was at odds with the planners. Her resignation in a blaze of pu- blicity was a further blow to the beleaguered GLC team. It brought to the side of the left-wing CGCA the powerful support of right-wing aesthetes and liberal conservationists. Against such a background the result of the 1971 public inquiry was predic- table: the Secretary of State, Geoffrey Rippon, gave the GLC its compulsory powers over the area, but at the same time listed the majority of its buil- dings, a secretly prepared list of 245 buildings drafted by two architectu- ral journalists, Dan Cruickshank and Colin Amery, was approved17; and decreed that conservation was to be the central object of the operation and that “full public participation” was to be the technique18. We saw in Covent Garden the first thoroughgoing exercise in public participation and one of the most successful because of the high motivation of the participating parties. The mechanism for this was the Forum, deliberately not a GLC creation but constituted from below to represent by election all the inte- rests in the area, including the Community Association, whose chairman took charge. While the planners churned out discussion papers, slide shows and questionnaires, and organized even more meticulous house-to-house surveys, the new attitude to Covent Garden took shape. It amounted to a charge of cons- ciousness. The time-honoured notion that knocking down worn-out buildings and replacing them with something better was a useful and often a profitable occupation was ruled out. 19 Covent Garden Community Association (18) [17] Miles Glendinning in his book “The Conservation Movement: A history of Architectural Preservation” explains briefly how the struggle over Covent Garden became a trigger for the Conservationist movement in the UK. [18] Brian Anson “I’ll fight you for it” [19] www.covent-garden.co.uk/histories/histories2.html Lady Dartmouth in 1954 (17) GLC Covent Garden Action Area Plan, 1978(19) “Housing gain” had become an obsession on both sides, despite the incurable deficiencies of schooling and the almost total absence of green space in this congested area. The official target was now to raise the resident population from 2.417 to 5.274 (with 1000 children under 15)20. The inflexible CGCA position was the defence of the village against the cultural and tourist invasion. “we ask that there be no galleries or studios in the principal shopping streets...no more museums... no conference Center... no more ho- tels, with loud coachloads of singing Germans arriving at 6 am”. Covent Garden must simply “provide a living, shopping and leisure facilities for the people who work in the entertainment industry, rather than tourist attractions...Covent Garden is not part of the West End.”21 [20] Greater London Council, Covent Garden’s Moving, The Covent Garden Area Draft Plan, 1968 [21] Greater London Council. Covent Garden Action Area Plan. N.p.: Greater London Council, 1978. GLC Covent Garden Action Area Plan, 1978(20) The Plan was printed in 1978, it was affectionately received by all. Density: “Few residents express dissatisfaction with their present accommodation on grounds of lack of privacy, shortage of external space, or noise...Covent Garden residents, in common with those from other parts of the city centre, have a long tradition of urban living and the concept of density is not sig- nificant in their conception of a living environment; the value of plot ratios to control building bulk and employment density is limited”. Zoning: “The Council considers that a mixed-used approach to development control will provide the best possible way of achieving the Plan’s total aims...interpreted as flexibly as possible in order to res- pect the delicate relationships” Housing: “All residents displaced by public development will be rehoused in Covent Garden if they so wish. The GLDP states that planning permission will not normally be given for a change from residential use. The Council will encourage proposals for the rehabilitation by the private sector of existing housing, provided these are not to the disadvantage of existing residents”.22 [22] Greater London Council. Covent Garden Action Area Plan. N.p.: Greater London Council, 1978 GLC Covent Garden Action Area Plan, 1978(21) Traffic: “The most heavily trafficked of the through-routes is Monmouth Street/St. Martin’s Lane which carries 1.100 vehicles per hour through the working day”. Commercial: “It will be the normal policy to prevent a change of use from a retail shop and other uses to showroom use in shopping streets”. Offices: “Each case will be assessed considering the nature of the activity and the benefits to the com- munity such as provision of residential accommodation, provision of specific benefits in the form of buil- dings and other facilities for use of the public, conservation of historic buildings and architecture, provi- sion of small office suites”.23 The defeat of planning in Covent Garden was not primarily a conservationist victory, it was a political one, won by working people under skilled middle-class leadership. Its central theme was that people are more important than architecture.24 [23] Greater London Council. Covent Garden Action Area Plan. N.p.: Greater London Council, 1978. [24] Brian Anson’s thoughts displayed on his book “I’ll fight you for it” RECENT VIEWS By the end of the 90s, Covent Garden established itself as a The place to go for retailing high brands, the market for rental skyrocketed. This encouraged the Westminster City Council to lunch an action plan to secure and im- prove the local environment for residents, businesses and visitors. Resulting from the combination of successful approach in other parts of London, public participation and the Metropolitan Police; it addres- sed problems in traffic, transport, street environment, anti-social activity and street safety.25 The draft plan for Covent Garden includes the council working with landlords to enable shoppers to pick up large purchases by car and to encourage walking. The plans also aim to improve street lighting, reduce 'physical clutter' that detracts from the street and increase street enforcement to tac- kle busking. Council leader Simon Milton says: 'The draft action plan demonstrates our commitment but this must be seen in the light of the city council's very difficult funding situation. We do not have the resources alone to bring about the vision set out in this action plan. If we are to succeed, we are looking for a com- mitment of funding and to work with communities and busines- ses in Covent Garden.'26 Further analysis had taken place, in 2006 the City Council drafted a Planning Guidance for Entertainment uses; to determine the land uses, functions, scale and environmental quality of entertainment in Covent Garden. The purpose was to establish policies regarding existing and new entertainment use and accom- plish a balance between the mixed use character of the place. Land Uses Plan - Planning Guidance for Entertainment uses, 2006 (24) [25] www.westminster.gov.uk/archives [26] Interview for the article “Garden army.” Property Week, 5 Dec. 2003, p. 62. Business Collection, Covent Garden Action Plan,2004(22) Westminster City Council Logo for the Covent Garden Action Plan (23) The struggle in Covent Garden has definitely shaped the conser- vationist movement in London. Postmodernist interventions, such as the Comyn Ching Triangle, have a possibility to be listed be- cause of the precedents set in the 70s. According to Farrell, it stands as one of Covent Garden's land- mark restoration and new-build scheme. Best described his own words, "The Comyn Ching Trian- gle, with much of Covent Garden, was planned to be demolished in the 1970s. Then the Triangle became part of Covent Garden's wonderful regeneration story. My involvement as architect for this urban block lasted over ten years. The public space in the mi- ddle links together restoration and new buildings: shops, offices, interior and exterior details. It is still one of the best things I've been involved with”27. But the area has also grown to become an important part of London’s commercial core, and in this matter recent planning policy for the Central Activity Zone (CAZ) has established stra- tegies outlining hierarchy areas where local authorities will be expected to direct housing, so the office space in central London continues to be a key generator of economic prosperity. Journalist Colin Marrs quoted London’s major Boris Jhonson in his Architects’ Journal article to defend this premise: “The heart of the capital is the foundation of London’s reputation as best city in the world in which to do business”28 Axonometric drawing of the Comyn Ching Triangle by Terry Farrell (26) [27] Interview for the magazine Building Design [28] www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/new-planning-rules-to-protect-city-from-residential-development/10004183.article Comyn Ching Triangle by Terry Farrell (25) List of Images and drawings No Title 1 Area Plan of Covent Garden 2 Inigo Jones 3 The Piazza looking North 4 The Market Building in the 19th century 5 Axonometric Section of the Market 6 St. Paul’s Church 7 St. Paul’s Church Floor Plan 8 St. Paul’s Church burns 9 St. Paul’s Church Interior 10 The Floral Market & the Opera house 11 Axonometric view 12 Drury Lane, Seven Dials 13 Covent Garden Area Draft Plan 14 Road Network 15 Pedestrian Spaces 16 Meeting outside St. Paul’s Church 17 Lady Dartmouth 18 Covent Garden Community Association 19 Conservation Area Boundaries 20 Proposals Map 21 Vehicle Network Proposal 22 Covent Garden Action Plan 23 Westminster City Council Logo 24 Land Uses Plan 25 Comyn Ching Triangle 26 Axonometric view of the Comyn Ching Triangle Author GLC Unknown Unknown Unknown GLC Thomas Homers Shepherd Unknown Unknown Steve Cadman Unknown Dixon Jones Architects Gustave Doré CGLC & W & LBC CGLC & W & LBC CGLC & W & LBC CGCA Unknown CGCA GLC GLC GLC Westminster City Council Westminster City Council Westminster City Council Terry Farell Architects Terry Farrell Architects Type Plan Painting Drawing Photograph Drawing Painting Plan Painting Photograph Photograph Drawing Illustration Drawing Plan Drawing Photograph Photograph Photograph Plan Plan Plan Logo Logo Plan Photograph Drawing Bibliography in alphabetical order 1. Anson, B. I'll Fight You for It: Behind the Struggle for Covent Garden. Cape, 1981. 2. Bradley, Simon, and Pevsner, Nikolaus. London. 6, Westminster. Pevsner Architectural Guides. New Haven, Conn. ; London: Yale University Press, 2005. 3. Cavanagh, Elaine. "Up for renewal." Estates Gazette, 19 Oct. 2002, p. 2. Business Collection, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&sw=w&u=uokent&v=2.1&id=GALE%7CA93116404&it=r&asid=- 17c76221e87cee84b155429f95d52535. Accessed 5 Dec. 2016. 4. Christie, Ian - Covent Garden: Approaches to Urban Renewal - The Town Planning Review; Jan 1, 1974; 45, 1; Periodicals Archive Online pg. 31 5. 'Covent Garden Market', in Survey of London: Volume 36, Covent Garden, ed. F H W Sheppard (Lon- don, 1970), pp. 129-150. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol36/ pp129-150 [accessed 10 November 2016]. 6. 'Covent Garden Theatre and the Royal Opera House: Management', in Survey of London: Volume 35, the theatre Royal, Drury Lane, and the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, ed. F H W Sheppard (Lon- don, 1970), pp. 71-85. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol35/pp71- 85 [accessed 12 October 2016]. 7. Duggan, Diane - 'London the Ring, Covent Garden the Jewell of That Ring': New Light on Covent Gar- den. (Architectural History, Vol. 43, 2000), pp. 140-161 8. Esher, Lionel Gordon Balish Brett. A Broken Wave : The Rebuilding of England, 1940-1980. London: Allen Lane, 1981 9. Glendinning, Miles - "The Conservation Movement: A history of Architectural Preservation" - (New York: Routledge, 2013), 329 – 330 10."Garden army." Property Week, December 5, 2003, 62. Business Collection (accessed Decem- ber 5, 2016). http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&sw=w&u=uokent&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%- 7CA111856021&asid=ccf23c7421f25d260c50d9c64c68293f. 11. Greater London Council, Covent Garden’s Moving, The Covent Garden Area Draft Plan, 1968 12. Greater London Council. Covent Garden Action Area Plan. N.p.: Greater London Council, 1978. 13. Hall, John - 'Covent Garden Newly Marketed', The London Journal, 1980 14.Matthew, H. C. G., Harrison, Brian Howard, and British Academy. Oxford Dictionary of National Bio- graphy from the Earliest times to the Year 2000. New ed. 2004. 15.O'Donovan Teige & Cooper - 'Covent Garden: a model for protection of special character?' - Journal of Planning & Environment Law, 1998 16.Richardson, J. Covent Garden. Historical Pubns, 1979. 17. 'The Bedford Estate: From 1627 to 1641', in Survey of London: Volume 36, Covent Garden, ed. F H W Sheppard (London, 1970), pp. 25-34. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-lon- don/vol36/pp25-34 [accessed 4 December 2016]. 18.Westminster City Council - 'Draft Supplementary Planning Guidance for Entertainment Uses', July 2006. 19.http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol36/pp25-34 http://www.coventgardenmemories. org.uk/page_id__37.aspx 20. http://thespaces.com/2016/02/17/is-architect-terry-farrells-postmodern-comyn-ching-triangle-in- covent-garden-worth-listing/ 21.http://www.e-architect.co.uk/architects/terry-farrell 22.http://www.sevendials.com/about-us/patrons/item/14-sir-terry-farrell-cbe-riba-frsa-fcsd-mrtpi 23.https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/new-planning-rules-to-protect-city-from-residential-deve- lopment/10004183.article 24.https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/big-names-rally-to-save-farrells-comyn-ching-buil- ding/10005959.article 25.http://www.bdonline.co.uk/farrell-submits-comyn-ching-for-urgent-listing/5080195.article 26.https://www.westminster.gov.uk/archives 27.http://www.gustav-mahler.eu/index.php/plaatsen/228-great-britain/london-londen/1381-covent-gar- den-and-drury-theatre 28. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2016/10/21/raine-countess-spencer--obituary/ 29. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/oct/21/raine-countess-spencer-obituary 30.http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3859566/Princess-Diana-s-stepmother-Raine-Spen- cer-dies-age-87.html 31. http://royalcentral.co.uk/other/private-funeral-for-princess-dianas-stepmother-raine-spencer-71011 32. https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/features/what-is-palladianism Bibliography according to type of sources History 1. Anson, B. I’ll Fight You for It: Behind the Struggle for Covent Garden. Cape, 1981. 2. Bradley, Simon, and Pevsner, Nikolaus. London. 6, Westminster. Pevsner Architectural Guides. New Haven, Conn. ; London: Yale University Press, 2005. 3. ‘Covent Garden Market’, in Survey of London: Volume 36, Covent Garden, ed. F H W Sheppard (Lon- don, 1970), pp. 129-150. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol36/ pp129-150 [accessed 10 November 2016]. 4. ‘Covent Garden Theatre and the Royal Opera House: Management’, in Survey of London: Volume 35, the theatre Royal, Drury Lane, and the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, ed. F H W Sheppard (Lon- don, 1970), pp. 71-85. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol35/pp71- 85 [accessed 12 October 2016]. 5. Esher, Lionel Gordon Balish Brett. A Broken Wave : The Rebuilding of England, 1940-1980. London: Allen Lane, 1981 6. Glendinning, Miles - “The Conservation Movement: A history of Architectural Preservation” - (New York: Routledge, 2013), 329 – 330 7. Richardson, J. Covent Garden. Historical Pubns, 1979. 8. ‘The Bedford Estate: From 1627 to 1641’, in Survey of London: Volume 36, Covent Garden, ed. F H W Sheppard (London, 1970), pp. 25-34. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-lon- don/vol36/pp25-34 [accessed 4 December 2016]. 9. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol36/pp25-34 http://www.coventgardenmemories. org.uk/page_id__37.aspx Institutional Information 1. Greater London Council, Covent Garden’s Moving, The Covent Garden Area Draft Plan, 1968 2. Greater London Council. Covent Garden Action Area Plan. N.p.: Greater London Council, 1978. 3. Westminster City Council - ‘Draft Supplementary Planning Guidance for Entertainment Uses’, July 2006. 4. http://royalcentral.co.uk/other/private-funeral-for-princess-dianas-stepmother-raine-spencer-71011 5. https://www.westminster.gov.uk/archives 6. http://www.sevendials.com/about-us/patrons/item/14-sir-terry-farrell-cbe-riba-frsa-fcsd-mrtpi 7.http://www.gustav-mahler.eu/index.php/plaatsen/228-great-britain/london-londen/1381-covent-gar- den-and-drury-theatre Academic Publicactions 1. Cavanagh, Elaine. “Up for renewal.” Estates Gazette, 19 Oct. 2002, p. 2. Business Collection, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&sw=w&u=uokent&v=2.1&id=GALE%7CA93116404&it=r&asid=- 17c76221e87cee84b155429f95d52535. Accessed 5 Dec. 2016. 2. Christie, Ian - Covent Garden: Approaches to Urban Renewal - The Town Planning Review; Jan 1, 1974; 45, 1; Periodicals Archive Online pg. 31 3. Duggan, Diane - ‘London the Ring, Covent Garden the Jewell of That Ring’: New Light on Covent Gar- den. (Architectural History, Vol. 43, 2000), pp. 140-161 4. Hall, John - ‘Covent Garden Newly Marketed’, The London Journal, 1980 5. O’Donovan Teige & Cooper - ‘Covent Garden: a model for protection of special character?’ - Journal of Planning & Environment Law, 1998 Specialist Press 1. “Garden army.” Property Week, December 5, 2003, 62. Business Collection (accessed December 5, 2016). http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&sw=w&u=uokent&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA111856021&asid=cc- f23c7421f25d260c50d9c64c68293f. 2. http://thespaces.com/2016/02/17/is-architect-terry-farrells-postmodern-comyn-ching-triangle-in-co- vent-garden-worth-listing/ 3. http://www.e-architect.co.uk/architects/terry-farrell 4.https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/new-planning-rules-to-protect-city-from-residential-develo- pment/10004183.article 5.https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/big-names-rally-to-save-farrells-comyn-ching-buil- ding/10005959.article 6.http://www.bdonline.co.uk/farrell-submits-comyn-ching-for-urgent-listing/5080195.article Local Press 1. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2016/10/21/raine-countess-spencer--obituary/ 2. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/oct/21/raine-countess-spencer-obituary 3.http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3859566/Princess-Diana-s-stepmother-Raine-Spen- cer-dies-age-87.html Biography 1. Matthew, H. C. G., Harrison, Brian Howard, and British Academy. Oxford Dictionary of National Bio- graphy from the Earliest times to the Year 2000. New ed. 2004. Albane Duvillier, 4th Year, dip 7, essay submission for the Brave New World Revisited/Edward Bottoms appendix Brian Anson. Letter to Edward Bottoms, NOT FOR PUBLICATION. 18 February 2008 AA Project Review 1974-75 AA Project Review 1975-76 AA Project Review 1976-77 AA Project Review 1977-78 Brian Anson. “Let’s sing the Land Song”. Lecture, Architectural Association, London: 20 November 1974 AA Project Review 1974-75 AA Project Review 1974-75 AA Project Review 1974-75 AA Project Review 1974-75 AA Project Review 1974-75 AA Project Review 1974-75 AA Project Review 1974-75 Peter Cook’s unit AA Project Review 1974-75 AA Project Review 1975-76 AA Project Review 1975-76 AA Project Review 1975-76 AA Project Review 1975-76 AA Project Review 1975-76 AA Project Review 1975-76 AA Project Review 1975-76 AA Project Review 1975-76 AA Project Review 1976-77 AA Project Review 1976-77 AA Project Review 1976-77 AA Project Review 1976-77 AA Project Review 1976-77 AA Project Review 1976-77 AA Project Review 1976-77 Fred Scott & Bob Evans AA Project Review 1977-78 AA Project Review 1977-78 AA Project Review 1977-78 AA Project Review 1977-78 AA Project Review 1976-77 AA Project Review 1976-77 Brian Anson. “Let’s sing the Land Song”. Lecture at the Architectural Association London: 20 November 1974 Paul Bower : « The paper is over 8000 words long and includes no references as it was a typed manuscript. The paper comes courtesy of George Mills, one of Brian’s former AA students at the time and eventual col- league and friend » “We should sing the Land song again” This talk is about land. Who should own it, what is the power that it contains, what traps ownership of it may hold for common people – or for that matter rich people. It is not a definitive talk – that is it does not give a simple answer – yet it is topical in view of the Government White Paper. It is something in which I have always been interested and which I believe is, if not at the core of social prob- lems, pretty near the centre. It is such a vast subject that I am bound to miss much out, and likewise I am bound to annoy some in the audi- ence more learned than I on the matter, I don’t intend to and if I learn from them I shall be well pleased. I have some facts and some instincts. The facts are mainly in the paper that follows: my instincts are in a hum- ble way those of the great man whose picture appears on the poster; Padraig Pearce – they are with the landless man against the Lord of Lords and the breadless man against the master of millions. It is one of my basic beliefs that you cannot create a just situation from a basic injustice. It is clear to me that exploitation of land for private gain has been the second major course of injustice throughout the history of man, The first exploitation of man himself. Much of the misery, death and indignity that man has endured throughout history is in one way of another connected with avaricious schemes to deprive him of his land. I am aware that at certain times in history, and perhaps today is one of them, ownership of land has not been as helpful to the cause of a better society for common people – Engels, and to an extent Marx, were totally against returning the land to the people – at least whereby they became individual freeholders, Nonetheless I believe that the sacred connection between man and his land is still valid and I treat with suspicion any attempt to ignore it as something unimportant. The ancient traveller returning to his native soil knelt and pressed the earth to his lips manifesting his link to the elemental roots he must have if he is to remain sane. An aunt of mine died recently. Her body was taken by sea to Cork. Then by car to a little village outside Gal- way. They still have a simple tradition in the West of Ireland where the villagers come out 20 miles to escort the cortege into the village. She had been away for many years but her last wish was ‘take me home’. And that’s what the villagers were doing. The instinctive relationship to a sense of place that these two events illustrate are to me still very basic. I hope too many of you are not fidgeting and wondering the relevance of old ladies being taken back to villages or travellers weeping into the soil. I know you want facts, statistics and theories. There is no shortage of them, but the sacred relationship of people to land is possibly a greater truth for we are not in perpetual and rootless motion as the mid-cult trendies with their coffee table paperbacks or mobility theories would have us believe. So before I get down to some of the facts of history, I’d like to simply state where I believe the asnwer lies. Though I can’t as yet explain that it’s achievable. I believe that land must not be exploited for private gain in anyway whatsoever. In the contest of our mixed economy that means nothing less than taking ALL economic value out of land – in fact to make it VALUE- LESS. Paradoxically, in the context of our economically dominated society, to take a sacred element out of the system is to make it PRICELESS – which is what land is in reality. To my mind the common fact of history is the way that land has been exploited for monetary gain to the det- riment of civilised society. Why should we not put it in the same category as those other elements that we now consider priceless. Finite resources such as the air we breath are not yet part of the market mechanism – although in the centre of Tokyo one can ‘buy’ oxygen from a slot machine – and I take it no sane person here would advocate such a policy. The greatest, most priceless – although ironically not finite – resource of all, the human being, is not yet freed from the market system – but I take it no-one here would bring back slavery or the use of child-labour. We are capable now of considering the human resource as priceless – yet we had to struggle for the freedom – and the greatest opponents of the abolitionists were those who argued the collapse of our economic system should slav- ery go. Let us strive, therefore, to free land from the market. This is not day dreaming for at certain times in history, land has been viewed as a sacred and priceless element – and was arguably better cared for to the benefit of all. Sean O’Faolain has pointed out that the early Celts “...shared property in common and their hold on their land was absolute and incontestable. No Chief or King had any claim on the land and he could not legally dis- possess any family in his small kingdom...” The American Indians saw land as a gift from the great spirit and knew that they didn’t own it but held it in trust for future generations – and a whole ecological concept grew out of that belief. The downfall of that whole civilisation began with an attack on the land. “...the white man made us many promises” said Red Cloud of the Oglala Sioux “and he kept but one: he promised to take our land and he did”. I don’t know whether my concept can be made to work, anymore than the economic theories of Schumacher can be, but I think it’s in the right direction and I think it’s worth a try – in any case there’s been not other solution to the land problem in this country for the past six hundred years. I used to work for a stupid architect who, thinking he was a modernist, once said to me, that he was not inter- ested in anything written yesterday. I think the exact opposite and in order to learn what little I do know about the land problem I’ve had to go back a good many centuries. And so I begin in the past. But learning from the past is not the same as living in the past – so travelling through seven centuries as rapidly as possible I’ll end up with the current Government White Paper on Land Reform. And then if you’re still interested we can discuss it. We think we have a land hunger now and we think that the great inflation in land values of 1973 was an ex- traordinary event. The only extraordinary thing about it was that the Tory party at last publicly admitted the existence of what it euphemistically called “The unacceptable face of Capitalism”. According to Toynbee’s “English Social History” as long ago as the thirteenth century there was land hunger – too many people and not enough land in cultivation – greatly to the benefit of the landlords. Then the Black death wiped out half the population and the ensuing two centuries were to the benefit of the peasant – who struggled out of serfdom during this period. But by the sixteenth century land hunger was back fr the birth rate had wiped out the rav- ages of the plague and now there was a surplus of labour – the landlord was back in business. “Hence” as Toynbee states “The economic opportunity for the landlord to do what he liked with land so much in demand”. Worst of all the hated Enclosures Acts came into being at this time and ‘Economic neces- sity’ became the Tyrants’ pleas for much oppression when the common land was taken from the people. To be fair, I suppose, the landlord was under some financial pressure as inflation was running at a pretty high rate – between 1500-1560 food prices had trebled – but this plea of economic necessity went too far and became popular wisdom in later years when as Toynbee again says “ the dismal science of Political economy bore iron rule over the minds of men”. Tragically this dismal science has survived up to the present day and economic necessity is still an excuse for land crimes against the people. I am not an historian, but from what little I do know concerning the land question from the 12th century on and particularly with regard to the Acts of Enclosure, I acknowledge the tremendous complexity of the issue. What is not denied by any historian, however, is that the Common Law of England established under Henry II was an excellent foundation to work progressively towards a most just social system in society. Indeed much of that foundation has remained intact in such things as the jury system, and the birth of Parliamentary democra- cy. But not in the case of land, despite the fact that Trevelyan maintains that: “The starting point of our modern land law” began in 1275 under Edward I through his two statutes De Donis Conditionalibus and Quia Eviptores Laws which helped bring about the downfall of feudalism by vesting land rights largely in the King. I can’t see the reality of this, as in later centuries, particularly the 17th and 18th, the parliamentary democracy was largely controlled by politicians who themselves were large landowners. But to return briefly to the land system under the Common Law of the 12th to 15th centuries. It was John Stuart Mill who pointed out “it is custom, immemorial custom, which is the most powerful protector of the weak against the strong, their sole protector where there are n laws or government adequate to the purpose. That custom which even in the most oppressed condition of mankind, tyranny is forced in some degree to respect...” If there is any one major basis on which social life of England rested during the common law period it was this one of “immemorial custom” and particularly over land and tenant rights. The Durham Halmote Rolls pub- lished by the Surtess Society at the beginning of the 19th Century gives a vivid account of community life in Medieval Northumberland: “The dry record of tenures is peopled by men and women under the various phases of village life. We see them in their tofts surrounded by their crofts with their gardens of pot herbs. We see how they ordered the affairs of the village in matters concerning the common meal of the community. We hear of how they repressed their strifes and contentions, of their attempts, not always ineffective, to grasp the principle of co-operation. Local provisions for public health and general convenience are evidenced by the watchful vigilance of the village officials over the water supplies, the care taken to prevent the fouling of useful streams, and stringent by-laws as to the common place for clothes washing and the time for emptying and cleansing ponds and mill dams. labour was lightened and the burdens of life eased by co-operation on an extensive scale. A common mill ground the corn, and the flour was baked into bread at a common oven. A common smith worked at a common forge and common shepherds and herdsmen watched the sheep and cattle of various tenants when pastured on the fields common to the whole community.” According to Cardinal Gasquet writing in the early part of the 20th century – a review of the halmote rolls “leaves no doubt that the tenants, had a recognised right in their holdings, which was ripening into a custom- ary freehold estate.” Professor Thorold Rogers in his lectures on “the Economic Interpretation of History” given at Oxford in 1887, adds further evidence when he says that: “The peasant was rarely without his patch of land and beyond the plot which he held in severalty, the peasant had more or less extensive rights of common. The common, even if it did not afford herbage for his cow, was a run for his poultry, and assured him the occasional fowl in the pot.” The key phrase is “ripening into a freehold estate”. The immemorial custom backed up the obvious advantage of co-operative working may quite easily have developed over time into a well-nigh-unshakable social system based on co-operation and Communal ownership. That was well removed from despotic state control or bu- reaucratic Communism. Even Gordon-Rattray-Taylor in his recent and pessimistic book “Rethink” describes how one of the most com- mon topics of conversation during this time was the definition of a fair profit and he suggests that an individ- ual those aim was unlimited profit would have been forwned upon by society in general. Professor Rogers sums it up when he says: “...the rate of production was small, the conditions of health unsatisfactory and the duration of life short; but on the whole there were none of those extremes of poverty and wealth which have excited the astonishment of philanthropists and are now exciting the indignation of workmen. The age it is true had its discontents, and these were expressed in a startling manner. But of poverty which premises unheeded, of willingness to do hon- est work and a lack of opportunity, there was little or none. The essence of life during the Plantagenets and the Tudors was that everyone knew his neighbour, and that everyone was his brother’s keeper. My studies lead me to conclude that though there was a hardship in this life, the hardship was a common lot and that there was hope...” Three events changed all this, and in terms of the land problem changed the course of history: the Acts of En- closure, the dissolution of the Monasteries and the birth of the Industrial Revolution. The first two were to change drastically the ownership pattern of land; whether it be legal ownership or own- ership by ‘immemorial custom’. The industrial Revolution was eventually to create, amongst other things, the industrial city and the land problems that are with us still today. All three events together were to produce a new class of people which from now on was to lie at the very heart of the land problems: the “landless labourer”. In effect the industrial working class man was born, and his increasingly desperate plight was to complicate the land issue enormously right to to the present day. In future centuries some like Proudhon, the bourgeois Socialist and Parnell, the Irish Catholic leader would try to leas him back to that co-operative wonderland of individual ownership partly described above, while others like Marx and Engels would keep him away from such ownership and petit bourgeois traps in order that he might lead the socialist revolution. It is not the purpose of this paper to discuss the religious validity of the Reformation in England. As so often in the past, and still today, religious friction has been used by the ruling class as a cloak to hide or evade real social problems. But the social upheaval caused by this event was enormous in England. Again the issue is complex with one side, such as the partisan Catholics, arguing that the Abbots, Monks and Priors were re- sponsible and benevolent landlords to their tenants, and that the dissolution of the monasteries robbed the communities of a sound and reasonably happy base for living. The passages I’ve quoted above by such as Pro- fessor Thorold suggest there is some truth in this. Others, not impressed by ‘other-worldly’ attitudes towards community structure place greater emphasis on the undoubted misuse of responsibility shown by many monastic settlements and suggest that long before Refor- mation the monasteries were being run by secular middle-men with an eye to profit. It is for the individual to make up his own mind on whether the dissolution was socially retrograde step or not. Personally I tend to agree with the Protestant Radical William Cobbett, that the event was more a social disas- ter than civilised progress. But again there is complete agreement by most historians on one significant point. Dramatic events in history are neither entirely good nor entirely bad. Henry VIII and later Edward VI having confiscated the monastic lands had a wonderful opportunity to redistribute it justly amongst the people and in fact some historians suggest that in Henry’s case this was the first intention. But as Trevelyan says in his English Social History “...the Exchequer was empty and the courtiers were greedy and the hasty sale of the lands to private purchasers was the course adopted. The dissolution of the monasteries and the confiscation of the property of the chantries and guilds resulted in the transfer of well over 2,000,000 acres of land into the hands of new proprietors. The change of ownership was disastrous for the poorer tenants although many of the stronger yeomanry class did very well out of it and their first step to becoming property owning capitalists. The new brand of owners, who had in many cases paid large sums for their land, began immediately a system of rack renting and encroaching upon common land. As regards the early acts of enclosure there are again mixed views. There is clear agreement that the very poor suffered enormously as their common land was enclosed and they were deprived of its benefits, When the Parliament, as it then became, was closed by law to anyone not a considerable owner of land it is impossible to argue the right of ownership of land by ‘immemorial custom’. And that is the only right the peasant had. Prior to the dissolution of the monasteries and the Acts of Enclosure this right was largely adequate. The vast reduction of small holdings left the peasant farmer helpless and the worthless compensation that he did, on occasion, get merely led him to the alehouse. Suddenly great numbers of people were homeless, job- less, half-starving vagrants. In connection with this Elizabeth in 1495 brought her Statute of Labourers. According to Professor Thorold the object of this celebrated or infamous act was threefold. 1.To break up the combination of labourers To secure the adequate machinery of control To make the peasant labourer the residuum of all other labour – or, in other words, to forcibly increase the supply Not long after, in 1541, the first Poor Laws came into being. So one way to look at the results of the dissolu- tion of the monasteries and the Acts of Enclosure is to see them as robbing great numbers of poor people of their customary rights in land by confiscation; creating a new rich and powerful minority owning large estates; creating in the process a new class, that of the landless labourer; the creation of poor laws and destitution on a large scale – culminating in the terrible state of the working class in the 19th century in England – and finally as being the origin of the class scars that mark our society today. Others argue that while the early acts of enclosure created social damage, the final enclosure Acts of the 17th century and early 18th century were a national necessity. England, in those days, did not yet have access to the great granaries of the world – such as Russia, and with an exploding population and the rapid growth of the cities, the country must produce much more food or starve. As the traditional small farming methods were wasteful they must be replaced by a more streamlined arrangement of land use. Whatever the merits of the latter argument, the 17th century was also the pinnacle of the landowning gentry class – and poverty amidst affluence was commonplace. The Acts of Enclosure were beneficial to sections of the population even including the yeoman class and many of the craftsmen, but a whole section of the poor were totally excluded. In contrast Denmark which proceeded with enclosure at the same time took into account the interest of all classes, even the very poorest, with excel- lent consequences in the Danish society of today. By and large I agree with first Cobbett, and finally Toynbee, the modern historian who says: “Henry VIII had been driven by financial necessity to sell most of the confiscated lands privately. The potential value of the land was much higher than the lay purchasers had paid. The ultimate beneficiary of the dissolution was not religion, not education, not the poor, not even in the end the crown, but a class of fortunate gentry whose power replaced that of the great nobles and ecclesiastics of the feudal ages and whose word was to be law in England for centuries to come...” So land hunger and its consequent exploitation is nothing new. What about rocketing land values? Again it’s all happened before as 19th century Scotland shows, to give just one example. In these islands it is the Scottish people like the Irish who know deep in their bones what land means – they suffered one of the worst indigni- ties of any nation – they were driven from their land by sheep – the Cheviot. But as John Prebble says in ‘The Highland Clearances’: “...the land owners could see no reason for complaint. Wool was making them rich. Wool had forced up the value of land all over the highlands. In five years the sale price of the Castlehill Estate had risen from £8000 to £80,000. Redcastle, which had been sold for £25,000 in 1790 was shortly to be sold (in 1817) for £135,000 and the Fairburn estate, which had yielded a rental of £700 in 1800 was now in 1817 worth £80,000 rental a year.” They had a rather quaint legal system in those days for at the trial of Patrick Sellar, one of the villains of the time who spent his time evicting poor crofters in order that his masters could make the sort of profits I have described, it was stated: “that a bed-ridden woman of 90 had been evicted from her house and died five days later in an outhouse (the cottage was in fact set on fire by Sellar while the woman still lay in her sick bed). This was not contested in court and the judge and jurors agreed that Mr Sellar could not be held responsible for the ‘natural tendency of a person to die if rendered suddenly homeless’.” This is just one of millions of examples whereby horrific and tragic death springs directly from private ex- ploitation of land. Only two weeks ago I read of how fifty square miles of this same countryside that Patrick Sellar ravaged in the early 19th century is to be sold on the international market so that Lady Sutherland may rationalise the other 100,000 acres of her ancestral estate. To rationalise means to provide a lucrative grouse shooting, salmon fishing, golf course for the multi-national oil magnates no doubt. First it was the Chevi- ot, then it was mid-century Shell-Esso man – BUT WHAT THE HELL HAPPENED TO THE PEOPLE? Of course they never came into it. They never did in the past and if huge profits are to be made today from land they are likewise excluded. The Scots know that history will always attempt to repeat itself. In 1973 the last Tory government was deter- mined to bring its LAND DEVELOPMENT BILL in order to expedite the oil-rush. A spokesman stated publicly “We must have the platform building sites whether the people like it or not”. WE WILL BRING THE GREAT CHEVIOT IN WHETHER THE CROFTER LIKE IT OR NOT. But one last comment on Scotland. Even bureaucracies throughout history can occasionally make a statement that has the ring of pure simple truth about it. And the final statement of the Crofters Commission of 1892 said: “...the solution of the Highland Problem is not land purchase but the resumption of the Clansman’s right to occupy the Fatherland....” No mention of economic necessity or investment or a healthy economy – but a question of human RIGHT and a RESUMPTION of that right. Just think about it for a minute and ponder on modern interpretations: “The solution of London’s housing problem is a resumption of the old communities RIGHT to occupy the city....” “The solution to the Irish problem is a resumption of the Native Irish’s RIGHT to occupy the motherland.” And what is the land story in Ireland. I must confess that it was an interest in the history of that country that led to the beginning of my interest in the land problem. Land and the so-called Irish problem are synonymous and some of the greatest agitators for land reform in the 19th century came out of that country. I have already mentioned that the old Celtic order had a system of land ownership based entirely on the com- munity. A system of land control that was ta the base of social structure extraordinarily communistic in its character and in the truest sense of the term. Amongst the many dreadful deeds that England perpetrated against that nation, it’s attack on the land was par- amount in its destruction of a way of life. They first tried to conquer the land – and failed; they then tried to plant it with aliens and only partially succeeded, then they reinforced the little bit they could hold and invent- ed “The Pale” and finally in the great tradition of all imperial powers they partitioned it. In the early 1840’s two million people starved to death in Ireland and another two million emigrated with half of those dying in the coffin ships before reaching their destination – often because they were driven from the land. Never lecture an Irishman on Genocide. Nor indeed on the economic necessities that a poor landlord has to face. For it was as a direct result of land exploitation that Ireland changed overnight form being the fastest growing population outside China to the sparsely peopled land she is today. It was at the height of that famine that starving peasants were evicted from the land and when they built SCALPEENS to protect their shrivelled bodies from the weather. a scalpeen is a ditch with a bit of a roof over it – hence the Irish saying that you can never stumble into an Irish ditch without falling down a chimney - They were evicted from the Scalpeens. When this matter was raised in the House of Lords in 1846, Lord Brougham stated: “It is the landowners inalienable right to do exactly as he pleases to do with his land, If this were not so money would no longer be invested in land.” Fortunately history is not all gloom, for 1846 brought something good to the land question in Ireland. It brought the birth of Michael Davitt. A man of high courage, moral no less than physical, a passionate man totally intolerant of cruelty and injustice, and most important of all the man who was to become the father of the LAND LEAGUE. But before Davitt a few words on James Fintan Lalov who died three years after Davitt’s birth in 1846. Where the latter was the father of the land league, Lalov is popularly seen as the prophet of revolutionary Irish land reform. The social system of 19th century Ireland gave supreme power to the landlord and no security to the tenant. The growth of the landless labourer, referred to above, was very rapid in Ireland. Lalov assumed “...the gen- eral and common right of all the people as joint and co-equal proprietors of all the land ... and no man had a right to hold one foot of Irish soil otherwise than by grant of tenancy from the people in common...” Lalov was not interested in nationalisation – but rather in co-operative ownership. He considered the posi- tion of the landless labourer to be beyond repair, and his theories have little connection with the dense urban problems of our day. Davitt’s views are more pertinent and in the end he was as suspicious of individual peasant ownership as an answer to the land problem as Engels was. The son of an evicted Mayo peasant Davitt moved into Revolutionary politics through an early five year spell in the Irish Republican Brotherhood, the Fenian forerunner of the modern IRA. In addition his foundation with Parnell of the Land League in 1879 increased his radicalism for the organisation, through technically legal, was animated by the spirit of social revolution. The battle cry of the Land League was simply the land of Ireland for the people of Ireland and its initial aim was the overthrow of an oppressive landlord class.. Davitt was eager to emphasise its universal implications and declared that “...the principles on which the land movement rests are founded on natural justice ... the cause of Ireland is the cause of humanity and labour throughout the world...” The problem arose, and still today arises, when Davitt had to consider what system would replace the landlord. The tenant farmers led by Parnell (who incidentally would never tolerate Trade Unions) were clear on the aims – their own holdings would belong to them. Davitt thought otherwise – in line with Henry George, whose famous book ‘Progress and Poverty’ had appeared in 1879 – he saw nationalisation, or state ownership of all land – as the solution. According to Davitt, “Land was a unique commodity, it was no man’s creation, it was essential to all life and it was fixed in quantity. It ought therefore to be directly owned and administered by the state. Private monopoly in land meant that the landlord appropriated most of the wealth produced by labour returning only a bare liv- ing to the tenant. Under national ownership the tenant would enjoy the full product of his industry and would have a virtual freehold, paying a tax equal to the annual value of the bare land, and observing certain condi- tions. he holding must be cultivated: it should not be larger than the tenant could personally manage – and the State should have the right to authorise mines and minerals worked in it. In general terms the ultimate outcome in Ireland, peasant proprietorship, was not the solution of the land problem at which he aimed. His suspicion of this ‘solution’ was matched only by the contempt of such an aim by Engels who declared:- “...for our workers in the big cities, freedom of movement is the prime condition of existence, and land own- ership can only be a fetter to them, Give them their own houses, chain them once again tot the soil and you break their power of resistance to the wage cutting of the factory owners...” In England the land of nationalisation theories of Henry George, the American author of ‘Poverty and Prog- ress’ were advocated thirty years later by another George, Prime Minister, Lloyd George. In his budget – his Peoples’ Budget as he called it – of 1909, he introduced taxes on land values. Looking back on them they were not startling – eg. one 1/2 penny in the pound on the added value realised by the sale of land where the com- munity had made that value possible. But they caused a tremendous political storm and the House of Lords (which incidentally Davitt had referred to as that Den of Land Thieves) rejected the budget, and a constitu- tional crisis ensued. Lloyd George travelled the country presenting the land issue – and in his famous Limehouse speech he de- scribed the landowners living on unearned profits as parasites: “Who created these increments? Who made that golden swamp? Was it the Landlord? Was it his energy? His brains? It is rather hard that an old workman should have to find his way to the gates of the tomb bleeding and footsore, through the brambles and thorns of poverty. We cut a new path for him, an easier one, a pleasanter one, through fields of waving corn.” But the land taxes brought in little revenue and were abandoned n the days of the coalition. Lloyd George continued to proclaim his belief in public landownership and a total abolition of freehold. In the mid-twen- ties he was the main force behind the Green Book and Brown Book. The former called for public ownership of all agricultural land and the latter for total nationalisation of all urban land. Had these proposals been adopted our economic situation today might well be different. The Green Book proposed that the vast, and growing numbers of urban unemployed world return to a coun- tryside that belonged to them and not the large landowning farmers. Advocates of Lloyd George’s policy formed an organisation called the Land and the Nation League and toured Britain advocating land nationalisation. But the opponents of public land ownership were beginning to dig-on and eventually even the liberal party was divided. The early planning acts form 1909 through to 1932 had not proved a success – perhaps because they were too loosely drafted on such a vital issue. It proved too costly to pay compensation for development refusal, and the collection fo betterment levies provd well nigh impossible. Three major inquiries, the Barlow, Scott and Uthwatt, in the 30’s and early 40’s agreed on the need for a na- tional land system. Ultimately the 1947 Planning Act took up Ultwatt’s main idea: a transfer to the State of all development rights in land. The three major principals of the ’47 Act were: Planning Permission required for all development (this for the first time). No compensation paid for refusal Betterment would accrue to the State through Development charges paid to a CENTRAL LAND BOARD. In addition, and in retrospect fundamentally, all land was expected to change hands at existing use value. This in theory Local Authorities could buy land cheaply. Three things happened instead: Owners held land back (they hoarded it) Privately land changed hands at market value – this keeping up the price Landowners sat back expecting a future Tory Government to repeal the Act. Which is exactly what happened in 1951. The Tories kept development control and the no compensation clause – but abolished the Central Land Board. Now an absurd, but legal, two-pricing system existed. Local Authority could still buy land at a price exclusive of development value – if they could find it. But private sales took place at full market value. The Tories 1959 Planning Act reinstated the full market value for all land exchange – from now on no more cheap land for public services and amenities. The market mechanism was in top gear. From the early 60’s to the present day has been the boom period when land prices have soared and massive unearned fortunes have been made in property. Prior to this time land and property was not even quoted on the Stock Exchange; now it occupies the front page of all financial papers. One meek and mild attempt was made by the Labour administration to stop this criminal profiteering – when it set up the Land Commission in 1967. It called for a 40% flat rate tax on development gains – but noth- ing much else was done. Local authorities could still not buy land cheap enough to build desperately needed homes. In any case, the Tories abolished the Land Commission in 1970. It was during this time 1966-1972, that land values rose 228% house prices rose 113% manual earnings rose 52% During this time, according to Counter Information Services, 100 men between them shared £400 million from property and land deals. During this time – the profits of the big private architects rose 118% while the number of new commissions rose only 34%. During this time a senior official in Manchester Corporation Planning Department said – “Land means mon- ey – not just money – it’s a gold mine”. During this time I personally watched the first Chairman of the Covent Garden Development Committee dan- gle prizes of enormous profit from inflated land values before the slobbering faces of Britain’s top developers. During this time I got sick to death of the professions I was in because of the way land was handled as a mar- ketable commodity and the way the architectural and planning professions made no move to change the situa- tion. And now we are at the White Paper. I’m not going to go into great detail over the Land Nationalisation Bill – for one things it’s not a very detailed document anyway and had been criticised as such by none other than the Labour Party Home Affairs Commit- tee – but in any case I should be concluding soon. It’s important to see the Bill as just another stage in a centuries long effort to sort out the and problem in our society. This really has been the whole point of my talk. To understand the present we must understand the past – then we might have some hope of getting things right in the future. Of course it depends on your own viewpoint in the end – some would say we don’t even have a land problem, and many Marxists take this view, but when in 1974 we have 9 million families living in slums and well over a million totally homeless, yet in the last ten years 100 men have made £400 million pounds profit from land deals – I can’t see that we don’t have a land problem. The ultimate aim of the Land Bill is to take from private individuals into the community purse the wealth real- ised from values created by the community and to enable local authorities to have a more positive influence on development in accordance with public needs. This ill be done (it is said) by: Giving Local Authorities strong compulsory powers to purchase land at existing use value Charging a 100% Development Land Tax (DLT) on all developed land. This means that when land is devel- oped, the increased market value of the land springing from the development will go to the community. The argument for this is that the infrastructure which creates the increased value was provided not by the developer but by the public who thus should benefit The ultimate scheme (100% tax) will not come in for some time, say 5 years (by which time incidentally if his- tory repeats itself – and on land issues history does repeat itself, the entire Bill will be repealed by a future Tory Administration). An interim scheme will charge a flat rate of DLT of 80%. Ironically this is less than can be charged under De- velopment Gains Tax – where the maximum is 83%. I find Anthony Crossland’s (the main sponsor) reasons for delaying the ultimate scheme puzzling to say the least. He is quoted as saying the land values would drop too suddenly if the 100% tax was introduced immedi- ately. In the context of the phenomenal rise in land values during the last 5 years, I should have thought we wanted values to drop drastically. Certain land users are totally excluded from the payment of Development Tax: Owner occupiers Agricultural land Forestry land Statutory undertakers Builders and Owners with planning permission on White Paper Day (12 Aug). In basic theory the profits from the development of land will either accrue to the Local Authority or the Exchequer. The Local Authority have the option, instead of granting planning permission (whereupon the developer pays out his DLT to the Government) can acquire the land by Compulsory Purchase – net of DLT – then ease it back to the developer at the Developed Value. Crossland described this at his press conference as “money for Old Rope” and calculated that the public would profit by £750 million. Others think differently – and argue that the taxpayer will have to fork out £500 to £1000 million merely in order to fund the purchasing of the land even at existing use value. It’s a moot point – although Local Authori- ties have no money – and the Government is hardly rich. But it’s more complicated and worrying than that. Tony Crossland has in some quarters been called the Devel- opers’ Saviour because of the possible implications of the Bill. The argument goes like this:- Local Authority somehow finds the money to acquire the land by CP. Local Authority cannot afford to do much with it – and can’t allow it to remain idle – as some interest changes have to be paid. So Local Authority attempts to lease it to Developer – at increased Developed Value (remember Money for Old Rope). Developer won’t consider anything not profitable. (He’ll go into oil, or art or pornography or something in- stead) Suddenly Developer is in the driving seat again. As always he’s got the Local Authority by the curlies – and of course all his negotiating skills come to the fore. And bingo – we’re back where we started. An unwanted office block on that part of the site and a bit of expensive Local Authority Housing on the other. There are many other obvious criticisms of the Bill which unfortunately ring true. The market in development land will dry up because owners will not bring land forward unless profit is guar- anteed. They will simply hold tight hoarding the land until a future Tory administration repeals the Bill. All this has happened before. If Local Authorities have the purchase money and the expert staff (and this is a very big IF), to ‘hunt down’ the land hoarders, great social hatred will be engendered. It is argued, justifiably, that Local Authorities lack the expertise to handle such massive land-banks as would be required to solve our housing and other social problems. Furthermore Local Authorities do not have a very good reputation of looking after land. That they have acquired – a glance at any city centre will prove that. Finally the whole process can be bogged down in inter-area arguments over the definition of development land – and this is especially in the contest of the general public antagonism and mistrust felt towards Local Authority planning departments. On the bright side the Bill, as expected, really smashes the more blatant property speculators. For example if a building like Centre point is not occupied within two years after construction date – then the Local Authority can acquire it at construction date value. In the case of Harry Hyams Empire this can be the difference between £5.5 million and a market value of £42 million. But as I said this sort of Government action was expected and could well divert attention from the more complex land issue. Reactions to the White Paper are mixed. The RTPI is split – with half warning the Government to go slow on Land Nationalisation and the rest saying do it in a big way. The Association of Metropolitan Authorities are wildly enthusiastic – I presume because they will be given the power to buy land cheaply and sell it dearly. This is a very attractive idea to any group of human beings. I would call that an emotional response. On the other hand the Incorporated Society of Valuers and Auctioneers call it a blueprint for disaster – again I would think this is an emotional response – as the valuers commodity may well reduce in price – and no group of human beings like that idea. The Labour Party Home Affairs Committee chaired by Tony Beurn seems very disillusioned with the Bill – be- cause it is not strong enough or if you like not Socialist enough – you could call this an emotional response but at least it seems to pay some heed to historical truth. A final comment on the White Paper. Let me read you the paragraph on Land Disposal. ——– So what conclusions might I draw? I think the Bill will fail because it is not strong enough. I think most of the criticisms against it are valid, specifically I don’t understand why the 100% DLT could not be introduced immediately. I can’t understand some of the categories excluded from the force of the Bill – for example owners and builders already holding planning permission. I think the public’s disillusionment with the Local Authority power base (particularly in the light og recent corruption) is deeper than the Government thinks – and thus the increased powers of land purchase given to them is not so wondrous. But mainly I think the Bill will fail to solve the eternal land problem for two basic reasons: Nationalisation – or public land ownership is by itself neither here nor there – it is what one does the power of ownership that counts. And our representatives have not shown themselves responsible enough in recent years. Solving the land problem will not on its own solve the social problem – of production and power. My basic view at this stage is:- that first we must have total nationalisation of land immediately. Second: a new community-based power structure must be set up -possibly within the context of a Republic. Thirdly: public ownership of the means of production And fourthly, since none of the above have any meaning whatsoever without financial change, the Nationali- sation of the Banking System. Or if this seems too strong – the New Social Role of Money as James Robertson puts it. I have not stressed Nationalisation to such an extent because I believe in State Control – I do not – but rather because I believe more in balance as the real reality of social life – no-one can deny the existence of total im- balance on the issues I have mentioned. I am suspicious of the avalanche of books being written that pertain to be revolutionary but whose only message is: we will create a more just society if we only become good little people. Even dear old Schumacher’s book comes down to that. My view is get the balance back then we can make progress. To conclude: Land does belong to the the people – it belongs to you and to me – and thus to no-one in particular. This is not daydreaming, such a general attitude has been prevalent before in human history. That fact that our so- ciety, in terms of land-ownership, took a wrong turning somewhere in the past, and that our social system is based upon the consequences of that turning does not mean that we must forever live with it. For why should we accept that reality that has been forced upon us? The raped cities, the pollution or our environment, the millions of homeless, the hideous and unacceptable face of Capitalism, the death of Archi- tecture, the wars and the bombs and the bullets, the corruption of our representatives. We have the power to choose another reality. A reality based in co-operation, on the understanding that we can share things especially those common to all of us and vital to our existence. A reality based on past evidence – on a past when Arab and Jew did co-exist and not struggle over land – when Irish catholic and Irish Protestant did not kill each other over land. A past when the American Indian did offer to share his vast plains with the White Settlers and when the indigenous urban poor did share their land with those more well to do. I’m certainly not saying the answer is simple – I know that I personally must do much more studying of the issue. But if land does belong to the people, whether is it God-given or not, then at least I can begin from that basis and never flinch from that fundamental truth. If we wish to alienate people, make them sullen, make them desperate, and finally if we wish to experience more bombs, bloodshed and tragedy, then all history has shown the most effective way to accomplish this – cast them out, make them homeless – deprive them of their land. As I said I don’t know the full answer – I know it’s not simple – but I know that we are not going to reach it by picking ay a centuries’ old problem that came into being on the wave fo basic injustice. Out attitude must be more fundamental than that. 60% of the wealth of this country is owned by 3% of the population, and much of that wealth is in land. At the very least we must correct that situation. It may sound unhelpful but the best analysis of the situation I have come across is that which was printed in the events list. When Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries, which played some part in the Acts of Enclosure he did so by con- fiscation. Perhaps society will just have to confiscate the land back again – then we can begin solving the land problem. There are certain issues with which it is better to be angry rather than to have fashionable objectivity and kind- liness towards one’s adversaries. I think the existing power of the big land owners is such an issue. Bernadette Devlin ends her book “The Price of my Soul” in which she records her fight against the Unionist Party, with these words: “For half a century it has misgoverned us but is is on its way out. Now we are witnessing its dying convulsions. And with traditional, Irish mercy, when we’ve got it down we’ll kick it into the ground.” I have the same feeling over land ownership. I owe the title of this lecture to Dingle Foot who in a rather pessimistic article on the Land Problem as outlined in the White Paper, concluded: “We should sing the Land song again”. I agree and I’m going to. Of all people it was that old Tory Winston Churchill who led the singing of this song to vast open air meetings at the turn of the century. I’ll sing two original verses with the chorus plus three I’ve written to bring it up to date a bit. The tune is marching through Georgia. Sound a blast for freedom boys and send it far and wide March along to victory for God is on our side While the voice of nature Thunders o’er the rising tide God made the land for the people. CHORUS Hark the sound is swelling from The East and from the West Why should we beg work and let the landlord take the best Make them pay their taxes for The Land. We’ll risk the rest On the land that’s free for the people. CHORUS Why should Harry Hyams And the likes of Charlie Clore make their filthy fortunes from the homeless and the poor With their lousy architects Who are rotten to the core They all take the land from the people. CHORUS Why should Bonny Scotland Where the common folk are poor lose their homes and farmland to the oil rigs off the shore while the Multinationals just watch their profits soar from the land they took from the people. CHORUS But one day we’ll awaken with a passion that has grown to the sound of freedom boys. We’ll go and take our own And to Hell with Politicians and the lies that have sown We’ll take the land for the people. CHORUS The land, the land it’was God who made the land the ground on which we stand Why should we all be beggars boys With the ballot in our hand We’ll take the land For the people. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Albane Duvillier Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived JM Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 18 February 2008 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/8ee7418d360475df4c1352ff3d3d9b51.pdf 71737d6bd29a58464842d3bd4038bef3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Liaison Group Including London Group Subject The topic of the resource Liaison Groups: NAM was initially structured as local groups. There was also a Liaison Group whose role was to coordinate the different groups, deal with correspondence and arrange the next annual conference. NAM campaign groups, which were largely autonomous, worked across local groups to develop their ideas. They arranged their own conferences and reported through SLATE and annually to the NAM Congress. The seven different campaign groups listed had members from a variety of local groups. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1976-1979 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Challenge to the Architectural Profession Subject The topic of the resource Article by Anne Karpf about NAM following the first NAM meeting in May 1976 in Covent Garden “Professional Revolutionaries: The Challenge to the Architectural Profession from TwoRadical Groups of Architects--the New Architecture Movement and the Architects' Revolutionary Council'” Description An account of the resource ANNE KARPF looks at the challenge to the architectural profession from two radical groups years were developers’ pimps, skilled in of architects the New Architecture Movement and the Architect's Revolutionary Council. Both argue that architects are more identified with property speculators than with the workers were economically impotent by- people they should serve and that a more accessible, more publicly accountable architecture is necessary to counter the mistakes of current practice. Cynics might say that the rotten reputation currently enjoyed by architects isafunction of a similar condition in their buildings. Certainly the architect no longer represents to the public that enviable synthesis of artist and scientist, the practical dreamer operating in the moral vacuum of art. Indeed, since the community action eruption of the late Sixties, they have been lambasted by tenants demanding satisfaction, and now a group of radical architects in London are demanding that they be allowed to give it. standers. And some of those self-same archi- tects are now trying to use tlhe present relative slumptojustify past profligacy. On the public side, ever since ‘partici- pation’ became the fashionable palliative, you frequently hear miserable tenants challenging architects to come out from their tarted-up Islington terraces and try living in one of their creations. And when architect Erno Goldfinger did, it proved a Jolly publicity stunt which only threw into relief the incompatibility between drawing- board inspiration and the realities of indigenous working-class culture. Why did architects allow themselves to be used in this way and continue to be identified with ‘them’ rather than ‘us’? The explanations of NAM and ARC are an The New Architecture Movement (NAM) is a broadly-based front of radical architects Press meeting at the A.A for A.R.C, and arose out of a conference at Harrogate last November called by the more tightly- knit Architects Revolutionary Council (ARC). Both groups are profoundly critical party. of the profession in its internal organisation and its relation to the rest of society and would appear to be voicing the daily archi- tectural Brievances of much of the popu- lation At its most basic, they argue that archi- tecture cannot be separated from its political implications and social obligations; that art for architects’ sake is not an acceptable dictum by which to build Our cities that architecture, particularly as promulgated by the Royal Institute of British Architects {RIBA), has become an apologia for archi- tects and is not accountable to the people who have to live in and with their work They maintain that this has come about because of the System of patronage, both public and private, which effectively dis eniranchises the vast majority of the popu lation wl h has no say in the design Or use of profession as a homogeneous whole, equally culpable or blameless of the misdeeds per- petrated in its name. There are over 20 000 registered architects in Britain, distributed fairly equally between private architectural practices and the public local authority sector. In the private sector, only about 20% and that the present professional relation- uncompromising indictment of the structure of the profession and its institute. Firstly, it is wrong to conceive of the Developers’ pimp: Penitent architects seeking to exonerate rest — all those in the public sector and 80% ship excludes perhaps the most important That this has been deleterious is plain for all to see, since the turn-of-decade property boom obligingly furnished us with some particularly graphic examples. Legendary and often empty office blocks are the particular product of private patronage, while comprehensive redevelopment and high-rise tower blocks were the contribution are principal partners in firms and they of public patronage. themselves claim that they were only the icing on the speculators’ cake and that the meal could have been made without them. They only tinkered with its appearance, but were innocent in dreaming up the recipe. in private practice —are salaried, paid by the state or their bosses, the private principals. In the boom, the earnings of private principals shot up with the increase in building prices. The RIBA deny that archi- tects made a bonanza in these years, claim- ing that the increased costs of Tunning an rhis is belied by reality: one architect said in 1971, ‘the most successful architects are those who understand property values and architectural practice simply kept pace with he mechanics of property development’, inflation. NAM and ARC disagree; they ind another gave his name colloquially to a show that the increased profits during these series of planning loopholes which en- years were not equitably distributed to gendered maximum floor space. At their salaried employees and, moreover, that the the building-user are rarely the same being worst, successful architects in the boom bulk of the really lucrative work could only live in buildings, but have never employed an architect, fall into that category, indicating quite clearly that the architect’s client and $56 AD/9/76 procuring planning permission; tenants and are paid according to a mandatory minimum fee scale as a percentage of the construction costs of the buildings they undertake. The Dennis Crompton its environment. Those of us who use or RIBA-baiting Both NAM and ARC are in a sense most comfortable when on RIBA-baiting terri- tory. That is not to say that they do not have proper ideologies of their own, but it is evidently easier to ram against a clearly- defined enemy rock than to flounder ina sea of abstract theory. Perhaps NAM’s most effective marriage of thought and action arose out of its oppo- sition to the RIBA’s recent submission to the Monopolies Commission on the case for minimum mandatory fees. They them- selves acknowledge that this stimulated them to focus their opinions. They submitted a carefully worked-out counter-report, which concluded that ‘the current fee system is not intrinsic in the system of architectural ser- vices (which the RIBA had maintained) but a gratuitous market device procuring uni- lateral benefits to architects’. Where the RIBA held that the minimum fee system gave the client a network of assurances which guaranteed high quality work, NAM showed that such assurances are part of the normal legal safeguards which operate quite apart from any RIBA quid pro quo. Where the RIBA claimed that the absence of a price floor would create under-cutting, which’in times of slump would put archi- tects out of business, NAM suggested that architects, because of their low level of capital investment, have the capacity to withstand such fluctuations. Likewise, there is an acute conflict between the wish to maintain a federalist, loosely-grouped, locally autonomous struc- ture and the need to present a concerted becoming bureaucratic? How to inculcate into alienated and passive tenants the con- fidence and ability to take decisions? Will they be of any value without corresponding changes in land tenure, for what use is power over building without control over land? And how to deal with the truly national decisions, some of which will always have to And where the RIBA was adamant that This multi-story car park is part of a proposal f the low elasticity of demand for architects means that a reduction of fees would hardly increase the volume of work — architectural sharply-defined plan of action, which has the costs being only a small percentage of total virtue of attracting support and might help costs, and architects, without rival substitutes, being unable to attract work from other sources NAM put it that lower charges would enable potential user-clients who can only afford small sums to initiate small-scale schemes and that was the whole point. All well and good. NAM argues its case with quite sharp legal logic, but disarmingly concedes that the whole subject is hardly quintessential, but simply a good one to get stuck into. to build a mass movement. To what extent is that possible? NAM sets itself an ambitious target: if it does not succeed in carrying with it 10-20% of the architectural electorate within 5 years, then it feels it may as well disband and join the tighter-knit caucus of ARC. National Design Service In the crude language of advertising, they need a selling pitch. Perhaps their notion of And this raises some quite fundamental a National Design Service (NDS) serves this conflicts endemic to any group lobbying for function but, though admirable as a pure change in capitalist society. One might concept, it is fraught with difficulties. protest that NAM’s Report to the Mon- The argument runs like this: You counter opolies Commission is hardly more than a the remote, unaccountable nature of archi- reasonably sophisticated, highly enjoyable tectural practice, both public and private, by exercise in pretend-litigation, a polemic, and that any serious move to radically alter the profession and its place in society must start by looking outwards at the rest of society, the financing of local building to feed this for change within the one is ineffectual without change in the other. And up pops that ‘Socialism in One Country versus World Revolution’ tussle, popularly transmogrified into a chicken-egg conundrum. NAM and ARC both concur on this one, and hold — if only to maintain their buoyant sense of optimism that ‘to change every- thing else involves a milennial struggle: in the nicaulime, what do architects do at their brought about? How to prevent it from drawing-boards? You operate from 9 to 5 as an architect, and that is your sphere of action; there is limited yalue in being an evening-class politician’ (NAM member). 5 Ny hal grafting on to local authorities a freely available National Design Service, decentra- lised and controlled by the people. You alter service. And thus you pervert the tendency of private practice to answer to owner rather than user and the inclination of the public sector to, at its best, put the national interest before the local. It is perhaps unfair to put NAM’s serious proposals into political baby language like this, since they are acutely aware of the questions therein begged. How can this be en See 557 _be handled by sizeable practices. Since only 1500 of the 4000 private firms in this _Country have more than 5 members and far s fewer are large enough to handle the really Major schemes, the substantial benefits a ‘accrued to a small but powerful minority. ip at makes this minority doubly PoWerful is its position in the RIBA. On the last RIBA Council, the largest single group _Were the principals in private practice, who Constituted 34 out of the Council’s 60 members. Of the replacements to the Council announced on June 3rd, 1976, once “#€ain_ the private principals dominate, exceeding the aggregate of all other groups (public sector, salaried private sector). How _can the RIBA speak for the vast majority of _architects who are salaried (80%), asked a Council member recently, when so few are = the Council, and when the voting system invariably favours the big names? The RIBA concedes that its head and lungs are domi- hated by the senior partners of established practices, but puts this down to the un- willingness of salaried architects to become involved and to the reluctance of employers to release their employees for RIBA duties. All this goes a long way to explain ARC’s angry criticism that the RIBA failed to come Out on the side of ‘the people’ in those demolishing years. Dog doesn’t eat patron. —arr Ree — tethroneet——ee or the comprehensive re-development of the central business area of the London suburb of Ealing. It has the full backing of the local council, but not the majority of residents. If it is built, it will mean the destruction of what little remains of Ealing's village character, the rehousing of local residents and the economic ruin of existing small businesses. be made, unless a magic wand waves in a pre-industrial mode of anarchism which renders al such considerations irrelevant? On this last, they suggest a parallel with the division of labour between general practitioner and hospital, mutually inter- dependent, but taking responsibility for dif- ferent kinds of decisions. Their extended analogy between their hoped-for NDS and the existing National Health Service might provoke wariness, if not cynicism, in patients who feel that the present health service expropriates their capacity for self- -determination quite as much as being an impotent tenant. Sensibly, NAM plans to work on more concrete and immediate themes for the time being. They aim to do a treatment of the RIBA code of conduct, on the lines of their Monopolies Commission Report. They intend working on the possibility of in- creased unionisation for architects, either to better their membership of and represen- CAPTIONS FOR PROFESSION REVIEW however piecemeal and undramatic, Students of Brian Anson, a teacher at the Architectural Association and founder of ARC, have been working for a year with tenants in Bootle, his home town, managing to reverse a local authority clearance order and now devising a rehabilitation scheme where tenants control the design, financing and rate of building. ARC have been work- ing for free with the Ealing Town Centre Action group, designing according to their behest and needs. The ASSIST group of Glasgow has been organising public- participation rehab in the Govan tenement area, responsible to the local community association. The Support group, now in embryonic stage, plans to engage in a similar kind of community architecture. And in private practice, Rod Hackney in Macclesfield helped the local action group create their own improvement proposals and implement them. Says Hackney, ‘people working for me have to live with the question is not ‘what forms?’ or ‘which ference in Hull. They claim that such shock described in the morally neutral currency of ‘aesthetics’, devoid of political content for the people affected, the more elitist and the more removed from the political review of ordinary people become the experts who use this currency’. Nevertheless, conclude NAM, “we've got to grasp that nettle at some stage or other’. in all this? In a sense, theirs is an easier situation. They see themselves as a small, tightly-knit module, the vanguard (and therefore able to exult in their romantic, architects do all the acting, can be just conspiratorial closeness). This relieves them another way of disenfranchising the power- of the need to attract wide support (and the less: as planner John Turner has said, ‘while conflicts which this entails). They created acting for the poor may be very rewarding NAM for that. They have also been lucky for the professional, it effectively minimizes and industrious in having practical the necessity for any of the Tules of the schemes to engage in local communities, to game to be changed so as to include the poor demonstrate the practicability of their themselves’. techniques?’, but ‘who are my patrons?’, for it is this which draws up the whole chain’. In this, they follow planner Robert Goodman, who is aware of how distancing art-talk can says NAM, ‘either more brave than us, or be and that ‘the more architecture can be theory and to show themselves as more than just the debating society which both groups dread becoming. absorbed into the political bloodstream and simply help it flow smoother. Similarly, he was. Now, will we listen? community action, where supposedly radical This is not what NAM and ARC want nor does it have to happen. Indeed, there are several small-scale, locally-based experiments going on at the moment which indicate how They have just produced their first broad- side, ‘Red House’, and, with enviable realistic architect accountability can be, $58 AD/9/76 tote re eercart LAL eee } Ealing residents have called in ARC to fight the communities. And if the residents don’t like tation within the existing unions — UCATT (construction workers), ASTMS (manage- ment) and NALGO (local government officers) or to create alternative struc- tures. (‘Architects are somewhere in the Stone Age as far as awareness of their real-life political predicament’, one of them International. They are working towards co-ownership working relationships within has said), Another group is looking at what they hope will eventually become a offices similar to Yugoslavia, where the law architectural education and eventually they new school of architecture and intend to limits practices to no larger than 5 and will take up with aesthetic matters. This latter is hard for them: since their inception, they have mustered much of their energy from debunking the supremacy of the ‘artiness’ of art. As they say, ‘the radical hold a dress rehearsal in the form of a decisions are shared. : council-backed redevelopment scheme (top). After public meetings and extensive surveys, ARC drew up an alternative (bottom) and are now preparing evidence for a government enquiry. our work, they ring our doorbell at midnight and tell us it’s a load of rubbish’. Concomitant with these external changes, optimism and the support of foreign NAM wants the profession to heal itself colleagues, they make plans for an ARC inside. This would include co-operative and summer school next year. Meanwhile, critics might unkindly allege, they can amuse themselves with radical foreplay, such as their disruption of the recent RIBA con- Behind al these changes is a fundamental change of attitude. Tom Woolley, teacher at the AA and part of the Support group, puts it like this: ‘Professionals, not just architects but doctors and others too, think they know what people need, and this becomes insti- tutionalised. People hand over responsibility to the professionals, and we want to get people to take it back into their own hands. We’re not saying there’s no expertise involved in building, but we see ourselves as ‘enablers’ to help people to think about their environment and make the decisions about it themselves’. : One hundred years ago, William Morris said, ‘the architect is carefully guarded from the common troubles of common man, building for ignorant, purse-proud digesting machines’. He thought architecture could tactics are a quite legitimate means to an end — to decrease the credibility of the RIBA and eventually to destroy them. They are, more naive, depending on your point of view. In any case, they have burned their professional boats, which we haven’t’. Nevertheless, both groups — whatever their self-confessed problems — do perform important functions and provide a critique of the inadequacies of the present system of value to more than just disaffected young architects. For instance, they are rightly scathing about current public relations exercises in nominal participation which only be reborn when it became part of the Vanguard And what of ARC: where do they stand harm than good: radical antibodies are are no more eccentric in their analysis than masquerade as the real thing and do more life of the people in general. NAM and ARC ANNE KARPF isafreelance investigative journalist working in London. She previously worked OD research for TV documentaries for the BBC: Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Anne Karpf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived BD Article Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 19-Oct-77 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/af2b7f11f553f4c7b021f367d9af6d24.pdf a47eba001da3f414a8bb9ef37cc54a5e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harrogate Founding Congress Subject The topic of the resource The Harrogate Congress was the founding of NAM. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Various Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 21-23 November 1975 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Attendance/ Contact List Subject The topic of the resource Attendance lists for Harrogate 2pp, and contact lists by area 12pp Description An account of the resource NEW ARCFTTECTURE MOVEMENT LOEDOLig I R ,SAY 22, 1976 ATTENDENCE LIST N s, -F1eM S tio tIftvliSSW) M1911\43, rkti/ 67 Rmilly Road, Lond6n, N4, 01-359-0491 —ANSON, Brian, 16, Claremont Gdns. Surbitbn Surreys 01-636-0974 ,444=1„....l.adamwb, 610 Finchley Rd. London Y.W.11 , CARTER'., Peter, Green Ban Action Committee, e Nurtha (>4 EDMONDS,S.P., 26, Runneymede 'FEMME 131 Brickfield Rd. oreshore Rd. London, S.E.8 en End, Kingsthorpe, 14a1941.&% N ek-eettitr, 68,Ranalagh Rd. London W.5 4 Birmingham, 021-773-7811,-------OZUga Rd., Whitton MiddlesexThornton Heath, Surrey. 5 -voir7 HOOPS, R. 226, North Mapte, Green Bay, Wisconsin U.S.A. C/./4""") 7 La T('URELLE, Dean, 5 Schoril of Environmental Studies, UniverSity Gower St, London, W.C.1 Architectural Society, P.C.L. 35, Marylebune London W.1 w /6, MARSH, J, School of Architecture, Scroope Terrace, Trumpington Cambridge Marjoram, Kevin, 444, Northampton Buildings, Rmsoman St, London, Maltz, R. 11, -iklmdale Rd. Lond©n N.W.6 -MalsAsy."--44A-r, Architectural Association, 01-636-0974 geTte117-N-e7ille, 610. Finchley 9 PLea4149-5,9-Alexander Road, Hedloway. London N 19. body, Giles,-76B Loveridge Road, London NW6 Rd, St, At 36 Bedford Sq. London, W.C.1 Rd., Londln N.W.11 -CEP. Acram7-50-Bargate Rcad, Belper • Derbyshire. 01-636-0974 14 CV giV VOA RA ONVSantt, 51 Landsduvme Road, Lon-dinn Wll o CBC Bank, 49 Berkely Street, Londo 11 hill SHORT D., 108 Lenten Boulevard, Nottingham. 61C ' TINKER Mark, School of Architecture, Scroope Terrace, Trumpington Street,' fraw c)-Livi 75 40. sawX✓ 41//k-470142t)-4 ,:2681.66N uitel-iiemirrtrlT97gzm 5 thAVIM Cambridge. 2,t ULLATHORNE P, 47 Claudia Place, London SW19 WREN Elaine, 26 Bourne Road, Bromley, Kent. 01-464-8666 --ffer,4 Irv/ 9 dua - Dot_upyl Ftrows. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource ARC Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived JA Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Nov-75