2 10 310 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/508efbdd7948ae2e322616fdba4b3b60.pdf d61a52c560d42596917a96f50a1e2f99 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Public Design Group Description An account of the resource Argued that it was only through the public sector that the majority of people could have access to the land and resources needed for housing, education and other essential services. The task was therefore to reform the practice of architecture in local councils to provide an accessible and accountable design service. The Public Design Group proposed reforms to the practice of architecture in local councils to provide a design service accessible and accountable to local people and service users. The following 6 Interim Proposals were developed which were later initiated and implemented in Haringey Council 1979-1985 by NAM members. <ul><li style="font-weight:400;">Local area control over resources </li> <li style="font-weight:400;">Design teams to be area based </li> <li style="font-weight:400;">Area design teams to be multi-disciplinary </li> <li style="font-weight:400;">Project architects to report directly to committee</li> <li style="font-weight:400;">Abolish posts between Team Leader and Chief Architect </li> <li style="font-weight:400;">Joint working groups with Direct Labour Organisations</li> </ul> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A National Design Service Doc 1 Subject The topic of the resource Paper presented by John Murray to the first NAM Congress at Harrogate 21-23 November 1975 as requested by Brian Anson Description An account of the resource 1.0 Introduction A NATIONAL DESIGN SERVICE Paper No 2. May 1976 At the Harrogate Conference last November we called for a National Design Service which would meet the right of everyone to exercise control over the buildings which surround them and in which they live and work. This is a right denied in part or in total to most people in this country. We saw that the present system of patronage is such that 80% of the population have no real control over what is built, where it is built, and who uses it. They must adapt to an environment which is imposed upon them, at best through a system of spurious choices, and usually not even that. Architectsworking arrangements are similarly affected. Larger and thus fewer practices are required to handle the big jobs. At present 36% of medium and large private practices carry out 81% of the work. These same offices employ 82% of increasingly frustrated salaried architects. The bigger the jobs, the greater the profit, so it is not surprising that the principal dominated RIBA, while commisera- ting on the ‘crisis’ in architecture, looks everywhere for the answer except towards the real cause - a system of public and private patronage, inwhichinitial access and subsequent control is severely limited. The remedy for this will not be architectural. It will only be achieved when society's values change. Within the present economic system it appears to us that it is only through the state that the majority of people can gainetheir. right= ful access to the resources necessary to have control over their environment. In our opinion therefore, the existing service provided by local government offices, provides, albeit in a very limited and unsatis- factory manner, the basis of a national design service. We recog- nise that to achieve our aim, the present power structures must be radically changed. Nevertheless we shall press for a freely avail- able national design service in the form of decentralised local government offices, coupled to local accountability and control. The patrons, a minority of rich and powerful organisations and indi- viduals effectively control the direction of architecture. The design and type of buildings reflect their structure and values. The tendency for these organisations to grow larger by incorporating smaller and weaker ones, results in fewer and fewer patrons commi= ssioning bigger and bigger buildings. The purpose of this paper is to examine the present processes at work in each case of current architectural patronage and to try to draw out factors which will help to clarify both the kind of service which would be désirable and the means by which that might be achieved. 2.0 SYMPTOMS AND CAUSES 2.1 Curing symptoms From school of architecture onwards architects are conditioned to accept the context in which they work, and to look for the solu-. tions to the problems of architecture in the symptons of the malaise. After all, anything more searching would involve questioning the status quo. So the architectural establishment, the schools, the RIBA and the magazines have elevated physical form to the position where it is widely accepted that bad design is at the root of all architecture problems. The contention is, of course, that universal good design would solve everything. This preoccupation with form has led us to view in their time, structural expression, modular coordination, prefabrication, rationalised traditional and so on, as the panacea for all ills. Now energy conservation is being dressed up for this exacting role. To all of these we are.told, must be added the ingredient of creati- vity. Improving the ideas of others is not accepted as valid in this concept -— even though we know that the various elements jn the Parthenon had been around for centuries before the architect put them together ina particular way. He wasn't asked to invent them. Creation has come to mean innovation — and in a substantial way and from scratch. But to innovate is to experiment with the people who will use our buildings. As we do not know who these people are, there is a tendency for the large buildings created for their use to be anonymous also. This is where innovation comes in, where we use a variety of devices to add visual interest. The result is always false and frequently foolish as well. In this respect schemes like Park- hill in Sheffield are at least a more honourable expression of the brief than those produced by people like Darbourne and Darke who, to the delight of the magazines, attempt to conceal the monolithic -nature of the brief by the use of complicated and arbitary forms. The latest "answer" as per participation in Bykker, looks suspi- ciously like yet another attempt to fool the working class. Without the demand and feedback from the users, all designs are carried out in a vacuum, and it is naive to look for a new archi- 3.0 LAND tecture in the means of construction and form, while ignoring the basic issue of patronage. ‘The designs which we create reflect precisely the values and aspira- tions of the patron and John Berger has described how this has been true - with one or two exceptions —- of art throughout history. We believe that there will only be a new architecture when the patronage base is radically extended to enable the majority of people to control the design of their environment. 2.2 Examining the Causes Money and land are necessary prerequisites of architectural patron- age, but the ability to raise and control finance is the key aspect and the basis of all patronage, for it enables the patron to gain control over land. Clearly in our society, only the state and a minority of private organisations and individuals can hope to be in this position, and the distribution is 40% by value private and 60% by value public architectural patronage. We should have a clear understanding of the present system, if we are to discover where advances can be made towards‘a more equitable distribution of patronage in the short term, and a complete redis-— tribution in the long term. The next three sections discuss briefly the role of land ownership, the link between control of resources and control of architecture, and the resulting effect on design, architectural practice and the relationships between user and architect. The last official comprehensive register of all land holdings in this’country was produced in 1874. Today there is no official register of private land holdings and all attempts to create one have been systematically blocked in Parliament. From this we can perhaps deduce that the majority of land is in private ownership. While we do not know-the average division of land between private and public ownership, we do know that in working class communities the proportion of publicly owned land is very high; as high as 80% for example, in-parts of the East End of London. Although the ownership of land is a necessary prerequisite of archi- tectural patronage clearly the converse is not true, as most owner occupiers have no direct contact or control over architects services. Land takes its value not only from its present use but also from its potential use, and it is at its most expensive under the pressure of competing useS5 as in city centres. The use to which the land is put is dictated by the profitability of the use; hence prime sites are taken by those activities which yield the highest profits. Although the free market in land is tempered somewhat nowadays by the local planning authority, this intervention in itself results in changes in land values. Because private profit is the motive underlying the free market in land, working people cannot penetrate this market far less control it, except through the medium of the state. But the inadequacies of public finance quite often results in cheap and unsuitable sites being bought for public use, and the need to optimise even this, leads to gross over:use. High densities are therefore accepted as the norm for public housing, giving rise to balcony access and other manifestations virtually unknown in the private sector. Under the present system of land ownership this is unlikely.to change. 4.0 PRIVATE PATRONAGE The building sector financed by private patronage falls into three broad sectors — Industrial, Commercial and private housing. This work accounts for around 63% by value of all commissions undertaken by private practice. h.|) The Patrons The major patrons are those companies and individuals who control these sectors. Financial institutions now own controlling. share- holdings in British companies and through their executives and directors dictate the patterns of investment throughout the economy. These are the main private patrons of architecture, and although private individuals exercise patronage, the value is minute in comparison. 4.2 Reasons for Patronage 4.3 Affect on Architecture The architecture will reflect the directness of the relationship between profit and the building. So if the activity yields the profit, as in industry say, then the building is required merely to house the activity, and little in the way of cosmetics are applied beyond that which is necessary to satisfy the Health and Safety at Work Act and the Planning Officer. 4.4 User Control of Design? Capital in any company is accumulated by profit. On the basis of its profitability, shares in it are also bought through the money market, which together finance further development with a view to creating further profit. The money market determines into which sectors resources should flow to gain the greatest return. On the other hand, speculative housing and office development, are in themselves the means of achieving profit. Sufficient money wil] therefore be directed into the appearance, commensurate always with the market for which it is aimed. Where it is more profitable, the patrons will elect to build their own offices, which will fulfil the dual function of housing their activities and presenting the required public image. The Commer-— cial Union Building is therefore designed to create an aura of prestige, restrained good taste, wealth and stability, while con- cealing the rather squalid nature of its source of wealth. It ful- fils this function admirably. Real user control over the design is achieved when the architect is designing private villas for the directors. In other instances those same directors and executives wi 1] certainly control the design process of a new office or factory but they will almost invariably be absentee clients. Where they are not they will be well insulated from reality in the penthouse, surrounded by solar reflecting glass and Barcelona.chairs. Money will therefore only be put into buildings in the first place if that is, or will lead to, the most profitable way of using the money. The type of development, whether industrial, commercial or private housing will be chosen according to the same logic. The workers on the shop floor or in the offices, on the other hand, are still unable to control the design of their environment, (although it is in the interests of the more enlightened manage- ments to indulge in participation) even although that design, as in the case of open plan offices, is a direct function of decisions to change working methods to increase productivity. There is no element of user control in speculative housing either. 62% of this market is designed by private practice but architects and users never meet. Although people who are able to buy into this market gain a certain amount of control through choice, the choice is initially limited by income and location, and further limited in terms of accommodation and design. . These have more to do with the developer's profit margins than the buyer's real needs. But the relationship between house prices and earnings is so organ- ised as to exclude half the population and in some working class areas, over three quarters. Ina free market house prices wil] always be out of reach of the majority of the working class. Any- one who doubts this should consider what £60 per week buys in the London housing market and remember that many people earn a lot less than this. 4.5 Public Accountability? The executives who control the building design are responsible only to their shareholders. Their job is to ensure maximum return on investment. The public good does not feature in this equation - nor can it. The people affected by private buildings have no control over the developer's actions other than indirectly through Planning Control. Even where the Planning Officers. do profess to have some regard for the ethic of public service, they will be in conflict with, and wil] often be overridden by the local political requirement for rate income. The argument is that the interests of the public as a whole takes precedence over the interests of a few local people, no matter how disastrous the effect on their lives may be.. Planning Control has failed too often in these situations in the past for us to have any confidence in its ability to safeguard the public interest. Private practice in turn is not accountable to the community affected by its designs. Not only is the partners' liability to the client, but the practice is also dependent on the client finan- cially. Not surprisingly therefore, private practice rarely opposes the client's demands. 4.6 Conclusion. Control over design cannot be separated from control over resources. In the private sector these resources are controlled by a minority - formerly rich individuals, now the representatives of giant instit— utions. The Private patron of architecture adopts this role solely to create more wealth, and is not accountable in any meaningful way to the people affected by his buildings. -Simi larly, Private prac- tice is in business to service these interests. Under a system of private patronage the needs of working people will be in conflict with the dictates of the client. Profit sharing and cooperative working arrangements may increase the material well being of the salaried architect but they will not altar this basic fact. 5.0 PUBLIC PATRONAGE: Public patronage of architecture comes through the central state, the nationalised industries, but in the main through local authori- ties. Jt accounts for all the work produced by public sector architects, and 37% of work by value of private practice. In total the state is responsible for 60% of the Building industry's annual turnover. 5.1 Reasons for State Patronage. It has often been argued before that the state fulfils two basic functions. The first is to try to promote or maintain the condi- tions in which economic growth is both possible and profitable for ‘the private sector. Secondly the state trys to maintain and pro- mote the conditions for social harmony, and make the existing social order seem acceptable. Both factors are at work when the state finances building. On the one hand, the state must intervene in the arena previously described, to provide enough housing, hospitals and schools to prevent the population from becoming restless. On the other hand, a well housed, healthy and reasonably educated working class are necessary if economic growth is to be achieved and sustained. The main, organ of this system of control is the local Authority. 5.2 Local Authority Finance: The largest part of local Authority finance is in the form of central government grants. A much smaller proportion comes from rates. The services provided from these funds, constitutes the return we. get on taxes and rates paid by us the public. Pressure to hold down rates and taxes results in a short fall of finance, and local authorities are forced to resort to the private money market to make up the difference. This is a very lucrative business for the private money lenders, to the extent that 1/3 of the housing expenditures of an Inner London Borough goes into paying back interest to the finance companies. 5.3 Control over Resources The directness of the flow of resources to the state is in inverse proportion to the extent to which the public are able to control, or even understand the mechanism for producing what we have paid for, local authorities are the local arm of the central state, and are obliged by law to carry out central policies, whether or not local politicians believe that these are in the interests of their constituents. All public resources are therefore controlled from the centre through grants, approvals and regulating machinery such as cost allowances and Housing Yardsticks. 5.4 User Control of Design? Control of architectural patronage at local authority level is exercised by the relevant spending committee, a large part of that power being wielded by the committee Chairman. The committee Chairmen are serviced by their departmental chief officer whose advice is backed up by arguments prepared bya large team of specialists. In the face of this formidable array it is little wonder that the full council can do little more than rubber stamp committee decisions, and that even ward councillors are unable to play an active role in controlling services to the people they represent, let alone the users themselves. Except, for example, where a head teacher is involved in the design of a replacement school, there are few other opportunities for the user to gain control over the design. It is a system in which a certain product is demanded of individual architects in return for continued employ ment. The product is imposed or "sold" to local groups by a poli- tical leadership which has no doubt as to where "participation" begins and ends. Whatever the source, the public pays it eventually, either through increased taxes, rates and charges, or by the reduction in services for which we thought we had already paid — witness the present expenditure cuts. 5.5 Design We are only too familiar with the effect which scarce, minimum re- sources and the lack of user control has on the buildings. Whi le there is just not enough money, the design decisions which have to be made by the architect in the absence of user instructions, un=- doubtedly.mean that what money there is will often be allocated wrongly. 5.6 Public Accountability of the Architect? The local authority departments - education, housing, social services, architecture etc. are concerned with the provision of city wide services and by and large they treat the city as a whole. Sectional interests, whether of wards or of classes of people are generally subordinated to those of the. general population. 5.7 Conclusion. . Centralised offices follow naturally from this city wide view, the departmental chief officers are accountable to the Counci| via the Chairman of the relevant committee, and a hierarchal pyramidal structure must follow. The individual job architect who actually produces the work is responsible to the Chief Officer through a series of steps in the hierachy. The chain of accountability of job architect to user is through: group architect, principal architect, Chief architect, spending department chief officer, committee chairman, committee, ward councillor, User. Seven steps between architect and user. Those steps are so immovable and con= cerned with prestige,screening and face saving operations that in practice the local authority jobs architect is not accountable to the user at all. The changes which are necessary to convert this monolithic structure into a freely available and locally controlled National Design Service are substantial indeed. However, in setting out the ills and authoritarian practice of government structures it is important not to lose sight of the more fundamental fact that these structures directly or. through grants supply the resources, and buy the land necessary to meet basic — social requirements. It is not possible for people to demand control over the design of buildings if there are no resources to build them. The relevance of public resources to the question of control is seen most clearly in housing. In old working class communities up and down the country there are millions of people living in clearance areas in which badly built spec housing of the last century has rotted for decades. Housing which needs redeve=~ lopment not rehabilitation. The long-term cuts in public spending in order to make good the lack of private investment in the economy mean that people in these areas are faced with the fact that re= sources for new homes is not to be made available. These areas have become marginal, peripheral and in the end expendable. Patched up rehab. is what people will be offered alongside increasingly under maintained existing counci|] developments. 6.0 ALTERNATIVES The third area of patronage is interesting in terms of the poten- tial for raising expectations of what can be possible in the way of alternative practice. 6.1 Source of Finance: In the private sector it includes grants from developers like Wates to Assist or the Ealing project andtrust funds of one kind or another to enable the provision of special buildings and services. Such sources of finance usually ultimately rest upon less than respectable activities and hence the importance of philanthropic gestures to buy an honest and respectable image. This is not an argument against pursuing such funds; merely a reminder that such grants are only renewable insofar as they fulfil this hidden motive. They usually dry up when they fail to do so. 6.2 Control of Finance: The source of finance is provided throughadiverse range of public and private grants which to varying degrees cover land, design and development costs. Grants from public sources include H.A.A.'s, GIA's, Housing Associations via the Housing Corporation and possibly Urban Aid in resourcing community design services. But once secured they often create considerable discretionary power over handling such resources, within the overall terms of the grant. This power is expressed in the growth of resident=controleld housing associations which employ technical services on their own terms. This is by no means general. Local Authority controlled H.A.A.'s usually strictly limit the role of residents and on the other hand many Housing. Associations are merely private practices masquerading in disguise. Control of their activities by local residents. is not on their agenda either. Lfwebelievethatcompetenceandqualityareintegrallytied-up with who controls the process, then it should also give rise to designs which are welcomed and liked. 6.3 User Control and Local Accountability: But because of the facility for innovation there is scope for change in the traditional pattern of patronage. It is possible for the resident organisation which controls and manages the resources to be both client and user.. In employing the services of an architect there is no ambiguity about accountability. Where resources are controlled via the 'professionals' a serious attempt to place such structures in aposition of accountability to a locally controlled Management Committee can be innovatory. However a major drawback is the same as that which arises when work is done on a voluntary basis. Real power rests on being able to change your designer if you don't like them. Limited access to alternative source of such skills distorts the relationship on either side. 6.4 Practice Structures: The further by-product which ‘alternative projects' can create is in the office structure. Hierarchal power structures normal to private and public offices can be replaced by collective authority:| and cooperative working relationships. A further choice is to work for a reasonable salary turning the excess fees over to the public interest, rather than merely extending the sharing of excess profits. C ONC LUS |ONS This summary of the three ways in which architectural patronage is exercised provides the foundation for a more realistic discussion of what strategies can be employed to begin to lay the basis for a national design service within the real control of ordinary working people. — Local Authority Services Local] Authorities are clearly, centrally important as the main structure through which people can exert demands and gain the necessary access to land and resources created by taxation and rates, They are also equally important structures of authoritarian social control which cannot afford and have no intention of giving © away power to the grassroots. In principle, local authorities are structures which cannot be radically changed in our present society —- of that we should have no illusions. However, as the lowest tier of government they are not only necessary from above but are also susceptible to the threats of vigorous pressure from below. In our view we must campaign to support the demands of those local groups, who represent the interests of future users, and who cal] for a direct relationship of control over local authority architects delegated to design peoples future homes etc. - control which “extends to rejection of unsatisfactory proposals. Such a demand will inevitably be strongly opposed and in NAM we need a strategy which can help sympathetic architects to organise inside local authorities, to demand direct accountability to users and the creation of small locally based offices. To protect individuals, we need to secure the support of public service unions and UCCAT for the principle of this demand. Alternative Initiatives: No-one who has worked in a local authority can listen to talk of changing Local Authorities without asinking heart! This leads on to the second conclusion, which is that one of the best ways to raise expectations of what people's real rights over design are, is to increase the number and range of alternative short-term initia- tives. Where they are successful in winning public support they can be used as practical examples to pressurize local: councils into incorpora- -ting changes. More widely, we must never ignore the basic fact that small scale alternatives are based on the limited sponsorship of private or public sources of finance which can usually only meet the demands of a small number of specific groups of people. But they can offer the means to work and demonstrate how local groups and neighbourhoods can effectively extend control over decisions and resources effecting peoples lives. Local design centres which place themselves in a formal relationship of accountability to the community have a contribution to make in this process. We need a strategy for pursuing sponsorship of such initiatives. These two major conclusions and the way they should be carried forward are suggested as the basis of discussion. What does this imply in terms of a national design service? Local Authorities already control.a national structure of public sector architects. Do we wish to or change this existing structure or provide a parallel service? Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource John Murray Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Murray Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Nov 1975 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/294ab119a1b6c38ec8080a3be22a100e.pdf d61a52c560d42596917a96f50a1e2f99 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harrogate Founding Congress Subject The topic of the resource The Harrogate Congress was the founding of NAM. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Various Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 21-23 November 1975 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A National Design Service Doc 1 Subject The topic of the resource Paper presented by John Murray to the first NAM Congress at Harrogate 21-23 November 1975 as requested by Brian Anson Description An account of the resource 1.0 Introduction A NATIONAL DESIGN SERVICE Paper No 2. May 1976 At the Harrogate Conference last November we called for a National Design Service which would meet the right of everyone to exercise control over the buildings which surround them and in which they live and work. This is a right denied in part or in total to most people in this country. We saw that the present system of patronage is such that 80% of the population have no real control over what is built, where it is built, and who uses it. They must adapt to an environment which is imposed upon them, at best through a system of spurious choices, and usually not even that. Architectsworking arrangements are similarly affected. Larger and thus fewer practices are required to handle the big jobs. At present 36% of medium and large private practices carry out 81% of the work. These same offices employ 82% of increasingly frustrated salaried architects. The bigger the jobs, the greater the profit, so it is not surprising that the principal dominated RIBA, while commisera- ting on the ‘crisis’ in architecture, looks everywhere for the answer except towards the real cause - a system of public and private patronage, inwhichinitial access and subsequent control is severely limited. The remedy for this will not be architectural. It will only be achieved when society's values change. Within the present economic system it appears to us that it is only through the state that the majority of people can gainetheir. right= ful access to the resources necessary to have control over their environment. In our opinion therefore, the existing service provided by local government offices, provides, albeit in a very limited and unsatis- factory manner, the basis of a national design service. We recog- nise that to achieve our aim, the present power structures must be radically changed. Nevertheless we shall press for a freely avail- able national design service in the form of decentralised local government offices, coupled to local accountability and control. The patrons, a minority of rich and powerful organisations and indi- viduals effectively control the direction of architecture. The design and type of buildings reflect their structure and values. The tendency for these organisations to grow larger by incorporating smaller and weaker ones, results in fewer and fewer patrons commi= ssioning bigger and bigger buildings. The purpose of this paper is to examine the present processes at work in each case of current architectural patronage and to try to draw out factors which will help to clarify both the kind of service which would be désirable and the means by which that might be achieved. 2.0 SYMPTOMS AND CAUSES 2.1 Curing symptoms From school of architecture onwards architects are conditioned to accept the context in which they work, and to look for the solu-. tions to the problems of architecture in the symptons of the malaise. After all, anything more searching would involve questioning the status quo. So the architectural establishment, the schools, the RIBA and the magazines have elevated physical form to the position where it is widely accepted that bad design is at the root of all architecture problems. The contention is, of course, that universal good design would solve everything. This preoccupation with form has led us to view in their time, structural expression, modular coordination, prefabrication, rationalised traditional and so on, as the panacea for all ills. Now energy conservation is being dressed up for this exacting role. To all of these we are.told, must be added the ingredient of creati- vity. Improving the ideas of others is not accepted as valid in this concept -— even though we know that the various elements jn the Parthenon had been around for centuries before the architect put them together ina particular way. He wasn't asked to invent them. Creation has come to mean innovation — and in a substantial way and from scratch. But to innovate is to experiment with the people who will use our buildings. As we do not know who these people are, there is a tendency for the large buildings created for their use to be anonymous also. This is where innovation comes in, where we use a variety of devices to add visual interest. The result is always false and frequently foolish as well. In this respect schemes like Park- hill in Sheffield are at least a more honourable expression of the brief than those produced by people like Darbourne and Darke who, to the delight of the magazines, attempt to conceal the monolithic -nature of the brief by the use of complicated and arbitary forms. The latest "answer" as per participation in Bykker, looks suspi- ciously like yet another attempt to fool the working class. Without the demand and feedback from the users, all designs are carried out in a vacuum, and it is naive to look for a new archi- 3.0 LAND tecture in the means of construction and form, while ignoring the basic issue of patronage. ‘The designs which we create reflect precisely the values and aspira- tions of the patron and John Berger has described how this has been true - with one or two exceptions —- of art throughout history. We believe that there will only be a new architecture when the patronage base is radically extended to enable the majority of people to control the design of their environment. 2.2 Examining the Causes Money and land are necessary prerequisites of architectural patron- age, but the ability to raise and control finance is the key aspect and the basis of all patronage, for it enables the patron to gain control over land. Clearly in our society, only the state and a minority of private organisations and individuals can hope to be in this position, and the distribution is 40% by value private and 60% by value public architectural patronage. We should have a clear understanding of the present system, if we are to discover where advances can be made towards‘a more equitable distribution of patronage in the short term, and a complete redis-— tribution in the long term. The next three sections discuss briefly the role of land ownership, the link between control of resources and control of architecture, and the resulting effect on design, architectural practice and the relationships between user and architect. The last official comprehensive register of all land holdings in this’country was produced in 1874. Today there is no official register of private land holdings and all attempts to create one have been systematically blocked in Parliament. From this we can perhaps deduce that the majority of land is in private ownership. While we do not know-the average division of land between private and public ownership, we do know that in working class communities the proportion of publicly owned land is very high; as high as 80% for example, in-parts of the East End of London. Although the ownership of land is a necessary prerequisite of archi- tectural patronage clearly the converse is not true, as most owner occupiers have no direct contact or control over architects services. Land takes its value not only from its present use but also from its potential use, and it is at its most expensive under the pressure of competing useS5 as in city centres. The use to which the land is put is dictated by the profitability of the use; hence prime sites are taken by those activities which yield the highest profits. Although the free market in land is tempered somewhat nowadays by the local planning authority, this intervention in itself results in changes in land values. Because private profit is the motive underlying the free market in land, working people cannot penetrate this market far less control it, except through the medium of the state. But the inadequacies of public finance quite often results in cheap and unsuitable sites being bought for public use, and the need to optimise even this, leads to gross over:use. High densities are therefore accepted as the norm for public housing, giving rise to balcony access and other manifestations virtually unknown in the private sector. Under the present system of land ownership this is unlikely.to change. 4.0 PRIVATE PATRONAGE The building sector financed by private patronage falls into three broad sectors — Industrial, Commercial and private housing. This work accounts for around 63% by value of all commissions undertaken by private practice. h.|) The Patrons The major patrons are those companies and individuals who control these sectors. Financial institutions now own controlling. share- holdings in British companies and through their executives and directors dictate the patterns of investment throughout the economy. These are the main private patrons of architecture, and although private individuals exercise patronage, the value is minute in comparison. 4.2 Reasons for Patronage 4.3 Affect on Architecture The architecture will reflect the directness of the relationship between profit and the building. So if the activity yields the profit, as in industry say, then the building is required merely to house the activity, and little in the way of cosmetics are applied beyond that which is necessary to satisfy the Health and Safety at Work Act and the Planning Officer. 4.4 User Control of Design? Capital in any company is accumulated by profit. On the basis of its profitability, shares in it are also bought through the money market, which together finance further development with a view to creating further profit. The money market determines into which sectors resources should flow to gain the greatest return. On the other hand, speculative housing and office development, are in themselves the means of achieving profit. Sufficient money wil] therefore be directed into the appearance, commensurate always with the market for which it is aimed. Where it is more profitable, the patrons will elect to build their own offices, which will fulfil the dual function of housing their activities and presenting the required public image. The Commer-— cial Union Building is therefore designed to create an aura of prestige, restrained good taste, wealth and stability, while con- cealing the rather squalid nature of its source of wealth. It ful- fils this function admirably. Real user control over the design is achieved when the architect is designing private villas for the directors. In other instances those same directors and executives wi 1] certainly control the design process of a new office or factory but they will almost invariably be absentee clients. Where they are not they will be well insulated from reality in the penthouse, surrounded by solar reflecting glass and Barcelona.chairs. Money will therefore only be put into buildings in the first place if that is, or will lead to, the most profitable way of using the money. The type of development, whether industrial, commercial or private housing will be chosen according to the same logic. The workers on the shop floor or in the offices, on the other hand, are still unable to control the design of their environment, (although it is in the interests of the more enlightened manage- ments to indulge in participation) even although that design, as in the case of open plan offices, is a direct function of decisions to change working methods to increase productivity. There is no element of user control in speculative housing either. 62% of this market is designed by private practice but architects and users never meet. Although people who are able to buy into this market gain a certain amount of control through choice, the choice is initially limited by income and location, and further limited in terms of accommodation and design. . These have more to do with the developer's profit margins than the buyer's real needs. But the relationship between house prices and earnings is so organ- ised as to exclude half the population and in some working class areas, over three quarters. Ina free market house prices wil] always be out of reach of the majority of the working class. Any- one who doubts this should consider what £60 per week buys in the London housing market and remember that many people earn a lot less than this. 4.5 Public Accountability? The executives who control the building design are responsible only to their shareholders. Their job is to ensure maximum return on investment. The public good does not feature in this equation - nor can it. The people affected by private buildings have no control over the developer's actions other than indirectly through Planning Control. Even where the Planning Officers. do profess to have some regard for the ethic of public service, they will be in conflict with, and wil] often be overridden by the local political requirement for rate income. The argument is that the interests of the public as a whole takes precedence over the interests of a few local people, no matter how disastrous the effect on their lives may be.. Planning Control has failed too often in these situations in the past for us to have any confidence in its ability to safeguard the public interest. Private practice in turn is not accountable to the community affected by its designs. Not only is the partners' liability to the client, but the practice is also dependent on the client finan- cially. Not surprisingly therefore, private practice rarely opposes the client's demands. 4.6 Conclusion. Control over design cannot be separated from control over resources. In the private sector these resources are controlled by a minority - formerly rich individuals, now the representatives of giant instit— utions. The Private patron of architecture adopts this role solely to create more wealth, and is not accountable in any meaningful way to the people affected by his buildings. -Simi larly, Private prac- tice is in business to service these interests. Under a system of private patronage the needs of working people will be in conflict with the dictates of the client. Profit sharing and cooperative working arrangements may increase the material well being of the salaried architect but they will not altar this basic fact. 5.0 PUBLIC PATRONAGE: Public patronage of architecture comes through the central state, the nationalised industries, but in the main through local authori- ties. Jt accounts for all the work produced by public sector architects, and 37% of work by value of private practice. In total the state is responsible for 60% of the Building industry's annual turnover. 5.1 Reasons for State Patronage. It has often been argued before that the state fulfils two basic functions. The first is to try to promote or maintain the condi- tions in which economic growth is both possible and profitable for ‘the private sector. Secondly the state trys to maintain and pro- mote the conditions for social harmony, and make the existing social order seem acceptable. Both factors are at work when the state finances building. On the one hand, the state must intervene in the arena previously described, to provide enough housing, hospitals and schools to prevent the population from becoming restless. On the other hand, a well housed, healthy and reasonably educated working class are necessary if economic growth is to be achieved and sustained. The main, organ of this system of control is the local Authority. 5.2 Local Authority Finance: The largest part of local Authority finance is in the form of central government grants. A much smaller proportion comes from rates. The services provided from these funds, constitutes the return we. get on taxes and rates paid by us the public. Pressure to hold down rates and taxes results in a short fall of finance, and local authorities are forced to resort to the private money market to make up the difference. This is a very lucrative business for the private money lenders, to the extent that 1/3 of the housing expenditures of an Inner London Borough goes into paying back interest to the finance companies. 5.3 Control over Resources The directness of the flow of resources to the state is in inverse proportion to the extent to which the public are able to control, or even understand the mechanism for producing what we have paid for, local authorities are the local arm of the central state, and are obliged by law to carry out central policies, whether or not local politicians believe that these are in the interests of their constituents. All public resources are therefore controlled from the centre through grants, approvals and regulating machinery such as cost allowances and Housing Yardsticks. 5.4 User Control of Design? Control of architectural patronage at local authority level is exercised by the relevant spending committee, a large part of that power being wielded by the committee Chairman. The committee Chairmen are serviced by their departmental chief officer whose advice is backed up by arguments prepared bya large team of specialists. In the face of this formidable array it is little wonder that the full council can do little more than rubber stamp committee decisions, and that even ward councillors are unable to play an active role in controlling services to the people they represent, let alone the users themselves. Except, for example, where a head teacher is involved in the design of a replacement school, there are few other opportunities for the user to gain control over the design. It is a system in which a certain product is demanded of individual architects in return for continued employ ment. The product is imposed or "sold" to local groups by a poli- tical leadership which has no doubt as to where "participation" begins and ends. Whatever the source, the public pays it eventually, either through increased taxes, rates and charges, or by the reduction in services for which we thought we had already paid — witness the present expenditure cuts. 5.5 Design We are only too familiar with the effect which scarce, minimum re- sources and the lack of user control has on the buildings. Whi le there is just not enough money, the design decisions which have to be made by the architect in the absence of user instructions, un=- doubtedly.mean that what money there is will often be allocated wrongly. 5.6 Public Accountability of the Architect? The local authority departments - education, housing, social services, architecture etc. are concerned with the provision of city wide services and by and large they treat the city as a whole. Sectional interests, whether of wards or of classes of people are generally subordinated to those of the. general population. 5.7 Conclusion. . Centralised offices follow naturally from this city wide view, the departmental chief officers are accountable to the Counci| via the Chairman of the relevant committee, and a hierarchal pyramidal structure must follow. The individual job architect who actually produces the work is responsible to the Chief Officer through a series of steps in the hierachy. The chain of accountability of job architect to user is through: group architect, principal architect, Chief architect, spending department chief officer, committee chairman, committee, ward councillor, User. Seven steps between architect and user. Those steps are so immovable and con= cerned with prestige,screening and face saving operations that in practice the local authority jobs architect is not accountable to the user at all. The changes which are necessary to convert this monolithic structure into a freely available and locally controlled National Design Service are substantial indeed. However, in setting out the ills and authoritarian practice of government structures it is important not to lose sight of the more fundamental fact that these structures directly or. through grants supply the resources, and buy the land necessary to meet basic — social requirements. It is not possible for people to demand control over the design of buildings if there are no resources to build them. The relevance of public resources to the question of control is seen most clearly in housing. In old working class communities up and down the country there are millions of people living in clearance areas in which badly built spec housing of the last century has rotted for decades. Housing which needs redeve=~ lopment not rehabilitation. The long-term cuts in public spending in order to make good the lack of private investment in the economy mean that people in these areas are faced with the fact that re= sources for new homes is not to be made available. These areas have become marginal, peripheral and in the end expendable. Patched up rehab. is what people will be offered alongside increasingly under maintained existing counci|] developments. 6.0 ALTERNATIVES The third area of patronage is interesting in terms of the poten- tial for raising expectations of what can be possible in the way of alternative practice. 6.1 Source of Finance: In the private sector it includes grants from developers like Wates to Assist or the Ealing project andtrust funds of one kind or another to enable the provision of special buildings and services. Such sources of finance usually ultimately rest upon less than respectable activities and hence the importance of philanthropic gestures to buy an honest and respectable image. This is not an argument against pursuing such funds; merely a reminder that such grants are only renewable insofar as they fulfil this hidden motive. They usually dry up when they fail to do so. 6.2 Control of Finance: The source of finance is provided throughadiverse range of public and private grants which to varying degrees cover land, design and development costs. Grants from public sources include H.A.A.'s, GIA's, Housing Associations via the Housing Corporation and possibly Urban Aid in resourcing community design services. But once secured they often create considerable discretionary power over handling such resources, within the overall terms of the grant. This power is expressed in the growth of resident=controleld housing associations which employ technical services on their own terms. This is by no means general. Local Authority controlled H.A.A.'s usually strictly limit the role of residents and on the other hand many Housing. Associations are merely private practices masquerading in disguise. Control of their activities by local residents. is not on their agenda either. Lfwebelievethatcompetenceandqualityareintegrallytied-up with who controls the process, then it should also give rise to designs which are welcomed and liked. 6.3 User Control and Local Accountability: But because of the facility for innovation there is scope for change in the traditional pattern of patronage. It is possible for the resident organisation which controls and manages the resources to be both client and user.. In employing the services of an architect there is no ambiguity about accountability. Where resources are controlled via the 'professionals' a serious attempt to place such structures in aposition of accountability to a locally controlled Management Committee can be innovatory. However a major drawback is the same as that which arises when work is done on a voluntary basis. Real power rests on being able to change your designer if you don't like them. Limited access to alternative source of such skills distorts the relationship on either side. 6.4 Practice Structures: The further by-product which ‘alternative projects' can create is in the office structure. Hierarchal power structures normal to private and public offices can be replaced by collective authority:| and cooperative working relationships. A further choice is to work for a reasonable salary turning the excess fees over to the public interest, rather than merely extending the sharing of excess profits. C ONC LUS |ONS This summary of the three ways in which architectural patronage is exercised provides the foundation for a more realistic discussion of what strategies can be employed to begin to lay the basis for a national design service within the real control of ordinary working people. — Local Authority Services Local] Authorities are clearly, centrally important as the main structure through which people can exert demands and gain the necessary access to land and resources created by taxation and rates, They are also equally important structures of authoritarian social control which cannot afford and have no intention of giving © away power to the grassroots. In principle, local authorities are structures which cannot be radically changed in our present society —- of that we should have no illusions. However, as the lowest tier of government they are not only necessary from above but are also susceptible to the threats of vigorous pressure from below. In our view we must campaign to support the demands of those local groups, who represent the interests of future users, and who cal] for a direct relationship of control over local authority architects delegated to design peoples future homes etc. - control which “extends to rejection of unsatisfactory proposals. Such a demand will inevitably be strongly opposed and in NAM we need a strategy which can help sympathetic architects to organise inside local authorities, to demand direct accountability to users and the creation of small locally based offices. To protect individuals, we need to secure the support of public service unions and UCCAT for the principle of this demand. Alternative Initiatives: No-one who has worked in a local authority can listen to talk of changing Local Authorities without asinking heart! This leads on to the second conclusion, which is that one of the best ways to raise expectations of what people's real rights over design are, is to increase the number and range of alternative short-term initia- tives. Where they are successful in winning public support they can be used as practical examples to pressurize local: councils into incorpora- -ting changes. More widely, we must never ignore the basic fact that small scale alternatives are based on the limited sponsorship of private or public sources of finance which can usually only meet the demands of a small number of specific groups of people. But they can offer the means to work and demonstrate how local groups and neighbourhoods can effectively extend control over decisions and resources effecting peoples lives. Local design centres which place themselves in a formal relationship of accountability to the community have a contribution to make in this process. We need a strategy for pursuing sponsorship of such initiatives. These two major conclusions and the way they should be carried forward are suggested as the basis of discussion. What does this imply in terms of a national design service? Local Authorities already control.a national structure of public sector architects. Do we wish to or change this existing structure or provide a parallel service? Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource John Murray Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Murray Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Nov 1975 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/968a269d300a98fd397e25e011dc0c55.pdf 1f46d1bcfe89abd69d12552c9c98706d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harrogate Founding Congress Subject The topic of the resource The Harrogate Congress was the founding of NAM. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Various Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 21-23 November 1975 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A New Architecture Movement Subject The topic of the resource 2 sided report arguing for a New Architecture Movement Conference Description An account of the resource s A NEW ARCHITSCTURE MOVEMENT The Architects Revolutionary Counzil understands the need for a new architecture movement, and is glaé to instigate it. ARC has no intention / of becoming a mass movement itsel?. The new architecture movement wii be seriously concerned with the Social responsibility of architecss and the framework in which architecture is practiced. ARC hoses to bring a moral and social consience to the architectural prozession. It hopes to end architecture as an elitist profession and direcsly relate architects to those who them the most, our true allies, th: people. .3. So that people may control their environment. At the moment people have insufficient control of their environment in terms of planning and the use of resources. The Green Paper on Neighbourhood Councils now passing through Parliment gives only limeted participation to the people and by its lack of power reduces these Councils to purely advisory bodies easily over ruled. .Action must be taken with the goverment to give real power to the Neighbourhood Councils, 4, The environmental professions Should be subject to the democratic control of the public. In 1938 the Architects Registration Act came into being, due to the pressure from the RIBA to create a legal closed shop for the profession, while the Governments responsability for the public was sufficed by protecting them from sham architects. In todays society of worker control, user democracy and public accountability the Architects Registration Council of the United Kingdom is obviously unacceptable, ARCUK must be reconstituted by Parliment to ensure that the public has adegate control of the architectural profession, Below are just some of the reasons for forming a new architecture movement:-= 1. To create a situation where arczitects work for the real clients the users. This can only be achieved if the users become the clients with the control of the capital fo> projects. Decentralisation of power and increased democracy are essens:al concepts of this direction and architects should play an active vole in obtaining them. But as individuals architects have no power, because they are controlled by the providers of the resources fo> projects. When architects combine they have only limited power whica is quickly shattered by the non- essentialality of their position in society. Thus architects have to gain public support for socialisirg their task, to be able to exert any worthwhile pressure. With this in nind a new movement could aim at putting architects talents at the aisposal of the public and because this idea is truly in the interests of the public it is capable of mobilising public support. 2. To make arthitectural services ay2ilable to all sectours of society. At present the architectural profession works for just two areas of society, firstly the rich minority and the powers of industry commerce and finance: secondly for local or national goverernment bureaucracies distant from the public they vainly try to serve. The majority of the population has hever had access to the aechitectural profession and so have been restricted in improving the quality of their environment. The self help attitude can only help a few people, while an architectural service could help those without ¢he time or resources of their own. The national health service was not created by doctors or patients on their own, but only came about when enough pressure was brought on the goverment to create it, Similarily neither architects ror the public on their own can create an architectural service that with all the ills of our present environment, movement will have to be responsable for taking action government, with the SS ee effectively deals A row architecture ye reeve 5. Architectural education should be controlled by a body equally representative of the public, the profession, the teachers and the students. At present architectural education is controlled by the RIBA, a private club, through its Board of Education, which has powers of recognition delegated from the RIBA controlled ARCUK, Government funding of architectural schools and students is dependant on this recognition, Thus the public pays for an architectural education over which it has no control, to produce architects over which it has no control, to create bad environments it can do nothing about. A reconstituted ARCUK could operate a new democratic Board of Architectural Education, 6. So that the RIBA's pretence at speaking as the "voice of architecture". ends. The RIBA is effectively controlled by a small group - of principal architects, and its "voice" is stongly in line with their own minority interests. Most of the group belong to the Association of Consultant Architects, a private practice organisation, Evidence for this the RIBA's determination to save the fixed fee scale now under attack by the Monopolies Commission. Their lack of interest in the dangers exposed by the Summerland Fire and the use of High-alumina eé@ment. Their reluctance to expose incompetant and corrupt architects, A new architecture movement must stand for all that is socially responsible in architecture, 7. The RIBA is not a progressive body. Many people have tried to create change within the architectural profession through the RIBA, most have totally failed. The RIBA is glad to absorb progressive ideas and people, in an attempt to portray an outward looking front, but in reality to smother people and their ideas in tedious committees and lengthy red tape. The result being to tire people out and make their ideas so impotent as to be harmless to the continuance of the RIBA's status quo. A new architecture movement must not be a stagnant tedious body, but vital, fleixable and ever responsive to the changing needs and ideals of progressive people. The first five points indicate the need for Goverment action, while the last two show the great inadequacies of the RIBA. Together they reveal some of the logic behind forming a new architecture movement. Once a new architecture movement has gained a wothwhile base in the architectural arena it can begin to gain the Support of the public in accomploshing its objectives. The first stage along this road will be to found a movement at a national conference of all interested parties. ARC hopes that its responsible role in this is understood, we are not trying to force anything upon anybody, we welcome critisism and constructive ideas, we abhor dogmatism. We would be grateful for as much help as possible-in this, and are asking for help, to get as Many people as possible to the conference, to make contributions, to help with the conference organisation e+.-. to make architecture socially responsible, CONFERENCE FORMING A NEW ARCHITECTURE MOVEMENT FRIDAY OCT. 31st 3pm. to SUNDAY NOV. 2nd. 5pm. MORECAMBE Bed and Breakfast £2.00 plus evening meal an extra £1.00 Conference fees £1.00 or what you can afford. Booking and information from:-— ARC 11 Percy Street, London w1 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource ARC Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Murray Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource undated https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/dc4369feadfeb1022f050a519d19cdca.pdf 754fc750fbbc3a249e5d94b12df73af9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Public Design Group Description An account of the resource Argued that it was only through the public sector that the majority of people could have access to the land and resources needed for housing, education and other essential services. The task was therefore to reform the practice of architecture in local councils to provide an accessible and accountable design service. The Public Design Group proposed reforms to the practice of architecture in local councils to provide a design service accessible and accountable to local people and service users. The following 6 Interim Proposals were developed which were later initiated and implemented in Haringey Council 1979-1985 by NAM members. <ul><li style="font-weight:400;">Local area control over resources </li> <li style="font-weight:400;">Design teams to be area based </li> <li style="font-weight:400;">Area design teams to be multi-disciplinary </li> <li style="font-weight:400;">Project architects to report directly to committee</li> <li style="font-weight:400;">Abolish posts between Team Leader and Chief Architect </li> <li style="font-weight:400;">Joint working groups with Direct Labour Organisations</li> </ul> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource a REAL guide to Liverpool Subject The topic of the resource What architects do-some views from the ground by group of Liverpool architects Description An account of the resource ahs dt Merseyside Weak Architecture 1945 -1995? p 5 Raverttain and Price 10p . Blind Guide (25p &employedRIGAmember) We only work here! Written by a group of designers in Liverpool interested in looking for real solutions to thecitie yOoblems aREAL— torosea| Living ‘on’ Cities 1.WHAT DO ARCHITECTS DO? ~ 2.WHO CONTROLS US? 3. WHAT ARCHITECTS HAVE DONE IN LIVERPOOL. 1. WHAT ARCHITECTS DO — SOME VIEWS FROM THE GROUND. The following summarises discussions between people working for different arch’ ts practices during a series of ‘designers meetings’ held in Liverpool in the first uif of 1978. Most people know we have something to do with designing buildings, but what isitreally like? A. HOUSING — which makes up about 50% of al buildings built. 4. WHERE ARE WE NOW, AND HOW DO WE CONTINUE? In Liverpool one years housing output is made up by: Housing Co-ops and Associations doing about 1,000 conversions and 200 new houses. Council new housing, falling from 966 completions this year to less than 60 by 1982. Building companies ‘build for sale’, just started with 670 completions this year with a total of 2250 completed by 1982. Also there is the council’s modernisation programme programme and some grant improvement work, 5. THE ‘REPRODUCTION’ OF ARCHITECTS Clearance programmes have virtually stopped, and with Housing Associations rehabil- itating the remaining stock at a fairly constant rate or providing ‘specialist’ new houses (pensioners, young people etc.) the large numbers of empty sites around previously ear marked for council redevelopment will be now rapidly filled with low-density, suburban- type housing produced by the speculative divisions of Unit, Wimpey, Broseley and other familiar building firms. The council's own building programme is rapidly grinding toa halt. In Liverpool, the need is to organise and co-ordinate action and discussion between architects and other groups Designers need to open up a description of their skills which enables them to work alongside other groups rather than feeling that if they do not lead, they have failed. There is an increasing number of examples of environmental and building work being done in either a collective or co-operative way. These two articles are written partly from discussions held in the first half of this year by people interested in forming a non-professional group of building designers Now a clearer picture has emerged, a group will be formed in the autumn to continue analysis, formulate acticn on certain issues, and take on projects. If you are working in architecture or building design, want to know more about architectural organisation and practice, doing or needing projects which involve a Housing Associations are directly controlled by central government's Housing Corp- oration, originally intended to encourage small-scale organisations to develop housing which was more responsive to people’s needs (and architects and designers would be able to work more closely with tenants). The local authority system was seen to have become too cumbersome and type-cast. Now, however, the two Liverpool ‘giants’ which do the majority of the work have almost equally hierarchical structures. Another prob- lem is that the independence of associations from the local council and ‘democracy’ leaves them open to control in some cities by managers who pursue their own self-inter- est to the extent that they become like the old private landlords. Architects who discussed their work in a larger association felt they were being edged out of the hierarchy by more politically-oriented housing and building managers or surveyors. The idea of a closer relationship with tenants in design has faded as ‘feedback’ from tenants is chanelled in the form of the association management's briefing of the architectural team. Architects seldom have a place on a management team, and the con- trolling Housing Corporation itself has a distinct lack of architect members. Discussion of the range of different design possibilities, or factors such as the need for better methods of energy conservation to keep heating costs down in the future are therefore left out of the associations’ policies. In this situation design has become, like many other jobs, mechanistic: tight Housing Corporation control has squeezed design. Pressure on architects’ fees is forcing them to minimise time spent in the important early stages of design when liaison with tenants could be most useful. With only half a day during an average week spent on the drawing board, the rest of the time is taken up with form-filling and bureacratic pro- cedures, The cost of any such design choices as can be made is often outweighed pure- ly by the amount the cost of work rises while waiting for central government decisions. Preparatory work done on schemes which are subsequently axed is not paid for. Although architects can be rightly criticised for wasting money in the past, to cut out design altogether is both to threaten our jobs and waste even more money by not designing what tenants need. collective way of working etc., contact: ; ‘Designers Meeting’, c/o School of Architecture, University, Liverpool. The contributors to group discussion were:— Mike Brown, Paul Coats, Chris Cripps, Robb MacDona Bill Halsall, Jonty Godfrey, Frank Horton, Nigel J Graham Ward and others. The articles as published 4o not necessarily represent the Id, Don Field, Pete Gommon, ones, Alison Lindsay, Weak and its 1978 Conference in Liverpool: views of contributors. n from the RIBA‘s brochure for Merseyside Architecture The cover is take sares ‘Living in Cities. The Housing Co-ops, with a much smaller turnover, offer the possibility of tenant con- trol in that tenants’ co-ops own the houses by paying only a nominal membership fee. In-house architects are service agencies to the co-ops, and people working in this situation felt that, as a result, the housing product was a better deal for tenants. But the co-ops tend to be sited only in the city’s ‘crisis areas’ and don’t give an opportunity for better design as such: architects had become involved in forming a more direct relat- ionship with tenants, builders and the Housing Corporation in places in which any of the other housing solutions would be unworkable. The architect was merely outlining the rigours of housing legislation, circulars and cost-constraints (e.g. bog-roll holders are out this year — too expensive) to tenants, or explaining drawings to unskilled build- ers. Whether or not anyone thinks this is what architects should be doing, it points to the waste of the lengthy professional training needed to qualify for this job. Altern: atively, people with such skills can see how their time is spent in the implementation of tightly-controlled procedures which overrule such opportunities as might arise from more time to design, both in detail, and at the level of the whole way in which the existing street and community patterns are being reinforced. B. INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS Industrial building is one of the few areas being encouraged, and many private practices must have been cocking an eye in this direction as welfare state and other sectors have been cut back. But architects have not traditionally had much to do with factory design Such larger factories as are at present built on peripheral estates seem to be designed by developers and system builders or architects directly employed on a permanent basis by the insustries themselves. Most of these firms are south-eatern or internationally based, so their factories are not designed in Liverpool. Larger Liverpool-born firms, on the other hand, are doing little more than minor repair and extension work at present. Since 1974 the cuts in state expenditure have meant that resources have been redir- ected into stimulating industrial production. It is the state-developed Advance Factory Units which have produced a major source of industrial architecture work in Liverpool The developers are either the local authority, who use their own architects department, or the English Industrial Estates Corporation (EIEC) which uses private architects’ practices, though not as designers. Standard sets of plans and specifications, ‘proven as the most economical form of construction’ are handed to these architects to adapt to each site. Although these jobs are concentrated in the inner city where site preparation is complicated, architects can take little pride in the fact that they have designed every- thing below the ground floor slab! They then supervise construction, the whole job being on a reduced fee basis. Architects who work in this situation had many criticisms, but they were not sure whether they had the expertise, let alone the power, to participate in this field. Advance Factory Units are a direct transplant of EIEC’s forty years’ experience of spec- ulative building on areen-field sites. Their use on vacant, ‘problem’, inner-city land is not necessarily right. There are plenty of empty warehouses and industrial buildings around Liverpool’s dockland which could be converted, but in fact are now being demolished to feed the dwindling supply of vacant ‘problem’ sites! To convert existing buildings would mean a greater amount of architectural work and less waste, butwould meet resistance from financiers, developers and builders who claim that conversion work would not ‘sustain their present capacity in its existing form’. Part of the reason for the Advance Factory Programme, in addition to alleviating inner city construction un- employment is that the capacity of the construction industry should be kept up so that it will be able to cope with the next economic boom (and so more suburban factories again) — when itcomes. Waiting for the next boom, the present monetary halt in the traditional course of city expansion seems to be all that can be coped with. This, linked to the idea of in- jecting new life into the centres — ‘the old dying hearts of our civilisation’. Promotion of small manufacturers is supposed to seed new firms which will grow large, or feed new ideas to the large and perhaps be the basis for a new boom. The revival of the inner city then seems almost an attempt to re-run economic expansion in the way it worked from the nineteenth-century city to the emergence of the now-flagging twentieth-century metropolis and giant industries. But ...of the 44 Advance Factories developed by the local authority and now in use, the majority have attracted service rather than manu- facturing industries; and the service sector both ultimately depends on manufacturing, and isat present seen to be expanding only very temporarily. tstteronys urepras tomerren’s (NN cit Prodzms Architects were in the forefront of the ‘SNAP’ project which foreran the co-ops and siiowed how communities could have better housing without being smashed up. Now, a few years on, some have found themselves to have been turned into a ‘housing machine’, which although keeping streets intact is as isolated as ever from the other fun- damental problems, such as employment, which compound these as crisis areas. Architects working on Advance Factories could see the obvious inconsistency in using them. To replace industries that had been the life-blood of the nineteenth-century city with the suburban factory type is illogical. The liklihood that they employ labour from the surrounding community, which had been built for the old industries, is slim — the grant system discriminates against local firms using the units and in favour of attracting outsiders, and Liverpool! is more oriented to the one big employer, the docks, than to lots of small firms. Is it desirable for people to commute to work on One militant group of tenants has recently formed a co-op and successfully cam- painged for new houses on a vacant site: it remains to be seen whether this will provide an opportunity for a better architect-client relationship. ‘Build for Sale’, low-density, suburban-type schemes are designed by building firms as standard consumer models perfected over a very long period of time with perhaps some slight variations to suit this year’s or next yer’s fashion. This puts the user in the same position as when buying a Car or choosing soap powder from the supermarket shelf — it's all right if you can afford or your requirements ‘fit’ into the standard pattern, but you can never know whether you are getting what you want or what you are being made to want. The architect's traditional consultation with the client is out of the question. In fact the whole process from market research, design, local authority consent, contract planning to advertising is being computerised by some of the biggest firms — and more jobs are going down thedrain!. See below for private practice and local authority work in housing. central sites — a complete reversal of the original idea of moving industry to the suburbs? This is true also for goods transport: the accessibility of central sites compares unfavourably with the outskirts near the motorways. Does this mean that inner area industry will be the excuse for bringing back the idea of motorways in the old city? The scale of vandalism entails the defence of the ‘community’ factory, resulting in high fences. The need for lots of open space for storage and transport is also inapprop- riate to the close-knit character of the inner city. Architects could contribute to these problems by showing what sort of physical solutions are possible. The profession, however, is appealing for architectural leadership in creating small enterprises housed in old buildings. One or two such projects may get off the ground, but the local authority is producing more than 20 units a year. Even if 40 small firms a year are born, creating, optimistically, 400 jobs, they are not going to go far in a Merseyside which announced over 8,500 redundancies in major industries in the first three months of this year and has unemployment in some inner areas running as high as 32%. No, what is needed is for architects to forget their entrepreneurial role (which isn’t going to create much impact anyway), and concentrate on simply using their skill as designers to create solutions which make it possible for the ideas of exist- ing local people and groups to be realised. A deeper dimension to the problem may be seen in that twelve giant firms account for 50% of employment. Only one of these is both locally-rooted and powerful enough to be considered internationally secure. The rest are either subsidiaries of national or foreign-based conglomerates which bear no allegiance to the area, or relatively out-worn local firms starved of the capital needed to re-equip. The furore over encouraging small firms and re-kindling the spirit of the free market and private entreprise can be seen as a smokescreen which provides optimism and diverts attention from the problems which the centralisation of big industrial capital is now posing. ‘Official Architects’ in the council's architects department control the building work of council committees. In the fifties and sixties the department was being built up on a big programme of work, some of it being put out to private practice. Although part of the state, these architects stand out for parity in status with private practices in the profession: the profession, in turn, has often been criticised for regarding its ‘official’ members as second rate. In Liverpool, the council architect's staff committee se. is to be dominated by people who are politically conservative and paradoxically, broadly opposed to an extension of state activity! With a run-down in council housing development and the growth of ‘Build for Sale’, for example, a proposal that the design and marketing functions of this new type of housing should be kept in the department never got through in spite of the fact that it was strongly backed by NALGO. Support from within the department was stalled. This was partly due to confusion created when members of the Association of Official Architects (the officer-architects’ union recognised by RIBA) warned of the danger of loss of professional status if they became too strongly identified with NALGO. The fact that surveyors constitute a strong element of the same staff committee compounds the problem: they have less to lose. Firstly, for example, the housing im- provement work that has been coming to the department has been done by surveyors who have lower fee scales. This is justified by the fact that overheads on an office built Up on massive housing developrrents are too high to allow a full architectural service. Active thinking on design, architects jobs and quality of service to tenants which could ultimately lead to reduced costs — al miss out. A second example is that surveyors have welcomed the council's share of the Advance Factory.programme, and indeed all types of industrial building on local authority sites in that the preparatory surveys and ground works fall fully within their speciality. But again, the opportunity for the type of deeper analysis of designs suitable to the locality (as outlined under ‘industrial building’ above) is lost. Employment in the architects department is down 30-40% on two years ago. Mech- anical and electrical service engineers working in the department hardly exist now, and work is going out to private consultants. The remaining supervision work on the council’s housing programme is running out. Designs still being prepared are axed as cleared sites go to ‘Build for Sale’. Educational work is at rock bottom. A programme of building for the police which has kept work levels up since 1970 is tailing off. The recently announced Maritime Museum project on the docks has gone out to competition with the council's department just on the list. Meanwhile there is no defence of the architects’ real potential, and attempts to make their services directly available to the community would be blocked for not going through proper channels. . Qrtta atatnat oe eleect C. THE LOCAL AUTHORITY ARCHITECTS’ DEPARTMENT D. PRIVATE PRACTICE. Architecture is effectively controlled by the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) which constitutes the majority on the Architects Registration Council UK (ARCUK). An insight into the nature of RIBA can be had from a look at the people it has gathered for its annual conference, held in Liverpool in July 1978, titled ‘Living in Cities’ and calling for a ‘general commitment to the ideas of community architecture’ Firstly, a lot of members are excluded by the cost — £65 for three and a half days Fifty buraries are offered to help counteract this to people who can offer a few ‘well- chosen words’ on why they should go, but this is on the level of a competition on the back of a Cornflakes packet. So much for architectural communities — the same would apply to much of the rest of the city’s community. Looking at what was covered by the conference speakers it can be seen that the whole spectrum of a city politics is covered — the church, industry, land, the local and county authorities, central government, the USA, all on the first morning. The second day covers the inner city partnership programme (ICPP), and housing by a local councillor, local officer, housing associations and co-ops, private developer and finally, a county officer. A closer look confirms that the conference is an annual bandwaggon, a showpiece, revealing that RIBA is unable to make a serious attempt to assist with the city’s and architects’ problems. At the centre of the public image of architectural work is the private practice, similar to the medical or legal practice. There are lots of these practices in Liverpool. Their local club is the Liverpool Architectural Society (LAS) and they are represented in the North West Regional Council of the RIBA. The five or six largest firms appear to dom- inate the LAS, but below these there are twenty or more firms with two or more part- nersm and a whole host of further smaller firms. As in all small enterprises there is an intimacy about these latter which is a relief from the big hierarchies, although those who work in them are dependent on the partners’ relationship with clients and have to help cultivate the right social climate in the firm, whoever the client may be. 2. WHO CONTROLS US, WHO REPRESENTS US? While the larger and better established firms get what little number of jobs do come to them through the organisation of the profession, the smaller and medium-sized local firm is in fact extremely vulnerable and dependent on what clients it can attract. Desian skill is very much within this context. In one discussion in our group, for example, the job of working for a private housing developer was described as: to aim at a certain market: must have Georgian windows; areas to be designed strictly dictated and un- related to government minimum standards; no direct contact with house buyers; no garages; no ‘little extras’ in houses; no storage etc Another type of local practice as represented was based on ‘community’ and housing association work. In this case lack of finacial rewards is, at least initially, replaced by the satisfaction of working with, and the support of,the local community. These arch: itects were playing a part in community development. Architects have often been prime movers in the declaration of GIAs, HAAs or community schemes which have later been backed or taken over by the state. The resulting organisations such as the co-ops have then farmed a certain amount of work back to private practices. In this way, schemes get the more specifically ‘architectural’ attention which isabsent ‘in-house’, and seems to be only attainable within the old professional set-up The co-op which has fought successfully for its own new housing (mentioned above), for example, looked at inter- nationally-famous housing architects such as Darbourne and Darke before deciding ona local practice. Existing housing associations or co-op ‘in house’ architects were not con- sidered The Anglican Bishop begins by introducing the ‘social climate’ of Liverpool — thereby instating the the profession firmly outside the embarrassment of its position in worldy politics? The result is often politcal naiveté. Next, the object of the architect's work, the city fabric, is stated in a primarily visual and aesthetic way. The visual aspect may be an important part of an architect's work, but the primacy of the ‘aesthetic’ blinds many employed architects both in their education and later in practice, to their manipulation by developers, builders and others whose motives can be less easily acceptable. Will the speaker in this case, Theo Crosby, repeat his former mistakes? His praise of Cumbernauld New Town in 1962 points to his ‘visual blindness’: “Nearby (the municipal centre) on the north edge of the hill will be a group of tower blocks. From the hill there will be spectacular views in all directions, and this centre, with its wide terraces and broad flights of steps, could be the most exciting big new thing in Britain.”’ Fifteen years later, a Sunday Times popular splash against architects led pub- lic opinion that the centre was, in fact, “expensive, out of character, impractically sited on a windy hill. . wives were left to trudge the endless walkways and ramps to a city centre that, isolated from the passing pedistrian, couldn’t fail to be dull.” Next, John Worthington introduces “‘the private initiative”, dealing with industry in terms of “creating work through small entreprises, self-help”. This is coupled with David Palmer, a Chartered Surveyor, appealing to financiers to help with non-profit- making development of ‘difficult’ inner city sites. Land, finance and industry which are at the base of Liverpool's problems are skirted around. The conference official stimulus paper, “Living in Cities ” sees the problem as one of “a graduated balance between ‘the little things and the big things’ ...in a free market economy.” Good sites, roads, well-housed labour and a local authority with an empathy towards private enterprise are all that is needed, and “there is no reason why these things should not be provided” !To reduce such closures as that of Triumph at Speke or any other of Liverpool's recent disasters to this is naive. Furthermore, Palmer's appeal to goodwill from financiers (usually mostly insurance and pension funds) on land development can be little more than a cosmetic measure when they generally have to underwrite high land values to maintain high profit rates so that such things as‘our' pension funds keep pace with inflation. Does the professional practice have a part to play in the community? Some combine community action and involvement with getting their bread and butter from such design work as results from this activity Professional ‘independence’ may have some edge in communities over agencies hampered by local or national state departmentalism Attempts by local groups to organise their own lives always cross departmental and disciplinary lines, and in so doing often expose some of the real conflicting interests which the local authority sustains. The former Community Development Projects, backed by the state, did this and where disbanded when they exposed local interests of ‘big capitals’. Opposition to recent attempts by Liverpool community groups, under the umbrella of the LCVS, to gain a say in the DoE’s partnership scheme is a more recent example. Some architects have realised the need for community organisation, but in returning to the ‘bread and butter’ aichitectural practice for community groups, such design work as comes their way can only represent Community control within the confines of a design process as defined by the ethics and codes of professional practice There is a dilemma between private practice (architectural private enterprise) and community work. The ethic of independence combined with service in itself conflicts with the iater-disciplinary involvement needed in effective community control. This dilemma is also present in other small practices trying to maintain professional integrity in the face of increasingly desperate and competitive commercial and other clients. At the same time, Monopolies Commission investigation of the fee-scale, the rising cost of insurance, and the increasingly precarious legitimacy of the architectural profession loom large as factors in the insecurity of these firms OD. PRIVATE PRACTICE. While the larger and better established firms get what little number of jobs do come to them through the organisation of the profession, the smaller and medium-sized local firm is in fact extremely vulnerable and dependent on what clients it can attract. Design skill is very much within this context. In one discussion in our group, for example, the job of working for a private housing developer was described as: to aim at a certain market; must have Georgian windows; areas to be designed strictly dictated and un- related to government minimum standards; no direct contact with house buyers; no garages; no ‘little extras’ in houses; no storage etc Architecture is effectively controlled by the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) which constitutes the majority on the Architects Registration Council UK {ARCUK). An insight into the nature of RIBA can be had from a look at the people it has gathered for its annual conference, held in Liverpool in July 1978, titled ‘Living in Cities’ and calling for a ‘general commitment to the ideas of community architecture’ Firstly, a lot of members are excluded by the cost — £65 for three and a half days Fifty buraries are offered to help counteract this to people who can offer a few ‘well: chosen words’ on why they should go, but this is on the level of a competition on the back of a Cornflakes packet. So much for architectural communities — the same would apply to much of the rest of the city’s community. Looking at what was covered by the conference speakers it can be seen that the whole spectrum ofa city politics is covered — the church, industry, land, the local and county authorities, central government, the USA, all on the first morning. The second day covers the inner city partnership programme (ICPP), and housing by a local councillor, local officer, housing associations and co-ops, private developer and finally, a county officer. A closer look confirms that the conference is an annual bandwagqqon, a showpiece, revealing that RIBA is unable to make a serious attempt to ass'st with the city’s and architects’ problems. The Anglican Bishop begins by introducing the ‘social climate’ of Liverpool! — thereby instating the the profession firmly outside the embarrassment of its position in worldy politics? The result is often politcal naiveté. Next, the object of the architect's work, the city fabric, is stated in a primarily visual and aesthetic way. The visual aspect may be an important part of an architect’s work, but the primacy of the ‘aesthetic’ blinds many employed architects both in their education and later in practice, to their manipulation by developers, builders and others whose motives can be less easily acceptable. Will the speaker in this case, Theo Crosby, repeat his former mistakes? His praise of Cumbernauld New Town in 1962 points to his ‘visual blindness’: “Nearby (the municipal centre) on the north edge of the hill will be a group of tower blocks. From the hill there will be spectacular views in all directions, and this centre, with its wide terraces and broad flights of steps, could be the most exciting big new thing in Britain.” Fifteen years later, a Sunday Times popular splash against architects led pub- lic opinion that the centre was, in fact, “expensive, out of character, impractically sited ona windy hill... wives were left to trudge the endless walkways and ramps to a city centre that, isolated from the passing pedistrian, couldn't fail to be dull.” Does the professional practice have a part to play in the community? Some combine community action and involvement with getting their bread and butter from such design work as results from this activity Professional ‘independence’ may have some edge in communities over agencies hampered by local or national state departmentalism Attempts by local groups to organise their own lives always cross departmental and disciplinary lines, and in so doing often expose some of the real conflicting interests which the local authority sustains. The former Community Development Projects, backed by the state, did this and where disbanded when they exposed local interests of ‘big capitals Opposition to recent attempts by Liverpool community groups, under the umbrella of the LCVS, to gaina say in the DoE’s partnership scheme is a more recent example. Some architects have realised the need for community organisation, but in returning to the ‘bread and butter’ a:chitectural practice for community groups, such design work as comes their way can only represent community control within the confines of a design process as defined by the ethics and codes of professional practice There is a dilemma between private practice (architectural private enterprise) and community work. The ethic of independence combined with service in itself conflicts with the inter-disciplinary involvement needed in effective community control. This dilemma is also present in other small practices trying to maintain professional integrity in the face of increasingly desperate and competitive commercial and other clients. At the same time, Monopolies Commission investigation of the fee-scale, the rising cost of nsurance, and the increasingly precarious legitimacy of the architectural profession loom large as factors in the insecurity of these firms 2. WHO CONTROLS US, WHO REPRESENTS US? At the centre of the public image of architectural work is the private practice, similar to the medical or legal practice. There are lots of these practices in Liverpool. Their local club is the Liverpool Architectural Society (LAS) and they are represented in the North West Regional Council of the RIBA. The five or six largest firms appear to dom- inate the LAS, but below these there are twenty or more firms with two or more part- nersm and a whole host of further smaller firms. As in all small enterprises there is an intimacy about these latter which is a relief from the big hierarchies, although those who work in them are dependent on the partners’ relationship with clients and have to help cultivate the right social climate in the firm, whoever the client may be. Next, John Worthington introduces ‘‘the private initiative”, dealing with industry in terms of “creating work through small entreprises, self-help”. This is coupled with David Palmer, a Chartered Surveyor, appealing to financiers to help with non-profit- making development of ‘difficult’ inner city sites. Land, finance and industry which are at the base of Liverpool's problems are skirted around. The conference official stimulus paper, “Living in Cities ” sees the problem as one of “a graduated balance between ‘the little things and the big things’ ... ina free market economy.” Good sites, roads, well-housed labour and a local authority with an empathy towards private enterprise arealthatisneeded,and“thereisnoreasonwhythesethingsshouldnot be provided” !To reduce such closures as that of Triumph at Speke or any other of Liverpool's recent disasters to this is naive. Furthermore, Palmer's appeal to goodwill from financiers (usually mostly insurance and pension funds) on land development can be little more than a cosmetic measure when they generally have to underwrite high land values to maintain high profit rates so that such thingsas‘our pension funds keep pace with inflation. Another type of local practice as represented was based on ‘community’ and housing association work. In this case lack of finacial rewards is, at least initially, replaced by the satisfaction of working with, and the support of,the local community. These arch- itects were playing a part in community development. Architects have often been prime movers in the declaration of GIAs, HAAs or community schemes which have later been backed or taken over by the state. The resulting organisations such as the co-ops have then farmed a certain amount of work back to private practices. In this way, schemes get the more specifically ‘architectural’ attention which is absent ‘in-house’, and seems to be only attainable within the old professional set-up. The co-op which has fought successfully for its own new housing (mentioned above), for example, looked at inter- nationally-famous housing architects such as Darbourne and Darke before deciding ona local practice. Existing housing associations or co-op ‘in house’ architects were not con sidered Where do architects stand? Strangely, local architects may gain from this uncertainty, in that in the rush to beat deadlines forproposals for applications, d ments can only agree to resurrect their old building programmes rather than Grand the money on re-organising a joint attack. This is, however, architecture by default; mor ‘ so when the DoE itself appears to be laying the blame, perhaps rightly, for the fousin disasters of the last twenty years on the shoulders of architects. But as our owndis : cussions have shown, to cut design skills out of housing altogether (viz. run-down of local authorities and fee -cutting in housinig associaitions) may be to throw the b. with the bath water. ; eo Further speakers on housing are unlikely to give much help to the situation of arch- itects as we find them: Allan Roberts of Manchester is likely to give short shrift to architects for their performance with system builders in the public housing programme. Liverpool's new Liberal housing chairman has recently “slammed the ‘hare- brained architects and clever-dick planners’ for producing ‘zany and often bizarre- looking’ council housing estates in the past. ‘Good homes are not created by last year’s architectural competition winner’.” Finally, Tom Barron expounds ‘Build for Sale’ — the architectural component of which has already been mentioned: is the conference onOFF IDO |BRASOF RL -— : es pnyEX HowAdeyourAovAME\—~ — FACTORY Jogs gens? / NS évs I} organiser crazy when he asks us to desecrate our own jobs by asking ‘what isstopping developersbuildingmorehousesforsale?’ +f After skirting round industry and land, J.P. Mcllroy represents, under ‘the public initiative’ just how determined a stand a local authority can take in ‘empathising with private enterprise’. Formerly chief planning officer of Labour -controlled Bootle, now chief executive of Tory-controlled Sefton, created out of Bootle and Southport after re-organisation, he has been known as a strong officer, perhaps above local politics. The effect of attracting private enterprise on the local community in Bootle, however. is questionable. A vast area of working class housing was removed, for example, to make way for the Stanley office development. Although this was justified as creating jobs for Bootle, the offices pull in workers from all over Merseyside, and certainly don’t discriminate in favour of local people with a background in manufacturing and port employment. Similarly, in conjunction with Ravenseft, Bootle wasprovided under Mcllroy with the New Strand shopping centre which gaveoutlets for major shopping chains while local shopkeepers went to the wall after promises of relocation made in return for passive acceptance of the necessary CPOs, fizzled out. To sum up, the profession founds us on the church and an aesthetic basis which blinds us in our compliance with the forces which control us. We may be gingered into another year of drudgery by a vision of small enterprise workshops and land develop- ment which will never get to the real problems. We have a local authority in which we are squeezed out between ‘attracting big business’ (using outside architects) and an in- ability to relate to the local community. And we are being by-passed in housing, both in the public and private sectors. We need a new political basis for organising ourselves. The RIBA continues to ‘represent’ us by drawing its alliances with the management of a political establishment which can still, in fact, do nothing but run the old city and its communities down The RIBA tries to excuse itself for doing this, and for letting a lot of its members go down, by trying to create an atmosphere of ‘regenerating the old city’ and ‘community architecture’ while our jobs disappear. The RIBA is rightly associated with the architects responsible for the disasters of the last 20 years, but bankrupt in terms of the representation of architects as they now stand. Thesearebuttwoexamplesofsomethingwhichhasbeenparallelledintheema ingofLiverpool.WhiletheimageofthewelfarestatehadbeenthatofSi e worstaspectsofwhollyfreeenterprise,peoplearerealisinghowthelocal Lea has complied in the rape of local communities; wholesale Gestruction ae reco! was justified as attracting industries — but these are now leaving town The confusion of the architects’ fall between private enterprise ange Sa ne continues in the next morning's discussion of the ICPP. Des Nevonee eRe ebfafsecdtwoFheNnethheTLrieyaesurpyanoeteherSEiOe raiealSOeusyaadthceireseeparate rs. The ICPP is thus unable to address itselfproperly tot e o saatlackinginthenecessaryeconomicteethtocreateaJohnat oe ral roblems. In Liverpool, local political instability (the former LIE nthe : hhasbeenreplacedbyaLib/ConpactwhenLabourgainedama}Can See clection’l further undermines because departmental policies are pitcne 9) each other for reasons of short-run political expediency. UNIVERSITY OF RIALTO Community Centre. eZmi ; by Commumty Architect SNAP PROJECT AREA New-buila Co-operative BENE Eos SSOP SMI EOGLIA Pies ies Se So/ : r SNAP improvement SHELTER’S original base KINGSLEY ROAD PRINCES AVENUE RATHBONE JOINERY WORKSHOP ADMIRAL STREET designed Plz Stetion > ~E " ROAD "DISTRICT CENTRE architect - STEBLE STREET BATHS CORN and YATES STREET HOUSINGaacCO-Ol’ Housing Co-op Rehab ESSEX STREET POLICE STATION ses ? S new uses for oldbuildings DS i> } MK “Zo< £ yy , es yeSis sem :a I ATon : . Wath Sa SS BRMeare Bieaol re ge BY NOE Ge he PH CBE R: 57 Peart e Sce43 35 PACK EDN ES au SERusfori f ‘<}|if cel}aed ;- pane ; : eS 30/2 ATi) y ae pal Eed| A bHee-}5;—f2erat| W f ) o2 A S ro°))I Otho LIVERPOOL ThWe Ae,ye *raine) , ie oO me BARA eS PARLIAMENT STREET Planning Blight" FAULKNERSQUARE Sate V—"o*m@BOEBEY BSSOY yoa cmtsy SQUARE Fehabilitation and Conversion eCOMeMUNITY SOG 3 rea race | CENTRE UPPER STANHOPE STREEY Commumity centre ED cee GRANBY STREET SHOPPING improvement Project MERLIN STREET First Urban Aid Community cenére WELLER STRRETS HOUSING CO-OP “TOWN TRAIL” OUR — examples of professional architecture in the community and the alternatives. be |shopping :Social secunty, 3. ARCHITECTS IN LIVERPOOL A look at the origins and post-war development of Liverpool will show the declining local architectural involvement in the changing power base of the city. It may also help to explain something of the situation we are in now, and point the way for a reformulated local organisation of architects which can play a stronger and more realistic role in what the planners who took part in one of our discussions characterised as in effect a policy of a “managed decline’ — which is something no-one knows how to handle. The RIBA conference stimulus question, ‘Should architects commit themselves to the entrepreneurial-catalyst role as professionsal leaders; is this a vested interest in disquise; if so does it matter?’ is entirely inappropriate to the position of local archi- tects and the demise of the inner city. In ignoring the rea/ industrial and economic base of the city it masks the true basis of a profession which is still a useful form of organ- isation to its largest and still successful national and international firms which are in alliance with big capital. Its purpose may be seen to encourage the continuance of an entrepreneurial attitude in its out-dated 19th century form among the mass of mem: bers led by the profession. This leaves local architects powerless to organise against the erosion of their position by an increasingly powerful central and local state working with ‘outside’ industrialists and developers who have the area in a stranglehold. Local practices still depend on ‘professional independence’ for their position, but are undefended against fee-cutting and loss of work to nationals. Local authority work is decreasing, while central state agencies such as the PSA increase their workload. Meanwhile, successful national and international practices, well capitalised and estab- lished at a higher turnover on lower fees, draw further into ‘unethical’ package dealing and speculative enterprise. There is little on the horizon to give Liverpool! hope that it has anything to gain from ‘international expansion’: yet the idea of a non-growth economy, participation in the management of decline, is as unpalatable to the city’s managers as it is to the local architects’ society. The latter seem content to cut each other's throats and sell out to outside interests (for example, the Liverpool Architect- ure Society’s passive acceptance of the demolition of the Lyceum, its own birthplace and part of ‘our architectural heritage’) in order that those in control will get what crumbs do come their way. In the 1930s, Liverpool's architects had an international reputation for what they were doing under the patronage of the port and related industries for the city itself. In a city which had been built up by its industrial bourgeoisie comparatively ‘overnight’, there had been a strong tradition of philanthropy followed by a model municipal government. The local authority were early in their patronage of architecture. Under Sir Lancelot Keay, the council housing developments of the 1930s attained a respectable architectural clothing which was coherent with the style of the city’s other great buildings, Both shared, for example, the influence of Dudok and the Dutch School School. Working class housing attained the image of equality with the city’s industrial base. But by the 1930s, the old industries were already in decline, and new ones seen to be needed. Keay’s housing culminated in the model community at Speke which was integrated with new factory building for modern industry. Liverpool was, then, an ideal setting for the 1948 RIBA conference to catch the utopian mood of the immediate post-war era. Keay, now the first public officer president of the RIBA sat comfortably next to Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, architect of the cathedral and at the pinnacle of private practice. Architects were entertained to tea at the home of the major industrialist Lord Leverhulme whose family was renowned for philanthropy (Port Sunlight) and patron- age of the arts. The RIBA banner was instated in the new cathedral by the Archbishop of York, and the LAS, celebrating its centenary, was acclaimed for its position as a foremost regional society in the RIBA. rc Aé ' i ' 4 J36 e < 2 m= 8 ' > - = PO} 2UBA OYA SOV3A90 JHL VYuViLiyY | aetndodun uv ojur , ueeg aaey fee 33S VW¥GUYA ATHO 4Se tl 4 vyONY q StLIN3W OL LON “S3HDNH * Say euNq ywouN 942 JO, $2503 Tyosu <q *‘kerted hidw3 341 J¥dS dQHS LN¥I¥A 30 "609, 943 UT 4379 UT perderseauy TTeN@ITUR 03 @2UepUCdweZI0> ye03024 = Ot Seetyeratza i] 1OOd:JUe a sOUTPTOH IWS. t ss they 3729939 ¥ 3SNNKH 91 HOAONG @ ‘L3N193Hd Se OL a fe27j730 Wrepow sbtse02d 27 UT AON “Pp @sou 37 340m eeu @usy2e Ayes JO G212e4IHOW Guy3ueyIUe sua Aq Wate BYR J0J /OHS SSI13ISN 3HON NIAZ P2TINZAIq 2UealoTaAVpar 943 eD4 Tw9p 943 P PIN wpyob sNidens DNIMOG Visa “Sdcl¥ JH1 a1 NHorF °32S 39 49013 gunsg Aig joodieAry SS3713SN3S SIHL MONS SUDLIYNANODD OVIGIING TATT dN AN VAN fone gloss sa3HTANIAR PIO We = 2903804207 suoiyin 133415 J 49 3c SLNTA 311 *aeAys aya 228A ITUA POTPPTS pue uno; 4302) @1OUA Oa 2eatuore ‘o"d ‘AW 1SHL Lhso1e *(OP TH puw 10179495 I! u-kq-A1E @LON SJOdo|ereq OU If "3 QUOF 9say Aled *uoyTes>ep q ple peuu02, © 3¥ 26U2 290s O42 JO SpiwY 637 SOUCTA SY Cd Ut pegrsosep 419307 © PEND hing w#yNb *3 ‘wnesk] oyy Uywied pInon "qn st#O4UTPT ING peretr © epead ysyTousp oF H3UesUOD UO BayetT eay3 OU Sunnok'q YT :5::: WarBOGTwasnotrevival|CaaSTRERIEE;GERdtRhemovement ofinternaet-s tonal industries to Merseyside encouraged by state regional policy. While planned net towns were the basis of peripheral expansion, the old city retained its atmosphere ca dereliction inherited from the war, and still remaining after a lack of state control habitual to a continuing conservative local authority (planning committee chairmen of the time are heard to be accused of using development control to bolster up a clique of local practices). Liverpool's first Labour council only came in 1955. : The post-war generation of architects were less concerned with making buildings which were locally acclaimed than establishing their international reputations. It was the /nternationa! Style. This ran true to the disestablishment of focal capital and the need to ally with outside, rather than local interests to be successful. By the early 1960s Liverpool had a combination of a stronger Labour leader wanting a planned revitalisation of the city, the standard approach by a developer (Ravenseft again) to round up an unprecedented parcel of central land for a shopping precinct (St. John’s), proposals for motorway development round the city centre, and the emergence of arch- itect-plans for city development. Holford, an ex- Liverpool architecture student, was a professor in Liverpool at the time. He had been director of the war-time state Planning and Resources Agency, and strongly recommended another of the internationalist and utopian socialist post-war generation, Shankland to prepare a plan. (The fact that and Shankland’s practice was designing private hotels in Jamaica at the time — ‘breaMdodern It is important to note that the butter work?’ — didn’t appear contradictory). reform and Style, originated ina mood of left-wing social Movement, the International the method of a utopian harmony between a working class and capital: it was to cfaoprimtal in the post- restructuring the built environment alongside the restructuring of war era. establishment was on the way out. Shankland Pe Liverpool's older architectural road be demolishe 1965 posed that nearly all buildings within the proposed inner ringoutof date : merit’ for the reason that they were ‘unlessofarchitectural ofhighbuilding,‘toconte | of building capital). There was a policy repor Y we (Restructuring skyline’. Ata timewhen the Buena thetraditionofthewaterfront pedestrian/tra alae inTowns’wasinvogue,therewastobeacompletetopavethewayoer ee walkways. Hisproposals were oe asystem of high-level but since (het TN based Se fortheyoungergenerationoflocalarchitects, », ee are and the new In lustries, brought work to go round, 2 large proportion velopers, such as Ravenseft, was aval a andcentralise fact building the most tightly-controlled isa ediHeOAe oreo firmsandsystemsdevelopers The impetus of building aae The position of architects working in planning at the time has been aptly summar ised: “We were not planners and we had no concept of urban change. Our naive enthusiasm and pre-occupation with built architectural form must have been a headache for the inner city residents we met. We talked about how the areas were going to be well designed in the future; Hey talked about the lack of jobs and the bloody-mindedness of Town Hall officials. We were miles apart and we could not even see it.” The emerging economic crisis brought home the idiocy of reconstruction, and an increasingly devastated commmunity strengthened its opposition. Under Amos the policy changed from what could be conceived to what could be afforded. Develop- ment plans were limited to areas which were likely to see significant change in the short term. Rehab, community projects and Urban Aid programmes replaced recon struction. SNAP took place in 1969. More recent planning policy in an atmosphere of even greater uncertainty is to monitor social and economic trends in order to present coherent policy options as clearly as possible. Architect-planners could not be further ‘our’ BEFORE (right) amd AFTER (below) in the Tntenm Planning Policy Statement under Borin practices of the time. well-known. 7 ement of a separate planning department hee1haTiandarchitects’independentcontrolover Whe e satl A lot of the new planning staff were still architects by training, but (Rain, washing and football eee no ntrolofthecity’sgrowthandarchitecturalleadershipofitsimplement on ret Spada programme became divorced: this further weakened thepotential stronlipiasrpaeinthebuildingofthecity.BorextendedShanklandsmethods sakete LS(1963),stillinwhatnowseemsthestaggeringlybanalarchitect-plan o ie Sealing for‘more data. The NBA's report on the sie housing Tae ee arate j _taking into account the outlined First prope coat Transportation StudY 11969) perfected the proposed TheMere temonthebasisofnearuniversalcar-ownership.These,andother a mreoptoortrsway a ithin the era in which statistics were used blindly to justify reconstructions : In a context of unlimited work, the passing of local firms’ contro! was probably un- bute Liverpool sou has 2 fist divinon beans p) f eee andCrgeniseronof/tse/fisoutofKeywithwhatalotofarch- 4.WHERE ARE WE ACTION. ? NOW? ASPECTS OF ORGANISATION AND ACTION aie ; . Theexample of Liverpool's history indicates radical State aénd private capital. 7A form of orgganainsiastiaotnion isneeded whicChHIETiGscapablseeeofr standing how the forms of control which architects face have chanel Th eine fa Certain sections of both the state and private capital have grown to the point whe professional organisation’, ethics and ideas no longer hold sway over an increasing! i specific and technically-defined logic of big capital’s and giant Geganleattonsv grote Working for these, architects, along with many other skills including management need to defend themselves (and increasingly do) on union lines. But membership of even white collar unions is seen to contradict the ‘profession’ and ‘being an architect’, although many of these unions are based on defence of skills. The private-independent streak and professional pride run deep, even when architects are badly paid down- trodden and overtaken by better-organised skills. : ive? collective or co-operative . Ol raig reporting in the Liverpool Echo, May 1978 liverinseciets The Property Boom’, London: Pan 1968 , propcsats forSe As, however, ‘Local Government becomesgo Part of the way to so’ vingJthe pr ationoflocalauthority willonly eracs architects eltheyie 7;InterimPlanningPolicyState’ LiverpoolCityPlannin ‘C:ityit ii’ ' feySar BigBusiness oe ' uchnick,‘UrbanRenewalinLiverpool’,Occ.Pap.onSoc.Admin.NoS3,COT] a. ’ architecturewhentheyare Seon: i - See REFERENCES: Liverpool lDistricttLabour Part y, Housing Poliicy Statement, 1978 pene VEISOUCe Demantiing Merseyside: the collapse of Regional Policy’, New Statesman, 21.4.78 . lve, ‘Large Firms on Merseyside’, i |Poly, 1978 RIESMembershipList,1977"ert a Pt : Ceemy.CumbernauldNewTown’,ArchitectsYearBook10,1962 Conner jameson, ‘British Architecture: 30 Wasted Years’, Sunday Times 6.2.77 Tae ‘onaghy, ‘Inner Cities: Government Response’, RIBAJ July 1978 . ieat merenos‘BritishInnerCityPlanning:apersonalview’,Architect’sYearBook1974 eeewLitiverpoolCityCaeDnetpraertPmlean’t,,1965” ae ofcommuniOtFyotherwiseunrelatedtogia inLiverpooln’,eunpub.d=raft,LiverpoolUniversitiyoe forms practices of Post-War Planning aswioilfotchoemrmercial Le eatsmn Newoncnsummary inArchitecturean ey andeconomic baseofcities. tfrag¢mented ,butm e q NeusareasraeaingProfessions.’NAM1977 rch. Movt. (continued) ‘Publi i StatedepartmentsDeocallySHON“ fewrch.Movt.‘WorkingforWhat?TheCaseforTradeUnionOrganisation somewha' manageme! informerlyandmergedunderacorporate i X 197; SAGManifestoinAJ,3.5.78peasLene a centralised ise. rfunectioneee withprivateenterpris Jolhohn Bennington, ’‘Local Government Becomes Big Business’, COP 1976 which enables the state to keep pace aRaaeea Proposals arising from NAM’s recent conference on 2 Public Design Service (PDS) have pointed out how an architectural ideology founded primarily on private practice has given even local authority building programmes the image of private enterprise specifically from major new ideas coming from farming out projects to private practice and competitions. At the same time as bringing the local authorities into line with private enterprise In this way, architects have been becoming involved in specific corruption scandals in handling contracts with private building firms. Finally, now, local authority architects are again caught between private enterprise and the state, torn between their profession and unionisation as their departments are dismantled. These two articles are written partly from discussions held in the first half of this year by people interested in forming a non-professional group of building designers . Now a clearer picture has emerged, a group will be formed in the autumn to continue analysis, formulate action on certain issues, and take on projects. If you are working in architecture or building design, want to know more about architectural organisation and practice, doing or needing projects which involve a collective way of working etc., contact: ‘Designers Meeting’, c/o School of Architecture, University, Liverpool. A stronger, more democratic basis for planned control over the city’s development is needed and some planners in local authorities are moving In the direction of creating a basis for this. Local architects, having barely got over the passing of control from the city architects department and local practice, and then the architect-planner and nat- ional practice, must be now prepared to think in terms ofparticipating in decisions on the city’s development, not as leaders, but from a more realistic definition of their skills. (At least, then, the dangers of repetition of the blame for the tower blocks and the concrete jungle of the sixties could not be repeated). Private practice in a society founded on the free market and private enterprise !s still the basis of the Royal Institute of British Architects. As such they may effectively represent the interests of the management of a few large offices which act as consultants or leaders on the reorganisation of state or provate projects. The ethics and requirements of practice of these are increasingly far from those of employed architects and even medium and smaller private practices. By remaining under their domination, the majority of architects cannot help themselves. One current defence of professionals is that by the Salaried Architects Group inthe RIBA. This is likely to continue the tradition of a succession of ineffective union-type challenges within the RIBA unless it can completely expose the latter’s foundation on private enterprise and recognise that their defence of the ‘profession’ is tantamount to 4 defence of craft skill. The New Architecture Movement on the other hand, ha opened up the possibility of unionisation outside the profession through the AUEW white collar section, TASS — there are no TASS architect members in the North West yet. Ther a re a hanful of architects in the building industry’s STAMP, but this new organisation still has no policy on the building firms’ strengthening grip on design. In Liverpool, the need is to organise and co-ordinate action and discussion between architects and other groups along these lines. Designers need to open up adescription of their skills which enables them to work alongside other groups rather than feeling that if they do not lead, they have failed. There is an increasing number of examples of environmental and building work being done in either a collective or co-operative way. The contributors to group discussion were:— Mike Brown, Paul Coats, Chris Cripps, Robb MacDonald, Don Field, Pete Gommon, Bill Halsall, Jonty Godfrey, Frank Horton, Nigel Jones, Alison Lindsay, Graham Ward and others. The articles as published do not necessarily represent the views of contributors. Architects working In both the state and private sectorscould unite in mutual defence if the basis was an understanding of how their work fitted into the growth, change and interaction of private andstate capitals — rather than ae ums , sph competitive discourse confined to building form and techniques {which are, any increasingly outside our control). : ThePDSisaproposedreformationoflocalauthorityarchitectsdopeee ing in local areas. The RIBA’s move into ‘community architecture ,W' ich a a S te practice in the community, would be a similar venture if based on true par Se oiPaiaetivepractice.Whichisthebetterformat?Statepineoss eT from the relatively weak and private enterprise-oriented RIBA, whose prac 5. THE ‘REPRODUCTION’ OF ARCHITECTS Entry into the architectural profession is almost exclusively in the hands of the schools of architecture. Liverpool has two schools, at the University and the Poly If the first is too accademic, international in its outlook and disregards ; Liverpool, the second is too practical and local-signed to be more ‘practical’ and local in its caucus. These two schools have played the major role in supplying the members of the local architectural establishment (in addition to many architects for other areas). Only a few technicians and part-timers now make the grade, and this is not without a hard struggle during their attendance at the schools). going on. Of course, these general criticisms of architectural education are experienced by — individuals. In fact, education is very much a biographical process which isrevealed in the life cycle of individuals. Therefore, the following, partly factual, partly fictitious case study of Joey Bishop, a working class kid who makes the architectural grade, exams helped assessment and nearly al project work with little emphasis on written elped a poor exam performance and rewarded his consistent effort. jtectural education. +1 ie |' |at }| ly ——ssy —— + Pu r HF igCees a -- 4 | .@}| + ~— = a “ysoo iE 5 | 1 con ©t- Loe f HL Ls i an t nt \ (i ne fF|}— a Wace,an zCSE,EnglishLanguage2,EnglishLiterature1,Geography1, JoeyAeae andEngineeringDrawing1,Physics1.CSEhadbeengoodfor The process of producing professional architects is dominated by several bodies, notably the RIBA, who monitor intake standards and the content of courses. The RIBA Education and Practice Committee (EPEC) plays an important role in the con- trol of education. EPEC makes recommendations to the RIBA Council, where, if agreed to, they become policy and are put into effect by EPEC and its committees. One of the most important of the EPEC committees is the visiting board. Both the Liverpool schools have recently had visiting board inspections. The outcome ofa visit- ing board inspection Is a confidential report to the head of the school in which recommendations on standards and conditions are made. The weapon of refusal to re- cognise a course is a powerful force in the schools’ educational policy. Joey was born and brought up in a two bedroomed terraced house with no bath room and an outside toilet. He attended the local state primary school, he was a well btehaved and highly regarded pupil. He was expected to pass the 11+ and go on to the local grammar school. In 1962 Joey failed the 11+ examination — and was already classified by the system as a failure. Rather than the local Collegiate or Institute, it was Earle Road Secondary Modern School, ‘Never mind, Joey, there is always the 13+”, his mother had said. The 13+ never took place for Joey, and that was how much his mum knew about education. In fact, Earle Road’s greatest claim to fame was 4 first division footballer. Enquiries among both staff and students at both schools suggest a sparse under- standing of the way their architectural education ts controlled. The two aspects of architectural education, ‘skill teaching’ anda ‘liberal education’ are encompassed by both schools to different degrees, perhaps depending on whether salaried or manager- jal positions are aimed at. The Liverpool schools don’t seem to question whether their establishments are sutiable for achieving the aims of learning, which of the many architects, technicians or builders in the city they could'leatn their skills from, or how this should be done. The result is an ad-hoc exchange of arhitects’ contributions to teaching programmes in the schools in return for qualified people to staff their offices: this depends on personal contact and there is little awareness of what is really Things started to happen for Joey in his first year at secondary school; ‘he worked well and fully deserved his high position in class’ to quote his school report. He never asked many questions, but just got on and did things consistently well. To his teachers Joey was a good pupil from a good home, he was never in trouble, and always conscientious .. .head prefect material. When he was 14, Joey’s parents visited the eco andweretoldthatJoeystoodagoodchanceofdoingquitewellatCSE.They eenbreredanesayesbrightfuturefortheirson,theydidn’tknowwhatCSEwas Fords Cerin + 'poe aqualification, enough to keep Joey away from the docks or Ns aan ae y this tended towipe out Joey's previous failure at 11. The CSE and RenESRC wouldbeJoey's ‘saviour’.MrJames,thewoodworkteacher,who dbVAISERERKS inners than you have sawn wood’, was very influencial on Joey's the doing that urrounded by spoke shaves and planes Joey was in his element. It was Rbounthewinter:eee andnotthethinkingaboutit.MrJamestalkedalot Recreate Fine education and Joey was impressed. Secondary school years passed at English laser 2 ne about them. Top of the class after top of theclass. Bad only edithath pelling) he shone at geography and technical drawing. It was suggest- at hecouldaimforajobasadraughtsman. The discussion of fundamental issues is non-existent in both the Liverpool schools. What discussion that does take place centres around such issues as course content, the desirability of lectures as opposed to seminars, year structure as opposed to work-bases or exams as opposed to continual assessment, to the exclusion of all else. Any protest is futile, disunited and ineffectual. For example, student criticism of the courses ‘jacking in real life content’ is dismissed as being of small value simply by virtue of the fact that each student is there only for 3 or 5 years. Prehensi % icate inReais so itwas off to Anfield Comprehensive Schoo! with his CSE certif FROM THE COMMUNITY TO ARCHITECTURE ..... sere ieacoecomprehensivetotake‘A’levels.‘Everthoughtaboutdoing load isgene He oe. the goegraphy teacher had asked. In for a penny !n for a pound, bit ofa surprise Se results were no surprise to Joey’s English teacher, they were 4 what was going © Joey but more than anything else he didn’t really have any idea it was all about oa mowevaly and perhaps more importantly, no-one explained what really understoc AR fact, it wasn’t until his later years of university education that he Joey was od what matriculation meant. The family had misgivings, perhaps aiming too high. However, the school fought hard for a trial year at the com: might raise some questions about arch ’iii Joey Bishop is an architect, he was trained at the Liverpoo {University iSchool of arcnitectare! He is the only child of Joseph and Mary Bishop. Joseph isachargeliand in a local facory, Mary owns a small knitwear shop. They're a Liverpool family, the most prosperous and comfortably off in their neighbourhood. They own their or . terraced house, and Joey’s first real job is to process an improvement grant applicatio for his parents’ house. ciliata Joey's first task at the comprehensive was to decide which ‘A‘ levels to try for. Joey had been good at geography and had enjoyed the projects associated with it, so it was geography ‘A’ level for him. Geology was interesting and there were plenty of field trips so he had a stab at that as well. However, before Joey could get on with his ‘A’ levels he had to get one 'O' level in English. After two attempts he succeeded in passing with grade 5. Whatever came later, this, perhaps more than anything, proved to be the greatest failing of Joey's education. At the beginning of the upper sixth,, many of his school mates were considering teachers training colledes, polytechnics and universities. The headmaster at Anfield thought it might be worth Joey trying out an application form for university in addition to the technical colleges and polytechnics he was trying for. What to apply for? The only possibility seemed to be planning, well geography and planning went together. Six choices of university doing undergraduate planning degrees. . Sheffield, Birmingham Aston, Heriot Watt, Newcastle, Cardiff, Manchester. No offers, no interviews, in fact nothing. Joey felt hard done by. Brixton College of Building made him an offer of two C's and so did the local polytechnic, so Joey set his mind on one of these, at least, that was until September and the’A’ level results came along. Joey got an A and a B. The staff at Anfield thought it would be a good idea to go to a university, but it wasn’t as easy as that. Then came September 1970, and the UCCA clearing scheme; Course Code 5100, Architecture, Liverpool School of Architecture — without knowing what ‘architecture’ was, Joey was off on his architecture education. ‘Architecture, what's architecture?’ thought Joey. The postman brought him an answer in the form of a programme of pre-term work. A book list, from which Joey was to select two and write an essay. Already Joey was at 4 disadvantage. The letter also asked him to make a diary about his thoughts and react ions in observing and studying some designed artifact. ‘What's a designed artifact?’ Joey thought. His confusion was made worse by the helpful clarification ‘anything from a teaspoon to 4city’. The jargon of architectural education was introduced early on in Joey's education, even before he arrived at the school of architecture. Joey wrote about a block of high rise flats for his pre-term essay. He noted the simplicity and symmetry of the design. He wrote about the external facade of the block of flats, the surface patterns, colours and textures. Even at this stage, with only a few preconceptions, Joey assumed architecture was something to do with ‘facades’. He thought little of his home surroundings, a house without a bathroom in.an area suffering planning blight. He thought nothing about the community. In fact, despite living at home he was to become increasingly separat- ed from his home background. He was progressively cut off from the life of hissocial group and family; neither was he a member of the ‘street gang’ and, even at univers ity, sex came late for Joey. After all, he always did his homework. Arca tecsered fFae= Wet ope — Joey consistently equated architecture with drawing, so he thought he'd be ok. He knew he had done well at technical drawing and he thought his woodwork would be useful, Unfortunately, that wasn’t the case. The graphic artist, from the school of art knew how to draw, Joey thought, or at least it sounded as if he did. Joey never s2 him draw. One of Joey's first projects had something to do with the ‘considers’ .on of a line’. ‘As for his woodwork experience, well, that wasn’t really on either. The yea! Joey arrived at the school of architecture the one and only craftsman technician was being laid off, Whilst Joey was at the school the workshop turned into 4 glorified model making room withalittle used wind tunnel in one corner. : Architecture must have something to do with buildings, Joey thought, but people at the school of architecture kept telling him it was more than just buildings. In fact, during his first week at the school, Joey came to the conclusion that it was glossy architecture in the university and buildings in the polytechnic. For a short time the folk singing, records, wine and coffee till the early hours: became part of Joey’s life. An occasional visit to the halls of residence to visit ‘friends’. He replaced his football scarf with a school of architecture scarf and stopped ‘going to the match’ on Saturday afternoon. In his second year Joey questioned the value of a sketch design for 2 community centre in an area of high rise housing, when the local community had said they didn’t want one. At the external review of his work, the examiner suggested that Joey got on wath wba he was told to do without questioning projects. ; as ee Haan oe to concentrate on working, 4 language he knew well, Joey kepta easene rawingskillsdevelopedtoafineartandhedrewhiswaythrough Seciea : honours degrees. Professional practice and part three examinations in, but that aspect is another story. After fifteen years of ‘graft’, Joey had made it; an architect. coceretats school of architecture was no different than secondary school or the See Sistine Soeseee of hurdles, the scholarship fence which he had jumped by, Teetinesseea eae-Heacquiredfactsratherthanhandlingandusing eed aeal Tones Ps ed to thinkdifferently, to experiment to learn but he only Relsea hiner Be is personality. In this respect the school of architecture neither indered him. eeHaeendofthecourseJoeyiswellonthewaytobeingafullypaidupmember i urgeoisie — and he doesn’t understand how it happened. PES Uatie nen the school of architecture Joey was taught many lessons. He Seaeta noc x ofparty-goingandconversationtogetherwiththepatina anvehinatlierenee: isdrivetoworkandachievewasreinforced,and,if ee eien Mey ceue increasingly competitive. Joey certainly became a highly selt- Gea shone La Aa even arrogant. Equally, he was alienated and drawn away resha SEhGGIGE meee a .Finally, the practical skills he had acquired were too open, Joaeihcd osennh ecture design skills must be arcane. ranemnitting ae a powerful socialising mechanism as well as a knowledge Graledueston palyaere oe eauOn is a subtle, but important part of the architect- EMauEISeT IST;.rchitecturaleducationisamajorpartoftheprocessof se ttioniintalclise : eo of continually recreating and maintaining the architects thi tandawaranes ociety. In fact, itis an indictment of Liverpool's educationalists enes of this is buried in the sand. ; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Group of Liverpool Designers Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Murray Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1978 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/d02a1f8a6dd8dabadc764422910e4972.pdf c9ee42f7dfa6c648724234f1c92923b6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Trade Unions and Architecture Description An account of the resource Themes included action on asbestos and Health & Safety, and involvement with Direct Labour Organisations and Building Unions. Following comparative research of possible options, NAM encouraged unionisation of building design staffs within the private sector, negotiating the establishment of a dedicated section within TASS. Though recruitment was modest the campaign identified many of the issues around terms of employment and industrial relations that underpin the processes of architectural production. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Union based Initiative Subject The topic of the resource Role of Unions - Case History from Hackney Description An account of the resource ne0NebON.BUASED iNeiotbALTaVe LN AC KN EY DRAFT MAY 1978 ROLE OF THE UNIONS - CASE HISTORY FROM HACKNEY Tom Bul ley May, 1978. Notes for NAM Conference, Birmingham, 6th May, 1978. PREAMBLE: - autonomous intervention, not incorporation through consultation THEMES: Take your own current job and conditions seriously, make connections and overcome barriers using existing democratic means; when blocked create more direct forms of access to power under democratic control. THE HACKNEY STORY: ' A case history of attempts to relate trade union activities to the content of work, and to develop inter-union co-operation in one London Borough." BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Hackney and Hackney Council Union structures Nalgo Management structures Direct labour force Building management Architecture and Planning Building Programme (lack of) History of the Problem Struggle for jobs Democracy as a precondition for democratic design. Democratic design as an immediate social need and expression. Forms of democracy Design as a social process Democratic management Feb. 78: Mar. 78: Apr. 78: UNRESOLVED ISSUES: Postponement of Joint Working Party Meeting Partial revival of Dept. Working Party Unblacking of ACHO post (or not). Reports to Policy Committee. Scramble for Staff. Policy Committee. Leaders Panel (HIP). Leaders Panel (Partnership). Departmental Meeting. Unblacking of work to Consultant Architects {or not). Planned building programme Corporate Programme Borough Plan (and the struggle for Planning) Client roles in design - institutional - direct (i.e. users) Producers' contributions to design - in detail - in concept Worker's Alternatives (alternative plan) CONNECTIONS TO BE MADE - OR DEVELOPED: Tenants groups Residents groups Community groups Research groups Pressure groups Political groups Activists Councillors Hackney NALGO / other departments Joint Hackney Unions NALGO / TASS Building Workers Unions Other local authorities architects Private architects NAM Community Architecture- Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tom Bulley Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Allan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 1978 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/a2eb8eb0f57c1f2667d1f289ed0b6a67.pdf 77d47bb6b926961bdbf9e451c14bfd13 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Brian Anson/ARC pre and post Harrogate Subject The topic of the resource Various documents describing ARC ideas and activities See below Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource ARC Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975-1976 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource AA Intermediate School Unit 1 Subject The topic of the resource Review of staff & projects AA Unit 1 in Percy Street: Unit Master Brian Anson (4pp) Description An account of the resource UnitStaff EISSSOOOO'S cc ccc AA Intermediate School REVIEWS Unit 1 1974/75 PHILOSOPHY The Unit came into existence in 1971 on Unit one in the Intermediate School is re- architecture is neither used as a weapon HISTORY In the name of architecture we proclaim theworldofpeople'sarchitecture. We cannot yet put right al that is injust in our social system under which archi- tecture exists, but we can determine that The members of Unit One have always beeninterestedintheirownprofession's “figure-head’ and its attitude towards those instigating social change. The Present members of the Unit's acceler- ating disgust for the institution that Purports to advance the course of architecture has manifested itself in ARC, To learn how to direct our art and create effective change within its application and performance we must understand PROJECTS The “Onshore Impact, Study and threattothelandscape,itseems,isafar Disasterbuilding more important issue than the threat to the social structure of an area, foronly capital city of Macedonia ed bird sanctuary) are certain proposals Central area and rendering thousands of would only be available to houses with a demolished and the land redeveloped in the context of a master plan. the wave of publicity over the Covent nowned for its rejection of conventional Garden campaign, an issue with which architectural theories and practice. Since Unit Master Brian Anson, was deeply in- it came into being four years ago it has volved following his dismissal from the when development threatens a stretch of Yugoslavia. In 1963 a serious earthquake picturesque coastline (or a long establish- hit the city, destroying a major part of the Pope Street fell on one of thearbitrary border lines drawn by the LA planning G.L.C."s Covent Garden planning team So, from the very start, the Unit was in- extricably linked with community and political action, This naturally led to a deep interest in the nature of particip- ation and a fundamental belief in the throughout England, Ireland, Scotland myth and prove it is a fraud in the guise Preferably confuse into assistance, ideaofaco-operativesociety. andWalestheUnitmembershaveattempt-ofarchitecture, Infactifthereisonemajorelementin edtorelatedirectlytotheordinary GEORGEMILLS,ARC the structure of the Unit's philosophy and people in their work, not to the powers one idea that has permeated its work over that pretend to represent them. It has thelastthreeyears,itisthisideaofwhat alwaysbeenfundamentaltotheprogress impact of recent oil discoveries in the ment, which is our base, the need for a new system of values based on co- operation is urgently needed. Through working with a community abused and ignored by these agencies, and Sbscurity isadvantageous. they are an obstacle in our desire to work +The Unit Master is sort of unusual? radical reassessment of role in — education — profession so the project was established w.thin the not, be based solely on a single resource AA in 1973 and has now been built into a or demand. Clearly this lesson has yet to be learned; and at sucha price, are,ofnecessity,takingaradicalreview of the very nature of the architect and his role in society alternativeapproach tosocialproblems. In general we are engaged in the conti- nuity process of constructing a meta- language in the untried, unknown, or jobsonthenewdevelopments exceptper- haps as cleaners or gate wardens? Most of traffic-free narrow streets of the old city, The Unit has always been interested in the more equitable distribution of know- ledgeandpowerwithinSocietyand Particularly in architecture. To our knowledge we are the only Unit Perhaps in Britain to use resources to employ local community people to funct- ion as teachers of the environment. Often they are the experts. The great American organiser Saul Alinsky said: We know why this is so. What is the point ofhavingskillsthatonlyaprivilegedfew Content MACRO FRAMEWORK So what is this vital issue? Most people knowa few distorted facts. Very few haveanyknowledgeofallofwhatis really going on, except for the oil developers themselves and those with the power and wealth, And they are not concerned with the damage to coastline OF community. Only in the light of the national crisis have some of the North Sea Oil issues been seen in any form of perspective, A sad reflection on the national press and mass media, which have misinterpreted, under-rated,andinsomecases,under- played the massive changes which face the people of Scotland. But only the dramatic issues, such as the massive tax loopholes,arereportedbelatedlyata national level, while the gradual social erosionoildevelopments,whichwill eventually directly affect thousands and indirectly affect the entire nation, grind ‘on inevitably. ThousandofacresofScotlandarenow directly controlled by London and U.S. based multinational companies, while newoptionsonhundredsmorearebeing takenupalmosteveryweek.Thereare sitesofstaggeringproportions;2,000 acres and more, twice the area of central London. All this has not occured merely in the last two or three years, as some believe; the footsgobacktenyearstowhen thefirst legislationpassedthroughparliament. During this time, the U.S. and U.K. commercial sector moved in quickly. Only now, when the first physical signs of development appeer, are there any signs of public alarm. ‘Yet the concern so far has been mainly for the physical beauty of the area, The continue within the AA for at least an- other year yet despite our modest successes the task ahead isstil monu- mental.Wehavereallyjustbegun. 500 houses. Unit One continues to advise the association and recently we have acquired a building within the area which isbeingconvertedintoayouthclubtoa Unit One student's design and specification We have also been able to gather money from various charitable sources for the association. At present we are working on @ scheme to rehabilitate the area in general and to put forward design options for the improvement of the dwellings. In conjunction with this we are looking at the redevelopment sites and putting for- ward designs for new housing to replace theold.Wearedoingthisinsuchaway as to allow the residents to control the financing and rate of building. We hope to do this by extending the residents’ “The University of Chicago spends hun- dreds of thousands of dollars on socio- logistsinordertofindthelocationof people.Occasionallythefruitionofits houses of prostitution when any taxi- beliefs and philosophy manifest them- driver could tell you that in five minutes,”” selves in a physical form. More often But we must practice what we preach for than not they can be found in the defence out of asituation, itself isaprocess of nature,trulyconceptualthoughtisintheacupuncture wecanhardlyspeakofcommunitiesand of working with them if we are incapable ofgeneratingacommunal spiritwithin our own ranks. ofpeople'slife-styleandculture,orinan attack on the system that makes us both creativelyimpotentandsociallyin- adequate. {any combination PopeStreetisanexampleofanurban associationintosomesortofco-operative area which suffers from the latter form housing association which could then ofexploitation.Thestreetconsistsof26 undertakeagradualrebuildingoftheir houses which were built towards the end area. By building on small vacant sites in of the last century. They were built as ‘the area we can rehouse enough of the minimal working class accommodation to existing community to then demolish serve the Mersey docks nearby. They and redevelop their houses. The important sufferfromthedeteriorationinthe pointisthattheresidentswillbeincon- building fabric brought about by a life of trol of the development rather than the are outside the dwelling in a small back- yard. Unit One's involvement dates from the decision of the local authority to at last turn its attention to the improvement of this area. It set about this task by dectar- ing part of the area a G.1.A., meaning that houses with a 12-point standard with the aid of a grant from the L.A. This grant ways been present in schools of architect- ure. Throughout its history, in project The people in their ignorance think that this is architecture. We must destroy this lobby to communities in Scotland. Parallel fishing based communities and so Scot- of the Unit to develop and maintain the invaluable links with our real clients, and to respect their life-style, customs and cultures. Fabric suggestions MICRO to the street to assess the situation and residents led to the forming of a residents’ association. co-operation means and how it can be achieved. Society isbeginning to realise, and the young have realised it for some time now, that the new world must be based on co-operation and one of the major struggles is against the 20th century cultofindividuals looking after Members get involved deeply in the rarely expounded to prospective unit — other tutor associations theirowninterestsalone, politicsofarchitectureandgovernment, hunters,asthestudent,actingonhearsay —other cli jati more than thirty years. Even if the Prefabricated dwellings, which as well as People of Scotland do ‘prosper’ (whether Causing servicing problems threatens The Unit is always wrongly accused of being totally political. It is true the resultant direction that the members of the Unit have external to AA they wish to or not) this means that before the next century is more than a few years old. Scotland will again face widespread economic depression, as it to encroach on to the limited agricultural land on which the city is still largely dependent for food. for the people who are worthy of our attention, The discovery that one’s skills are being prostituted to be a destructive, and accept the ‘condemnation’ hapilly. architectural design isvery frustrating. looking for and if I'm seen trying to find out... inadequacies likely to corrupt an induced information flow. erchitecture acquire a level of homo- geneity. Some of us redefine ~ architecture — society — neither The participation game (MYTH) —it's a game because, when completed, the symbols can all be forgotten, the tablecleared,andlifecanresume ‘Make the bastards participate or we'll a very wide ranging study of the history of the situation, the present and future implications, the effects these are having. Itwould be far easier, no doubt, to narrow the field of investigation, an academic might argue. But this is not an academic project in any sense of the word: it does not break off during the Easter vacation, nor does it end after the leave their work camps, and who pay no tax to this government. The wrench from the academic to the real world isahorrendous one for most archi- tecture students. The much cherished There’s a lot of assumptions made in any situation, Ifwe're uncertain about any- thing we assume the facts, conditions, and consequences. If life is so complex that we require to make assumptions then it is imperative that we have a substantial framework with/in which to construct, Since the work has started the political situation inScotland has developed con- fringe, they are a large enough group not siderably. This makes our continuing to be ignored even if only by throwing contribution more important than ever. the Housing 's mul We have continued to monitor the situa- Statistics into total confusion! tion and publicise our conclusions via TV can afford? What are the reasons behind the complete divorce of our cherished skills from ordinary people's desires? same position, and can only differentiate itself gradually, in accordance with the level of development, including that of the organ of thought.” (Marx) The analysis, the ideologies, the time scale,andthechange,needyourhands, By constructing a language (semantic, analytical or practical) you are set to communicate and to progress. Anyone who has stuck with the Unit or returned to it, will tell you that it is a hard ideological constructs. By professing an and demandind existence, but well worth ideology one necessitates a change in the struggle. The Unit has never set itself society. limitations or goals, it simply responds to “Since the process of thought itself grows understand nothing environmental injustice as iteffects public relations Many people cannot live up to the fundamental unit philosophy. But the A second year architectural student, if he hasanyqualityatal,mayhavethe Position of a professor in relation toa skilled dock worker in matters pertaining tothephysicalenvironment.Likewise group, thedockworkerifhehasbeeninvolved OurphilosophyisbasicallyrespondingtoMISANTHROPYmustbeaguidelineto inlocalcommunity actionisanenviron- mental specialist in relation to his own factory manager who may never have stopped to think about the environment. People,notmanipulatingthem,being creative with them, not destroying their way of life. viewingtherespectiveinstitutionsatti- tudes to those instigating social change. As bodies they should protect their members and advance their specific sub- jects. In what manner can a subject @dvance or members be protected to- Related to this work is the more academic research. This covers al aspects of hous- ing including rents, land values, labour, materials, etc. The information and pro- cessoftheworkisrecordedwithinthe Unit and will be communicated to the The embodiments of social/political mix peoplewhohavestayedthecoursehave intheformofspecificinterestgroupsin- found it incredibly rewarding in many different ways, both individually and as a cludes the professional institutions. ACCEPTANCE ISMAINTENANCE IS a hundred years with little maintenance L.A. whose redevelopment process would fromlandlords.Theyarelackingincertain requirethemassexodusofthecommun- basicfacilitiessuchasbathrooms, ity. efficientwatersupply,etc.EventheW.C. Architecture is a powerful weapon, we AndtherecanbenoquestionoftheUnit believeitshouldbeatthedisposalofthe getherwithanadvanceinsociety?The Successive generations have lived in these housesanddespitethesediscomforts, have consolidated amongst themselves a strongcommunityspiritandadeepsocial architecturalprofessionasapleafora Personal inter-relation: Masterbeingabovethegroup.Likeevery- majority,notadministeredbyfinancial, _situationchangesconstantly,wecannot alacttoachievethegreatesteffectand One else he must at times function as teacher, student and comrade. This type of work is difficult and it takes along time to achieve any meaningful results but we can attempt it daily in our work as a Unit together. multi-national and commercial interests, CONTROL change, nor should we wish who represent the privileged section of our to — but we can DIRECT change. change the direction in which architecture is moving. Are you going to assume — or are you going to assume? . Sure, we'll bite your head off, but we'll help you mould a new one. ANDY BURRELL, ARC more sensitive approach from the pro- fessionals. The students who have been involved in the project have been intro- duced to the reality of the implications of architectural decisions and have deve- loped a more responsible awareness of their potential for society. society. In the hands of the right people architecture could once again become a socially creative element, not an ugly, economic and brutal force aimed against the ordinary people of our society. _Institutional directors, not correctors, Production platform. against large sections of the people nor its potential value denied these people. Advisory Group” is essentially con- brought to public attention. homes uninhabitable. The aim of the Even the local residents of proposed de- Project was to look at the way immediate department, which meant that houses on FRAMEWORK The intrinsic and intricate philosophy (ies) internal group discussion, consultation and first became interested in the early stages of North Sea Oil development. Since that time, development has escalated at an incredible and alarming rate and their initial and personal interest has now been forced into ful time in- did after the coal mines were run down Skopje isacity of enormous contra- street had been built at the same time, More about something The association's aim was to fight the planners’ decision and itcommissioned Unit One to act as its environmental advisors. The houses on either side of the adopted and adapted over the years are — other college associations but the Paramount reason for this is and superficial ; assumes the If. through partici i .theywereprevent- andtheshipbuildingindustrydwindled dictions.Whilemanyyoungsterpeople wereequallystructurallysound,andhad ed from continuing the work in Scotland away. An economy cannot and should show obvious enthusiams for the new equal potential for improvement. In In the sphere of architecture end environ- because our skils and principles are unkown and convinces himself that international style city centre with its bright shopping centre and tall luxury flats, the cultures of the many different enthnic groups that make up the Mace- Scotland itself, the primary area of in- who are losing their homes, theirvillages, vestigation. The first task, therefore, was their way of life, how many will be given Pursue their own way of life in spite of discussions with the P.H.1. we confirmed that the houses were to be demolished merely asaplanning convenience interms of the redevelopment site. This meant that an existingcommunity would be destroyed, merely to give the L.A, architect a ‘choice’ site for his re- development. s#ggestions ‘The framework in which we combine and never get planning permission’. {Contemporary Times). You study the problems everyday — now here's how to overcome them: understand everything and all permutations regulate information and with which we analyse and compare situations are our _—‘To direct implies understanding a situation, pushing ahead constantly. _correct To is retrospective, wasteful and damaging. the forces, the complex manipulatory Paths, and the psychological disguises that we must inevitably counteract, or seas of northern Europe and the threat To explain the above we must look at the micro-frameworkinwhichweattemptto assimilate our ideologies in practical, educational and philosophical relation- ships. Ireland, Cornwall and Norway. The over- ment rates, faces the ultimate irony of Ten years later the city has almost rebuilt disastrous blow to the tight-knit commun- allaimbeingtoestablishanetworkof massivedevelopmentwhereitisneither itself,withmanymajorchanges,many ityofthestreetandsomeoftheresidents Emotive, alittle frightening, he doesn’t dress in a ‘representative’ manner (or does varied projects he), he has nothing to do with the first = sometimes interconnected year ‘lucky-dip instant exposure machine’, = sometimes rambled he hasn't won any architectural design application of principles derived from competitions, and he doesn’t write for any magazines, except perhaps the letters page — obviously sub-standard. I've heard about the unit though, nothing One of the obvious faults in our society is that many people who have talent in various subjects are prevented from using that talent and thus gaining from it, due to accident of birth, background and location. This isnot only injust but it limits the true development of intelligence skills and principles many of them up- and in fact eventually prevents the more hold throught their education, that they priviledged amongst us from getting the have defended vehemently on occasion, intellectural stimulus needed for our own are inconsequential when they start de- development. signingtoearnaliving.Therealworldofandthatwerelegateasfaraspossiblethethelastview. summerterm, andcertainjournals.Theworkwill nowrepresentsanareainwhichthereare Clientele, which by and large doesn't have Not creative force in society, is ahard one the economic power to emply them as conventional architects, the Unit members to accept. Because of the diligence of the Where will the money go to, who will it donian population are still very much in benefit? And what of the present un- evidence. Turks, Albanians, orthodox Unit's members in seeking out the source of our environmental problems, we are eccused of meddling, agitating and being too idealistic. Say that to ex or present members of the Unit and they will smile good, so Isuppose they can't be what I'm unsure areas where social and individual tosetUpaseriesofresearchprogrammes to act as a general educational backup. These were rounded off by a tour of the Scottish coastline affected by oil deve- lopment. The group is now committed to and other imigrant labour who never the authorities’ rather vain hope that — practice Work within the Unit began in May 1973. Some members of the group were un- familiar with the situation and also with employment? How many of the locals Macedonians and gypsies still doggedly — both We see ourselves, by necessity, adopting The success of these 26 families provided the g areas which suffered from similar problems. At present the Residents’ Association constitute — powerless bodies — semi-powerful bodies pregnant with committees —aconstitution blame inflation employanarchitect{thereof opt OUT OptiNn Opt Theaboveareyourtoolsforsuccess. The process you know well. However... AGITATE EDUCATE ORGANISE This is an indication of the process in which our ideologies are finding a plat- form. We judge the situations, the levels, thetimeandthemannerinwhichwecan Gypsywomanwithchild. Pope Street, Bootle cerned with the social/environmental One side of the street would stay for 30 years while people on the other side would be moved out of the area to new houses in snother part of the city. The speculated planners line was a velopments areas do not know what lies ahead for them, and their families. Most developments are proposed in rural or Studies are also being carried out in land, with its history of high unemploy- disaster problems were overcome, how People reacted under sudden unexpected disaster conditions, and how the city has rebuilt itself since the earthquake took place, posed by the powerful oil development needed nor desired, and the continuation groupsandindividualspreparedtofight ofadepressioninareaslikeClydeor broughtaboutbytheneedtocreatesafe against the exploitation of people and Dundee, where the development could resources wherever this may occur. greatly benefit the area, little time for overall planning consider- TheGrouphasitsoriginsatDundee, 1970, where a small number of students North Sea Oil is not expected to last for spread out city of low density, mostly asked Brian Anson who had been born andbroughtupinthestreettohelpthem. tight-knit group of about 6 students. the jobs at present are filled by Italians north of the river, indicate uninterrupted Pursuit of the old Turkish way of life and commerce. Thousands of gypsies con- tinue to inhabit ‘Skopje Field’ and al- though many have moved out to the more remote settlements on the town gradual re-education can be achieved. The At all times in the campaign the residents were treated insensitively by the L.A. who branded them as a ‘political’ pressure group. The residents gained the support of a local councillor, the press, and some local students and eventually, after 12 months, managed to get the planners’ decision reversed and the houses were saved and thus the community. in Southern constantly questioned and attacked The AIBA has usurped the power of acceptedmodesofarchitectureandtheir TMchitecture. relevancetosocietyandthisincludesa Thousandsofmenandwomenareunder fashionable escapist ideas that have al- itsspell. AgroupfromtheUnitvisitedSkopje,the 30vearlife.Alotherhouseswouldbe Permanent housing at a speed which leaves Some Unit One students went with him ations.Skopjehasbecomeanenormously theresultofourdiscussionswiththe esses the average male unemployment rate rises The specific projects that |have been up to over 30%. working on this year are as follows: In the last six years of violence, Derry has 1. The Cottages and Farmhouses for the lost over 200 shops, pubs and garages due Arts Council Exhibition. to bombing, many houses have been burnt and over 50 civilians have been shot 2. A continuous 24 hour study of Covent Parallel with the needs of the Partisan Army. by the military Garden the week before and the week after the fruit and vegetable market left the area. centralised Health Service was not for many reasons possible. But the evaluation of the partisan case gave us some under- standing of medical care as such. Paul Simons, 4th Year 74/75 |have been working with Brian Anson since Unit One was formed in 1971. My role as an active unit member has de- clined over the last two years as |have concentrated my work on studying British Vernacular Architecture. However a firm understanding of the past gives backing to arguments concerning today’s environment and the functioning of the recorded partisan camouflaged hospitals, chance to work directly with architects AA/Cincinnati exchange Covent Garden Ealing Derry Derry city in the North of Ireland has one architecture profession. Our experience of the highest unemployment rates in the from studying the past and being in- U_K.; currently it is 15% but hes been as volved with community orientated pro- high as 20% in recent years. But as most jects become closely related when think- care was an ad hoc system, which grew in of the city’s employment is for women, ing of planning for the future. The majority of the housing stock is old and in very poor condition, and only since 1970 has there been any attempt at providing new housing and clearance of shire. Material is being edited in order to For example: the existing slums Derry has been nominated aStrategic Development Area and within that plan great attention has been paid to re- development of the inner city area — | believe it was the wrong kind of attention With the military in virtual control of the city, | believe that they were able to in- fluence decisions about selec’ Se- molition, changes in design and layout etc publish a booklet to create interest in this watermill’s future, 4. A design scheme to incorporate the 14th century Guesten Hall roof that has been repaired at Avoncraft Museum of Buildings. 5. A design scheme for the restoration and presentation of a timber framed gem, Tyr-Mawr, discovered in the Montgomery shire hills near Welshpool. — Centralisated versus decentralised systems 6. The recording and dismantling of Nailors Row and the Barrack St areas were timber framed structures in Watford and —community hospitals — Self Health Centres. Alongside the complex institutionalised structure of the NHS, a new network of self-help is slowly emerging, e.g. the Self Health Centre in Islington. Our seminars were rather intensive because we al had some definite interests: Ken brought to our discussions comparisons between the NHS and the demolished with a rapidity that was out of keeping with the development plan both these areas, once demolished, allowed easy access and viewing of the Bogside for the military. The original new flats in 1966 had 3 high rise blocks and flat roofed maisonettes, after the 1969 riots the plans were changed and new buildings all had pitched roofs. The stair wells had boarding that ran horizontally, which acted as a ladder to allow access to the roof, later this was re- placed with vertical boarding Car parks and open spaces were provided — missions. This is to stimulate the drift most of these were unnecessary and their back to using locally available materials. New roads, and a flyover, and excessive work concerning the newly formed Worcester and Hereford Architecture Record Group (WHARG). 9. A catalogue of available traditional building materials for technical sub- institutionalisation of services. Penny carried through the term her particular interest in the Afan Valley, a declining community in South Wales; she would like to design a community hospital for its needs. Dag concentrated on a criticism of the existing structure of NHS and is 3. A survey of Stotfold Mill in Bedford- We invited different people to our seminars to give us their views about NHS. Chalfont St Peter for reconstruction at the proposed open air museum in the Chilterns. 7, A measured survey of all the surviving monastic buildings surrounding Ely Cathedral 8. GSSU Thesis on the Recording of Vernacular Buildings, in conjunction with educational system — the problem of only function seems to be to split the At the same time a collection of tradition publishing an article “A Layman’s View community physically — like Haussman’‘s al building materials is being put together Paris. A high rise bridge that spans the River Foyle isproposed that will allow shipping into the docks — at the same time they Proposed @ motorway along the docks So we can see what part the military play in Ulster’s Town Planning, but surely if we look closely enough we will se similar things happening here. for eventual exhibition. HaSS Project In Autumn 1974 five of us started con- The Architects Revolutionary Council has published a draft manifesto calling on all architects and others involved in the built versations about National Health Services in England and we called our project HaSS: environment who believe that we should Health and Social Services, their level and cease working only for the rich and quality. The project was partly built on experience dictatorships of central and local govern- which some of us gained during the ment to offer our skills and services to summer of 1974 in Yugoslavia. There we the local communities, which have little which were built by the National Liber- ation Army during the German occupat- ion from 1941-45, The partisan medical and architecture. ARC believes that the profession, as it stands, is a luxury and that the RIBA propagates this narrow luxury characteristic and is thus directly responsible for the malaise of architecture and the state of our cities. Basically the movement isone of social ency system and 4 government controlled, concern. ARC believes that the problems A comparative study between an emerg- of architecture are al around us, but that people who suffer from them cannot affor afford architects to solve them; neither can architects afford to tackle them. ARC wishes to break this trap. It is well aware that to achieve a new framework for architecture there will have to be radical changes in our political and economic system. Nevertheless, first architects and students must demonstrate that they are Prepared to fight for a new system in their own art. In a long, prolix and rather ungrammatical explanatory note, the ARC explains that ‘the new system of architecture will need to be based on a mass movement’ but the revolutionary council does not regard itself as the embryo of the movement. ARC is,asitwere,themidwifewhichwill help to bring the movement into being, after which it will adopt the role of stern tutor to ensure that the movement does mot become a bureaucracy intent on pre- serving itself to the detriment of society. At present the movement consists of one cell in London with embryonic cells in various other countries. In the autumn, the London cell will divide to produce three new cells — on the east coast, in the north-west and in Scotland. ARC wants to build up other units of architects, technicians and students and urges anyone interested to get in touch with 11 Percy Street, London W.1: It is better to have four people who can trust each other than a loose unit of 10. A national convention is planned for the autumn. of the NHS". He hopes that the article A.J, 26th May, 1975. will bring a dialogue between medical and architectural students which would then result in exchange of practical knowledge. At the end of the term we held an Open Forum — adiscussion between thePar- ticipants of the seminars and ourselves. Our conversation did not give rise to any specifically new ideas, but it enabled us to reach an understanding between our- selves. The graphical analyses represent the development of the seminars and of our critical attitude towards NHS. They also make some recommendations. — — — The application of the re-organisation of NHS from April, 1974 The problems of District Hospitals New approaches towards community health care: ~changed role of a General Practitioner —health centres powerful minority or the bureaucratic New industry issituated on the east bank of the river — if they redraw the border the majority of the population will be left on the west bank. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource AA Project Review Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Murray Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974/75 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/4b3c14cefec204ca5d84327a72a64c0f.pdf fb61daa500d59abc3875e3330cd161b1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Public Design Group Description An account of the resource Argued that it was only through the public sector that the majority of people could have access to the land and resources needed for housing, education and other essential services. The task was therefore to reform the practice of architecture in local councils to provide an accessible and accountable design service. The Public Design Group proposed reforms to the practice of architecture in local councils to provide a design service accessible and accountable to local people and service users. The following 6 Interim Proposals were developed which were later initiated and implemented in Haringey Council 1979-1985 by NAM members. <ul><li style="font-weight:400;">Local area control over resources </li> <li style="font-weight:400;">Design teams to be area based </li> <li style="font-weight:400;">Area design teams to be multi-disciplinary </li> <li style="font-weight:400;">Project architects to report directly to committee</li> <li style="font-weight:400;">Abolish posts between Team Leader and Chief Architect </li> <li style="font-weight:400;">Joint working groups with Direct Labour Organisations</li> </ul> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Account Subject The topic of the resource ACID Supplement (GLC) "Reform of Local Authority Planning & Architecture 10 pp Description An account of the resource There is little doubt that architects in general are well intentionea, their aim is basically to benefit society in (seme vague way) and people Cin they are imprisoned in their traditional role of entrepreneurs for the ruling elite, whose objectives may be very different. Thus, even when engaged in projeects of the highest. social relevance - housing.’ schools, etc. - the architect may fiRi that he is forced to accept Subsstandard)sites,‘ee costlimits, ’ shoddy workmanship- and all the other Architects may talk about technological solutions,. velitical solutions or secial solutions »- anything to absolve themselves of sponsibility for the unhappy state of buildings today... birt..the anchitect.isneithen.politisien or industrialist end he has Little influence in either field (thanks mainly to the RIBA) Radical Chenves in architec pg can only come about when society itself, first undergoes a transformation - + when the balanceof tenAisi? Yet society is changing end architects will be ef ordinary people, is a significant feature These groups will grow in strength and number over the next few years until opposition te the interests The Labour Party, at their recent conference in Blackpool, committed themselves to a policy of some form of land nationalisation. While © welcoming this step, there is an obviousdanger Oaiteleadingtoevenmorecentreslisetionand oSRRCOMMEt:clear(adil:oa erosionoftherightsofindividualsandsmall wee : communities. O ‘ i; ; en Pee(8oy American (town pldnnin? «is they a can no longer ¢ Be. Getting City Hall in New Yor to Amentify wad othe & given (8)jane Jacobs once elias “aatke atte ae Wey. [Serpea “Neighbourhood control” is REFORM OF LOGAL AUTHORITY PLANNING AND ARCHT TECTURE - piedHe. J" forced eventually to adant their F ee:)ir ;re*: When John’ Ruskin trefused toaccept its. whole outlook end working methods, whether they want to or not. Gold Medal in 1874 he wrote; “The.— The emergence of local amenity groups, community pom oo oe te exalt the power of their own proiession over the imiind OL the public, power ‘Deeng if in the preseat century synonymous with i 4 i, ai ree. onsandneighbour! d - Ne Ae 9 goty * Qe oS ACOcd aS V1L0Mn srouze of and % all kinds, dedicated tofighting bad planning, architecture which cares nothing for the needs wealth’ a generalised sense). However, as professiorials, manifestations of the meagre value thet a middle-class dominated society puts updén provisions under-orivileged. Society gets its masters demand ... high rise workers to live in, feceless:office others to work in. ghettos for the towers for ce Tis Bae ian ated spl governmeat - at apt ee lienated local government and big . t now obsessed with erentasa tion, Americans are conzing usiness wil ave 1B .,“ioe teenoe providsdfor f realise.“Ghatbigcityadministra.: tluns are such jugzernauts thar constitutionally. for the the buildings — Such a policy must, we believe, be combined with the legal recognition of community organisations and a constitutional change to ensure that they have a say and control overlocal issues - planning, + education, welfare, etc. Radical local authority architects can assist in the emergence of such local power structures not only by supporting their local groups and lesking information to others, but also by giving constant and wide publicittyo alternative methods of designing housing, schools, towns, etc. which will encompass full participetion (before decisions are reached) for thoseaffected. Letus examine some alternatives. Participation much abused, devalued and misunderstood. Participation simply means a return to the architects! traditional role - that of interpreter of the client's requirements and the fulfilling of these in accordance with the latters best interests. No worthwhile architecture has been, or will be, achieved without a healthy relationship and understanding between designer and client. Prior to industrialisation, the architect's client was usually on the same wavelength as himself - the cultured patron who could discuss 'styles', knew the latest fashions and tastes. Or, for the majority, it was a case of getting Fred the builder down the high street o kneck something up ~- using tried and tested craft based technioues and forms. For the peasant it was often a case of build it yourself - the perfect intekration of client, builder and architect, or ‘participation’. Client Today we are informed that our real client must be anonymous. We refer to him/her by the abstract term'people', 'the users' or 'them'. We have a false client to compensate - the administratorwh,o interprets what is best for the real client yet who is even more out of touch with 'them' than we are, sitting all day on our behinds, trying to conjure up attractive shapes which have little relevance or meaning for the human beings who will be forced to inhabit or work in them. The whole parevhernalia of the social sciences - surveys, computer predictions, ‘rational’ appraisals, density evaluations - are employed as substitute for real contact with those who we are really responsible to. These techniques are sectioned officially for they are merely another side of authoritarian control in fasionable pseudo-objective garb - the statistics are in the hands of the authority to be manipulated as they think fit - often they are not even disclosed, Beware of those who justify their actions with spurious technological/ Illustration, by David Knight, MSIA, from the Skeffington report The word 'participation' has been core The mnainsprings of local government, activity in the London of future wih lie in the k with which people ident ¢ ‘through which they express their yneeas and deniands. ' For all their faults, the Lon- don boroughs are beginning to /understand this and aet upon if, They are the’ real successes. of 'these first five vears. If Lenron local government. is to live again, it is they who deserve the en ‘courageiient and the suppor. @ anei BIa nicaStata analCSE wandBncatchmanehteLEee e,BeeTEebeFne TRS @ ct c as ee ee, The aim is to describe objectively the subjectivo views or. this to be the case. The numbers are used in a comparative way: one thing is 3 isaSS reainecethtataene conceptualisations of these people and if possible to put: numbers on to both these concepts and the patterns which underlie them. Putting numbers to subjective experionce is something psychologists have done for many years— worker ratings, discretionary awards, public opinion polls and even the hit parade are common situations in which subjective experience is turned into numbers. So it seems likely that people can use numbers meaningfully to express their thoughts, and many psychological studies have proved better or worse than another. It is only a short jump to: introduce degrees into this comparison and to label therm. Lological mumbo jumbo. We need more designers who can apprise the problems through historical enalysis and social and cultural criteria drawn from direct empirical experience. A job which one would expect equipped for. fmuveus tell the ; from, a Dui affeet them © ‘T have a Vision of the F uture, chum, The workers’ flatsin fields of soya beans Tower up like silver pencils, score on score: | And Surging Millions hear the Challenge come From microphones in communal canteens “No Right! No Wrong! All's perfect, fevermore. © [] High-rise towers have proved a disastrous experiment in urban dwelling. They give many of their occupants acute uneasiness. Some people arrange their furniture so as to avoid any view of the ver- tiginous plunge from their thir- tieth-floor window. Fer mothers with small children, they present insoluble problems ofplay and supervision. The eleySion become places of dirt and danger. The wholesale buildozing of little streets and houses to make way for them destroys delicate net- works of service and friendship which are simply not recreated between different floors in new apartment houses. The ground areas between the towers, which were supposed to provide needed air and space and greenness, can become windy deserts below vast buildings which tunnel the weather down their vertical sides as dco mountain ranges. Some town planners even main- tain that. the claim made for high-rise dwellings — that other- wise even more little houses would be scattered over the countryside — is not borne out by economic or spatial necessity. In a number of cities, areas of similar size, with alternations of four to eight floor blocks round enclosed gardens and courtyards, can house virtually the same number of people and provide the intimacy and security which parents in particular jook for. Objections contact with the eventual users of our buildings at the briefing stag Objections from architects to this are always in terms of operational problems, not on vrinciple. In the field of housing they can be summarised as follows:+ ‘People do not know what they want! "How can progress be made - people only like what they know! (3) 'If you ask people what they went they will say a ‘house and garden', and of course they cannot heve thatti! The first statement is3 a i anybody who has We ask nothing less than direct ever had anything to do with community action will tell vou. people can usual. 7 ‘ee hen it concerns them directly X environmental iy and coherently - it is thers to ask them. statement is an insult to us as a Ith» The variation - it is to imply that, ata ULUEQ, the user will ask for some outlandish personal folly which will be. totally unsuited to future occupants. If we are unable to conduct vith clients, putting forward alternatives and discussion limitations, construction techniques, elc. we are not much use as a profession. One suspects hat these sort of objections stem from experience in private practice where the architect has to deal with a power elite, used to bullying their own way through. Ordinary people tend to be much more receptive and co~opverative. Private ¥ mind. the architect to be new solutions, cost 3 Sector if we wish to find solutions to woTM (yy The third objection usually comes from an architect who himself lives in a house with a gerden. What arrogance, to deny anyone what he has himself! Those who really believe in the 'scarcity of land! myth should themselves rent a flat at the ton of the nearest point block. We would go a long way to bettering buildings if architects designed with themselves in the participatory design of mass housing, let us turn to the private sector - wheré consumer pressure exists. You would not find too msny system—built concrete towers here. Whatever our job is, or should be, we seem to be more concerned with side issues or irrelevant conceptalisations. The growth of a separate'management:' structure in Local Authority departments is worsening this situation. Architects at the top do not concern themselves with the design of buildings any more, but employ a whole range of irrelevant management tools such as ‘coordination’, 'rationalisation', -‘decision centralisation’, etc. The results are often a sort of bureaucratic architecture designed to be understood by administrators - simplified components and grid layouts (see Ronan Points, MACE, Thamesmead). It is with the entrenched attitudes of 'management' that our biggest struggle lies. they will stoutly maintain that they are mere architects, tools of the councillors, while simultaneously playing puny political games behind locked doors. We shall be tackling ways of breaking these barriers down in future editions of ACID news. Workload There are more architects in Great Britain than in any other country. This shows up in a vast local Authority like the GLC where qualified architects are doing jobs well below their capacity - often quite menial jobs. Yet we believe that there is enough work to be spread evenly. One fault is that jobs are just too BIG - especially housing jobs. A vast estate like Thamesmead is designed, it seems, in the nineteenth century Beaux-Arts tradition of a master plan with the architecture conforming to a coordinated and consistent master plan. The designhierarchy is similarly archaic - a small group of policy makers delegate sections to groups who must conform to the overall technology and style. The end product is often a sea of ugly, grey, inhuman concrete ~- and highly uneconomic as well. All in the name of consistency - the sort of thing only architects appreciate - so long as they do not have to live there. It is design by balsa wood and birds eye view autocrats and has nothing to do with people or living or anything. Scale of Work To implement the kind of 'real client' participation outlined above and @) They say a camel ‘is a horse designed by a committee, “but in my experience that is a pretty, good shot atit.[should expectahorse- designing committee to come up with something possessing several different kinds of legs, and also much smaller .than the original expectation. A spider would be near the mark. @ THE GREATER London Coun- til and the Inner London Educa- tion Authority together bave an annual revenue budget of £350m, and an annual capital budget of a further £150m.-—-£500m. a year -total spending. This, as Desmond Piummer, the G.L.C.’s leader, is fond of pointing out, is “big business by any standards.” (Compare for instance, Ford Moior’s annual turnover of £488m.) . How is this vast organization,’ with over 100,000 full- and part- time employees, managed ? What replaces the profit motive which motivates managers in the private sector ? / Mr. «Gaffney, who is Tory “member for Ealing, regards recent changes at Counly Hall as pari of “a major revolution ‘through local government. Value ‘for money has become a_ substi- ‘tute for the profit motive”, The ‘traditional approach that you had certain services to provide, and pro- vided a first-class service froma the available resources, has had to be modified in the face of.“ scream- ing inflation” and the huge scale of the G.L.C’s activitics, “It is not now enough to offer a first: class service. You must do it at the least possible cost”, says Mr. Gafiney. This is where the management ‘tool of planned programming and |budgeting, now being grafted on to the G.L.C.’s rather hierarchical and _departmentalized administrative system, offers such dividends ic a. public authority. For it not only. gives the clected members,to whom the political decisions on how! much to spend an what must always belong, a more meaningful picture of the cost and benefit of any par- ticular course, but-—quite as impor- tant—-for the first time pronises to give them a sound basis for com- paring the value-for-money [o7. cost-and-benefit) tag of competing alternatives. spreading AGahanMkEI CEiaeaA WI to employ our architecturd manpower to its fullest capacity, we propose that housing and other jobs be broken down into small units about the size of a housing association scheme each with its own job architect and group of tenant-clients ob community representatives. From then on the job architect, in consultation with his client, is free to come uo with whatever solution he thinks best - free from all constraints of ‘conforming to 'an overall concept', 'consistency', coherence' and all the rest of that meaningless architectural claptrap. His only constraints would be the usual ones - Byelaws, Planning, etc. The educational or housing administrators would still play theirrole in this arrangement, except the rules they followed would be changed so that they no longer had overall power to ‘interpret’ tenants'or teachers'or kids' requirements. The architect could ask them directt This would also lend itself to other forms of housing, say, if a tenant wanted to go for self build he would be allocated a plot with the architect as advisor. Private tenants could apply for plots. Rehabilitation could be easily incorporated into this arrangement. Young architects in both private and public sectors would get a chence. A variety of competitions could be held, students could be given their own (small?) jeb instead of being used as cheap detailing laboun, architects would spend perhaps 50% of their time in the district they were designing for, instead of 1% as at present. Perhaps local. Authorities could employ most of their architectural staff as consultants ~ it is a notorious fact that private architects can achieve better results quicker than those in employment bypessing much of the bureaucracy and clumsy management. Ferhaps one of the first things to do to improve local authority architecture is to abolish the architecture departments. 2eceasecainwine awares 220kckca eta ncaaasada etaethetceonattiie iheedeliseisSaiBiaSD i PLANNING REFORM It is not much good considering alternative proposals for resolving a situation if circumstances will prevent you from adopting them. Yet this is fundamentally the problem at Covent Garden, Piccadilly Circus, or any other central redevelopment site of significance - for whatever may be the solution in terms of the public interest, the initiative in a development project basically rests with the landowner, who needs not to make his actions accountable to the public. The exception occurs when the local authority holds the land, but on central urban sites of a commercial nature, councils generally argue that they ought not to enter on enterprises involving financial speculation with public funds. As a consequence, in the process of redevelopment many businesses are dispossessed, although it is well known that they play a significant part in the life of the area. The question then is whether the local authority ought not to reconsider the ethics of its attitude towards speculative development. When, for instance, the London ‘'ransport Board is sinking £90 million in constructing the Fleet Line, which published estimates say will augment property values in south~east London alone by £100 million, of which it will not recoup any, is not this a clear case of public funds. being employed to foster commercial speculation, and on an enormous scale? The conclusion is that the public authority is acting as nothing less than ayproperty developer, albeit a highly philanthropic one. Equally therefore, the public authority may take the initiative in the redevelopment of Piccadilly Circus and any other urban centre. if this were the case, then is it possible to consider which alternatives are in the best interests of the public, a situation which would be far more positive than that which exists at present. eceoeeeaneoeeeee To pursue the question a bit further, as architects and planners we are very aware of the shortage of public funds for providing facilities in local authority schemes - to the extent that projects suffer from the absence of social and environmental amenities. The example quoted of the L.T.B. show that there are substantial financial resources created through development, “THERE -is a feeling that they have had as much change as they can take.” This remark by a Greater London Coun cil “ofiicial sums up the current mood ‘of antagonism against a rash of mas- sive development projects which could ‘alter the character of the capital’s cen- tral area beyend recognition. Extreme public disquiet is showing a variety of forms. The outery against Sir Basil Spence’s design for a new office block fer Government use on the site of Queen Annc’s Mansions by St James’s Park has boen based largely on aesthetics and bulk in a sensitive area, close enough to the Houses of Parliament for Members to take an active critical interest. Piccadilly Circus stirs up opposition ‘for different reasons. There, not only { the seale of any development coneern, but also the whole ive issue of speculative offices and associated profits, with the loss of a jhost of small business activities, such as istrip clubs, amusements arcades, shops cand restaurants, in favour of bigger, ‘blander places which can afford the higher rents. ® (The distribution of prosperity isdangerously skewed. Withit ai affluent economy, minorities who _ are handicapped by ethnic preju- ‘dice or age or sickness tend to be. ieft behind to observe vicariously on television how the luckier three-quarters live. And, in plane- ‘tary society as a whole, it is threc- quarters who live badly and, as their numbers rise, face bleaiz: prospects of living better. To restore balance and hope, to moderate the despairs and pres- sures, to achieve common policies for .a viable political order, are thus the preconditions of any decent human environment on ‘Planet Earth. _ © LT think: it is something to do with the public attitude towards the environmen Phere js a climate 0 VU atte >STVSTtsaad OTL ing contidence that it will.” ® the Fleet Line producing a nett profit of at least £10 miliion. Another very recent example occurs in a residential development by a Sussex council who paid £24 million for some farm land whose value as a farm was a mere £17,000; the nett profit here being in excess of £2 million. . o aie co had ee oewe: deRab onese edeae aae acesa paced ihe esdeSeieeseae aeen a RElS aSe Be «i ' Tf estate agents aré right in sensing a 12 per cent rise In West End office rents in the past year, it would bring the capital gain to around £10 millions, jess interest charges and maintenance costs. +. de a eeereeeeeooeee e ~“Camden’s irritation with the continuing emptiness of Centre Point--and its sister building, Space House, off Wingsway —--is two-edged., Not only are there 11,000 families on the ‘council’s housing waiting list while the 36 flats of Centre Point stand empty, ‘but it is estimated that the /council has Jost nearly £1 mii- lion in rates; because the two buildings, being empty, pay only half rates. “Tt is a lunatic use of the and. If we cannot do better than that, it’ is a great criticism of the way our society carries on,” Mrs Miller said. If the council is able to force a showdown over Centre Point it will be the first body te do so. ‘The developers have so far been content to sit on en asset which is rapidly gaining in’ capital vaiue as rents in Lon- don continue to rise. The theory behind this ts presumably that as most office lettings are for a fixed period ‘of five, seven or more years, it is more profitable to get, +say, £8 a square foot next year than settle for £6 this year, ‘The snag has been that with office rents continuing to rise—one cstate agent esti- ‘mated by as much as 12 per eent jo the West End in the past year alone—there hes never been 4 strong inceniive for Oldhani states to close 3 nent in land is “ ise who gat hers deal. ‘ Its emptiness, as such, 1s not likely to frighten the The project cost £5 millions. On the basis that its 150,000 square feet covid developers. have been rented at £4 a isquare foot in 1964, the build- ing would have been wer £9 miliions—-£4 millions profit. Last year it was estimated that if Mr Hyams could get £6 2 square foot, the capital ‘value of the building would ‘be over £13 millions, giving him a profit of £8 millions. eeHeBowe6 eae ‘, \*% carats *e There seems to be no reason why some, if not all, of these profits should not go into the local authority purse to spend on social provisions. After all, it is the community that is creating the profit. To re-restablish public initiative in development projects, to substantiate the economic basis of public building, would be to redirect town planning out of the rut which, to quote from a recent article in the Guardian, only consists in granting planning consents, to its true role of meeting the needs of the community. This is an issue which politicians’in this country have actively supported for many years. Winston Churchill, speaking on the People's Rights in his reforming Budget of 1909, said hope you will understand that when I speak of the land monopolist, I am dealing more with the precess then with the individual land~owner. T have no wish to hold any class up to public disapprobation. I do not think that the man who wakes money by unearned incre morally a worse man than anyone e his profit where he finds it in this hard world under the law and according to common usage. it is not the individual I attack, it is the system. Tt is not the man who vis bad, it is the law which is bad. Tt is not theyman who is blameworthy for doing what the law allows and what other man do; it is the State which would be blameworthy were it not to endeavour to reform the law and correct the practice. We do not want to punish the landlord. We want to alter the law.' The outcome of the reforms was curtailed by the advent of the First World War and opposition from the House of Lords. But in 1931 the Labour Government of Ramsey MacDonald passed the Finance het which introduced the principle of Land Value taxation It was an impropitious time for such a measure, the world economic crisis and the collapse of the Government leading to the Coelition, caused the Act to be suspended and eventually repealed. The issue was raised again, in 1936 when, following a Renort by its Finance Coiimittee, the London County Council aporoved a policy for legislation to give Lt effect. As the Government declined to act, the L.C.C. tabled a Private Bill, the London Rating (Site Values) Bill of 1938. The Bill wes defeated and once again war intervened to frustrate reform which had mach supvort from local authorities in the country. the economic rights of the community with respect to land. Because it is this issue which forms the basis AAAS (Eee ofplanninglaw,thereformsshouldbestudiedinany \\ <<ae consideration of planning reform. X To conclude in our present times, the Government in \ 1965 presented the Land Commission, of which the opening paragraph reads: 'For centuries the claim of private landowners to develop their land unhindered and to enjoy the exclusive right to profit from socially created values when their lend is developed has been questioned, especially when the land is sold to the comminity which itself has created the value realised. The view that control over development must be exercised by the community is not now seriously disputed and it is generally accepted that the value attached to land by A. All planning proposals to be published on an obligatory basis. The information to be thorough, factual and available in time for objections to be made. All interested parties in an organisation seeking planning approval should be named. beginning of a retreat from realis- ine their full human potential. ®;: 9 7 ui starvation. When we remember ‘under what continuous stimulus of natural variety ~ of colour, of ‘scent, of sound and light and congeea et ete oo Each of the measures mentioned above sought reform of HELD STA i the right to develop it is a value which has ” a substantially been created by the community. A growing population, increasingly making their homes in ro i | ie | great cities, has not only made effective public control over land indispensable; it has also made indefensible a system which allows landowners or land % penenyevaapeeneesnaeteencomment 7. anor-1ieeeree le BmyNtTH.themiddieofthelastcen- 5 co wW # e Sas very large, in value of urban land resulting either . onaieee from government action, whether central or local, or from the growth of social wealth and population’. a Sis the vetrictions Xl’ about heights of building were, ‘relaxed so that landlords might make pavements shuffle through thick exhaust fumes over- looked by that symbol of speculators enterprise - the ultimate Architects’! and Planners' non-event Centre Point (now empty for eight years). © '.7} We do notfully understand the If satisfactory civilised urban standards are ever to be achieved it is evident that now is the time for a cool, hard look at the operants in planning and design and to ask how despite teams of seemingly skilled professionals at Central and Local Government level the urban scene has become steadily worse since the last war. i touch — the first men began to develop their imaginative grasp upon living reality and feel their ? athe ‘ Concurrent with such an examination, planning controls creative humanity, we may. wonder what will be the result of must be overhauled as an emergency measure, legislation must be brought to bring about monitoring systems which subject all planning proposals to real scrutiny in public interest - a basis for this is outlined below:- acontinuous adaptation ofhuman more money, the skyline of the City of longer-term results of extreme cultural, ethical and emotional _way towards fully conscious and existence, over centuries, to ‘towering buildings, concrete walls, personal isolation, darkened skies, roaring traffic, raucous noise, see ssacalsccesaMhanciDinnaka wlRO aSa Nna A APRTBEaOScsii fis iat i= For the unconvinced I suggest a walk from Oxford London seen above the Thames must have been the most beautiful in Europe. SARISF-A j 5BIE Circus to Tottenham Court Road on a late night “We can se this from the paintings of shopping evening. » Canaletio and hear it from Words- ; ‘ : wills !worth’s sonnet On Westminster Bridge. People packed like herd enimals on inadequate - = 7 any Silt _polluted water and dirty streets.. Such an urban environment might begin to produce human whose very ability to survive in such conditions could mark the beings. Be Demolition of any building to be the subject of a permission with full opportunity for the people in the area to object. A time lag should be introduceé inte the procedure to ailow proper consideraticn to take place. All urban fabric to be given conservation area status so that redevelopment takes place only after thorough appraisal. All buildings tc be listed and classified as part of the conservation process So as to avoid the 'fashionable' and ‘obvious set piece! preservation stances. - Monitoring groups to be established on a formal Kee es | h - ‘ yehae To. ~ : @% : ° is basis both inside (Professional participation) and ©J All major building and development schemes to be appraised by a body elected by the oil dock ins ( wae ( )Erie Lyons in AJ ()Paul Jennings (Guardian 4 > e eser Strieter penalties (1)Evenibg Standard (2)Architects Journal led So the working party has been pre- sented with such ideas as stric trols for demolition, the 0: a tax on the value added ¢ planning consent, stricter penalti unlet offices and shops in new develop- ments in central areas and str regulations for the protection f servation areas, In addition, 0 the problem of ensuring how fonants of long standing, both res j tial and businesses, should be equivalent premises, when r 5 development, and at rents in scale with their previous ievel. / Delaying tactics are also a possibility, It is not generally realised that : ship of land is not a pre-req the submission of a planning ls “ion. Nowadays the owner has to he informed but there is nothing to stop = Beinedieetm Baw ie 4 j basis covering locaal infiilll schemes totc nati:onal4 eccnomi+c|/indeluastria4l,/ Dondon with al our elaborate plan: sdalew anentpryl tcc hy be eh ecome as Te a aes pid Bg ‘aa transport pohicy colusmaidnreicenstlty. “It's late to get a gitip. Wt 1 | i " 4 : © int Bis would demand esecess t 5 ~ ana shat - 7 ee . aut plans and proposals they have no right to irampie down Dic | i and work in conjunction with shadow structures .of iaa familiar streets. and disregard the ; i arrech’itecCtuss. : pplleenners 34 sSoolliicelitvoorrs, engi¢neersok SOCi GLOLV SUS » etc.,; heing an organised version or ‘character and scale and peopolfea : : ‘oeSs walitasty? city simply because it is convenient, i ‘ economic, or highly profitable. B uiathastetets cd aa - ‘ 6 - | : comment | 2.2 Public interest avpriasal P.T.A. | | outside (Public participation) the Central and Local anyone, providing they ah in the forms correctly and know what they are about, from putting forward theiy own i 7 ideas for proper consideration by the : | 4 te 4 when he pushed in an application to i \11 schemes produced by public authorities should convert Centre Point into flats, though { 4 rott Sante a : . be vetted by internally elected professionals av . this one was referred back for techn calreasons. However, Itseems me- 4 4 an officer level below that in contact with what extraordinary that filibustering 0! ‘ | time basis and their comment would be made public. MTA.opalata at wark 4 seec bs ate . Mr Anth@sy |Crosland oe nat halton,majoraeveopmentmWceniras ; ii vee quality of work is suriic biy high no department need fear this type of appraisal London at least until the verdict is ‘available on the Greater London Development Plan. Other suggestions shave included some kind of planing 1 oe hon bering bodies to be established on a twe tier i : Lend i eae “ : Pl g Public participation. inauiry. commission te consider the pwronbylerm. 4 anid a ian “ny at 4 4 a “ . acs 4 4 : : ‘a y 4 i Ldatl: 9 Governmmeenntt FPlaanninging =and Archi:tectduenrevis ses sieniean des departments. 5 Professional h fessional participation. de : i, re sot : . - = 3 committees . These groups would serve on a limited this sort which could give a breathing Space, has not been moreprevelent. \ 2.1 Area Yetting groups A.V.G. intreduce the London (Ce Buliding) aay Extreme, ‘ many existing should be published permissions. the whole spectrum of planning installations. from ning COnuBEE he oeue e kican. Absatdragasl, a theird-rAartcehitectAsm!ericaJnournciatly',s lie Qn a street or neighbourhood basis these groups Sut developers, public anc Tate, ‘must somehow be made awere ‘thet protest groups. AeV.G. together with all planning This would operate at a town. city or regional ms v regione 12, e references: o Slidtp aes: nate0'sli Iho council. Mr Berman showed the way Uy or Hd od ineffective body the R Fi Arts Commissi ineffective body the Royal Fine Arts Commission. . “ebdly :; A.V.G.'s described above. The intention here (3}Roger Walters in . Times interview. would be to replace and revitalise and put on a more socially conscious basis that tired and )John Bet jeman. )Observer Groups of P.I.A.'s could join in assessing nationally significant proposals such as mn installati cas} OWS ACID GLC Architecture Club News, Room 671(D),County Hall North Block Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource ACID Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Allan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Undated https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/992f78476d856d3d85e07388b3f6acc8.pdf 59e110c6806ebabe33bd42022fca09da Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Trade Unions and Architecture Description An account of the resource Themes included action on asbestos and Health & Safety, and involvement with Direct Labour Organisations and Building Unions. Following comparative research of possible options, NAM encouraged unionisation of building design staffs within the private sector, negotiating the establishment of a dedicated section within TASS. Though recruitment was modest the campaign identified many of the issues around terms of employment and industrial relations that underpin the processes of architectural production. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. 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UATM suostTaeduicd sulos Hhutyew yyrom ST 3T 'sZDeRTYOZe STEM squepUCdsez Jo dno2zh ZsebrzeT eu. sv *“ATsnhooueyTNuts suotieottqnd Tezeaes ut SeazTeuotysenb ey ysttTqnd 03 szeeX eznyng ut pedoy st at ‘TSMOMOH *STASPUNOULANSUT Sq OF UOTSedDD0 sTYyR UO peAord suotssejoid ubtsep SutpTtnq zeyjo of petTtTe suotzeottqnd AOYIO OFUT SATeuoTZSsenb oyy HutyZzesuT FO setTA[TNOTIITp ous “Teusznor ,szoe Tyorzy ey Jo ATUO enssT suo ORUT peqZesUT seM (xTpuedde sy UT peonpozdez st yotym) uodnoos ATdez ptedjsod e YATM zeyRZeEboI ‘ezteuotysenb ey, ‘enbtun ezojsezeyy st - Teusnor ,sq_oSRTYyYoOAW ey puUe SsvL ey JO uoTIZOeg UbTSEeg Butptting eyz Aq pezosuods AtAjutTol ysatz euy —~ Asarns STUL qZueuyzZedeq pue SUOTINITISUL *“SOT3STIeISs JuewAOTduY Fo HutzseutTbug_ zo; Ttounoy seyW Aq peyonpuod syTnsez Asarzns sy uo peseq Spew st suotssezyord ubtsep Hutpttnqg eyR usemjzeq uosTizeduods peTte,ep e 'zeaomoy eeee *7pzUuoD *sbutputz Aeaans o9y3 uT PepNToOUT st stsAtTeue ue 9599 886T 87S (ATuUO sjd.eqTYOAYW petzertes) Asaans Waly T2T %8° LE SOV %6° TV 097 ZeyzO pue uoTWeONpY ‘uoTjzetoossy Hbutsnoy /AQTAOUANY UATePSH SsoASUMUIOD /KAASNPUL |VeATtszdg ZOWDeS OTTQNg SOT OeITd szeATIAd SLOALIHOUY T eTqeL HIdNWS 4AO SISATVYNY 9E 68 vst 8c LS LUT cLYy 7° TT 6TT %0°6 G6 O9T O€T 6SZ cre TeIOL SUdHLO GNY FAWLS DLwYoddns S'TIVNOISSHAOUd NOISHA ONICIING UFHLO ZI5U20 ZORDES OTTQNd SOT OeRAgG SReATIG SLNVLSISSY IVYNLOALIHOU ZEeU30 ZOADEeS OTTAGN eoTIOeId |eReATIAd TSOT ASAANS SSVL/CW SNVIOINHOEL TWANLOPLIHOUuy “SENWLSISSW TWUNLOZLIHOMW aA? = Z°6 T T "ez 6°2Zz 9°9z | Ov | ZTZAO 8°“08 65°91 O°.LL PyEeL | ennOr | Zo jDeS OTTand zo z0es |] zo qDe¢ eaqzeatid fl ottang z03D0¢ |} z030e¢ e7eatid || OTT¢nd zojz0e¢g {> dnoz5 sqeataza| aby SNWIDINHOSL TWANLOZLIHOUY SLOALIHOU «| ovze Z°Sz | 6°z9 ete | | € eTqEz, NOILVdNOSO GNVY CISId LINAWAOTdWH AG SUVHA OF UBGNN BAOWLNAOWSa a TWHNLOELIHOUW IN ~ 8°S PET 9°CE Z°Lb 0°6 0°9 L°ot POT 7°S2 6°67 S*Ts. L°LP €°OT T°LT €°OT S*0z 8°Sz 6°97 O°LP | S°ST - L°s S*6T PoP peuz +0 6P-OP 6E-0¢ 68 | vett | L9 Letot|fl =so7 { oopv| etToaazoess %OOT %OOT LOOT %OOT xyoot |i soot |TwengoSLTBOUY SLOGLIHOTY 203085 edTROeAZG || zojDeg = so TADeAg | Z0zDeS edTIOeIg oTTang eqeatiadfl ottana eyeatadj] OtTana — eqeatza aby |} Z eTqer NODTLVdNOoO GNW CISIG LNEWAOTdWA AG NOLLNGIULSIG FOw AHL oft oo a | Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource AJ/TASS Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Allan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979/80 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/5cb733b7e4d795d95e3787baaf7aa036.pdf e56ba8edf33fca092d83233e840aa2d2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Trade Unions and Architecture Description An account of the resource Themes included action on asbestos and Health & Safety, and involvement with Direct Labour Organisations and Building Unions. Following comparative research of possible options, NAM encouraged unionisation of building design staffs within the private sector, negotiating the establishment of a dedicated section within TASS. Though recruitment was modest the campaign identified many of the issues around terms of employment and industrial relations that underpin the processes of architectural production. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource AJ/TASS Survey Subject The topic of the resource Draft version/s of survey Description An account of the resource ee 4. INCOMES AND CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT SURVEY Ds NEXT MEETING(S) 6) Motion 7) <A.O.B. The incomes survey sponsored by T.A.S.S./B.D.S. which appeared in the AJ recently is to appear again in the magazine "Building" on March 16 and members are urged to draw this to the attention of Colleagues who did not complete the AJ form.However, it’s still not too late to do so, since collation of returns will now be delayed until the appearance of the census in "Building". With the results of the survey anticipated it is intended to devote the next couple of meetings to discussions on pay and conditions of employment generally and a possible role for T.A.S.S./ B.D.S. in improving these in design offices. All members should make a special effort to attend to ensure the widest-possible range of reported office experiences gives the most clear overall picture; At the next branch meeting to be held on March 20 Mike Moxley, S.A.G. member and one of six R.I.B.A. members who drew up the recent R.I.B.A. approved contract of employment will open a discussion _ on its content and intentions. March Branch Meeting : Tuesday 20 March at 6.30 p.m. (Promptly) in Polytechnic of Central London Union, 104-108 Bolsover street, London W1. AGENDA: 43 "Do Building Professionals need a contract of employment" A discussion to be opened by Mike Moxley R.I.B.A 2) Office reports and discussion 3) Divisional Conference report. 4) N.A.C. report i) Branch Officers! reports. Building Design Staii London Branch Secretary : 2B Oakhill Road, SW15 BRANCH BULLETIN - MARCH 1979 13 REPORT ON FEBRUARY BRANCH MEETING: Following the January meetings' discussion on the Labour party's policy document, "Building Britain's Future", the February meeting was held at the House of Commons to allow Bob Bean M.P. to give members a first hand account of the Labour Party's real intentions. A U.C.A.T.T. sponsored.M.P., directly involved in the preparation of the document, Bob Bean spoke at length on all the issues it concerned and not only the controversial question of possible nationalization of major contractors. He implied however that nationalization was no real alternative to employers "putting their own house in order" aver such issues as safety standards and de-casualization of the industry. Indeed he made it plain that, contrary to CABIN'S reports, there was no suggestion of widespread nationalization and that no labour government would ever adopt such a policy. and” the . rmuleation--of.such.a polley.is.20 be the. subjecs,.of, future branch activity? 2s ARCUK ELECTIONS Members will be pleased to learn that all six of its members who stood for election to the A.R.C.U.K. Council were successful together with the Leeds T.A.S.S. member, Ian Todd. Though A.R.C.U.K. is at present a body representing mainly registered architects it is in the interests of all building design staffs that their unions be represented on it. 3. N.A.C. MEMBERSHIP There is now a vacancy on the T.A.S.S./BDS National Advisory Council and any branch member interested in filling this vacancy should contact the branch secretary. He confessed that the document had been prepared without any real involvement from the design side shortcoming was the subject of several of the industry and this members questions. However he welcomed advice from design staff within the labour movement The questions that followed indicated that many members, while welcoming much of the document, flet that the proposals were in some respects not radical enough. In particular some members felt that emphasis in the document on standardization failed to use the example of direct labour organizations as a platform from which to build an alternative stronger line on nationalization should have been adopted. was overstressed; that it building industry and that a FTAA, VowkeGinger /F0.bop. Gy SqWea hoff6, al)i)NHi iif PR } {f , |63 ah =eo BAA ; Leth ad te retieDN aL:He 2{}¢ LL Lei cL MLS EEALthyPhPT TDM)LaeATeie, | The following motion was received by the Branch Secretary and has been included on the Agenda in accordance with is listed here verbatim. Before being discussed, Standing Order Standing Order No. 16, and be proposed and seconded by members If the motion is passed it will be Committee and the Divisional Council No. 11 requires that motions at the meeting. > forwarded to the Executive for their consideration. "This branch calls upon the Labour Government to pursue a policy towards the construction industry which : 4) Encourages worker participation and public accommtability in the running of the construction industry" 1) 2) Ensures a continuity of work flow to the industry to provide stability of employment and training opportunities. 3) Encourages the application of standards -of safety and performance in the design of buildings without restricting their flexibility or the visual variety of the built Encourages the reintergration of the design and construction sides of the industry both in the process of awarding and administrating contracts and in the education background to the work forces. environment, This general meeting is called under the provisions of Rule 16e, Should the quorum required for general meetings of the branch not be in attendance the Branch Council may, if a quorum of the Branch Council is present, deal with the business down for consideration by the branch general meeting, and if this course is decided upon, then those members of the Branch who were present for the General Meeting shall be co-opted for that business with full voting powers. Where any motions and amendments for the consideration of the Representative Council are passed by a Branch Council under the provisions of this rule a copy of the notice concerning the general meeting shall be forwarded by the Branch Secretary for the attention of the Standing Orders Committee. The SOC shall not include on the agenda of the RC any such motion or amendment unless the notice calling the general meeting specifically stated the nature of the motion or the amendment. Similarly when the Branch Council under the Provisions of this rule deals with the voting for Divisional President, DC Sec, EC or Dept.EC Member, Nat Womans Sub-Committee Rep, or NWSC Deputy Rep., a copy of the notice calling the general meeting shall be forwarded to the DC Secretary together with the record of branch voting. If the notice of meeting does not include this item of business the vote of the branch shall be disregarded by the Divisional Council. tailects Nor is the pvor architect Seaba? offwithhiscor- chents National to attract a higher than usual proportion of first-time theatre goers. For newcomers to the National, respohse' in:the Olivier audi-: torium where the design con- centrated on sight lines at the expense of the essential rapport between audience and actors. They describe the “Wimbledon” effect in the Lyttelton, -with a’ stage so wide in relation to ‘audi torium depth, that the audiences , are vigorously exe fesine their neck muscles to follow the action. Averting their eyes from the inert back stage technology, they will take you to the tiny con- erete cells that serve as dressing rooms, set round a corrtyard so large that a visit .» a colleague turns into a route march. The actors’ complaints are interminable; the audiences are less articulate. After all it is ‘the policy of the tectural prize. Had the users been the judges “this elegant concrete addition to London's riverside skyline” would cer- tainly have got the wooden spoon. ° Actors and their audiences are its.main users. The actors deplore the time ,lag of discreetly ¥ obscure signs, “the carefully hidden: ticket collection’ and informa- tion points under claustro- ,Phobically low ceilings com-’ ‘pound the visual ‘confusion. rape The best efs usually come from sé who build little and rey, ike muluiple retailers 67? from. mnoaate wi interest. ft % y 16 rycatSe o—pisturebyDonMcPhee... ALL ‘strained fall out with our It isn't their fault. ve otter designers they are better than their brief; uch ots usually abysmal. e trouble is that so few us are competent do brief apchitect, ; take houses. Most of' us d claim famuharity with louse or two. But huw uy of us, have ‘actually it one, and have tried to ‘slate experience into a eo brief ? Remember “Mr gs builds his Dream "and how poor Mrs dings added a flower Kk dn her porch and got i! tor extras for $10,000? yway, dnost house building ry speculative builders and a! authorities whuse eat) Hriefs demand wrence to standards, themselves but biting to creative Most of the time tu Copy something can be good or nding on the made. me Ome. ) i you oy aedga nee ofice at Grove An architect is only as good as or orewers. But unless build- ing itself is their business, even the most dynamic organisations are unlikeltyo need new factories or offices very often. Their skills in ational HPs eive, The‘ build- ing, does look good from the top of an. Embankment bus; briefing architects are bound bo grow rusty. Indeed, they often commit millions toe architecture with an insows! ciance which is totally incon- sistent with their usual hard- nosed control of their money, and which scares their pei: tect rigid. going, « -Bian Boylan,. an ‘ancliiiart In this state of mind the architect needs a well- developed ego to draw a bow at a venture — choosing from and copying existing models is easier, and proba- ‘bly cheaper. But when the ‘building has no. models he is forced to thrash around for a brief, and too often designs to a set of generalised social and aesthetic considerations; which means designing: to please other archite Unfortunately he js encouraged this way, because the accolades (like those given to many professionals)- are awarded by his own kind — other architects. ésigned an’ order office in CraWley; Surrey, for BOC, the company ‘that’ supplies gas cylinders’ for. welding. He too had, a generalised brief but luckily he discovered that the bat ing ‘was to be used: for The National Theatre is a case in point. A large, expen- sive, one-off building, it has been awarded a major archi- not: be set on the wood edge with . windows, and _ bird tables designed'to accom- It may not win any architec- What uot can do ‘all right if you pretae looking lat .townscapes _ ‘theatre- deliberately unconstrained by quale ‘ations, récently only 27: people. So he and his’:team ‘talked to all of them, ‘and at some length: not, their: representatives, or thejr. managers, but each and évery person.’ The ‘brief, in consequence, was- uniquely enriched and ‘particularised. thing (except the lavatories) Kor ‘example, \they dis- happens in one open uncon- covered that’ for some years’ and much more the; ‘loaders, -in.-the rest. useable space. periods between humping There are many _ other heavy ‘gas cylinders, had details which a sympathetic ‘developed a. serious, interest company, its interested in studying the wild life in employees, and a -conse- :wood which bordered the quently, well-briefed architect site. There was ‘no reason have managed to incorporate why the new building should into this satisfying building. tural prizes, but it is an Peter Gorb on desi5gn ' where ahiey are, ,Suppose to’ To this is added the inescapa- ble cacophony of the: foyer performers and the. aifline terminal announcements. The poor first-time’ ‘visitor must long for the certitude of Pad- dington Station; or Milan Cathedral, lange ‘buildings designed with the needs |of the newcomer in mind.’ °' that way. As aresult every- It is disappointing. tdo, ‘to queue for a drink, and dis. cover that the nearest sand- wich is two foyer levels and another queue away. 'Or to try and reach the terrace tables with a trayful of food through an inn? door. Not much more from the teriaccs Of course the priority in. the design brief was fora national monument mr a Opject lesson on how not to his brief fall outwith your architect. ‘‘ the building inside and out is a _ bewildering obstacle course of apparently unrelated levels reached dy Alice in Wonderland: stair- cases pointing away ous created a glass-clad building the architect had to protect it from the gas ylinders which. have a habit of toppling over; prison like guard rails were discarded in favour of a sloping bank of grass which in any case. enhanced the rural nature of the pbuilding. But perhaps the greatest breakthrough came at the organisational level. The expectation of local manage- ment was for a traditional building which reflected functional separation; offices from canteens, blue collar from white collar workers, and so forth: The inquiry revealed that the magnificent twenty seven didn't want it Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource NAM Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Allan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979/80 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/7ab2f4be23c09d92b66782ede8174e32.pdf 2a30fe88696f42df0e342b1944bd83c6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Education Description An account of the resource Many NAM members were engaged in the field of architectural education, either as staff or students, and pursued new ideas for course content and pedagogy, reassessing existing course structures and priorities in conventional architectural training. The concern to focus on socially necessary buildings and to find new and meaningful ways of engaging with building users and the wider community- both central NAM themes - illuminated much of the discussion. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Appendix to Chairman's Report Subject The topic of the resource Benefits to UK Architects (2 sides) Description An account of the resource 4 . Constitution of the Council The CHAIRMAN: I wish to make a statement which is likely to be quite long on this item. I feel it is my duty to keep you fully informed of the events which have happened in the last few weeks . In June 1985 the Archi tects Directive was issued. HM Government decided to implement that Directive through the DOE and ARCUK. This has to be done by an Order in Council, to come into operation in August 1987 . The DoE expressed reservations on the present system of recognition and that it would be difficult to defend if challenged by the Commission in Brussels or by other member states. A change was suggested in paper 161/86: (a) there should be a joint RIBA/ARCUK board and (b) ARCUK should nominate two members . In 1986, throughout 1986, RIBA was kept fully informed of all these proposals during that time, either by RIBA members on ARCUK Council or through letters and meetings which I conducted with the President and others, or Mr Peter Gibbs— Kennett who was the educational adviser throughout that time. There was nothing which was hidden or concealed from the RIBA on any of these matters . Paper 161/86 received approval at the Board of Architectural Education on 13 November by 35 votes to 2, with 8 abstentions. A similar motion and paper were approved by a large majority at the ARCUK Council on 17 December 1986. No one spoke against those proposals . Included in that large majority were RIBA members, some of whom said they welcomed this proposal . At the RIBA Council meeting on 21 January 1987 1 understand that the list of nominations by the RIBA to ARCUK Council was not ready, that the position of the Chairman of Council and Chairman of the BAE required careful consideration and that the preparation of lists was delegated, at the President's request, to himself and two vice presidents . Mr BRILL: On a point of information, Chairman also the Senior Vice President. The CHAIRMAN: I will correct that and I will repeat, the preparation of the list was delegated to the President himself, the Senior Vice President and two vice presidents . Thank you, Mr Brill. On 28 January 1987 myself and Deny s Hinton and the Registrar were empowered to open discussions with the RIBA on paper 161/86 . A meeting was held at 5 pm on that date and we were told we had forty—five minutes. Mr Melvin, Mr Gosling, Mr Harrison and Peter Gibbs—Kennet were present, myself, Denys Hinton and the Registrar. Mr Melvin, on behalf of the RIBA, asked for further information on two matters : (a) why was change necessary and (b) how were the proposals to work? He also agreed that there should be a further meeting in March. On 29 January 1987 Denys Hinton wrote to Mr Peter Melvin, giving him the information on the two points which he had raised, all of which had been discussed at the BAE or at ARCUK Council and were already known to the RIBA . On 3 February 1987 1 was asked to see the President of the R IBA, Larry Rolland, and Mr Melvin was present. They expressed concern at educational developments at ARCUK. I said that, as Chairman of ARCUK, I must represent all the opinions in ARCUK and not the RIBA only, and that the proposals had received widespread support from RIBA nominees on ARCUK Council. Larry Rolland asked me if I was willin to try to overturn these policies and I said "no" that I was acting for ARCUK and thought that the present proposals for co—operation between the RIBA, ARCUK and the schools were in the best interests of the whole profession and ARCUK 's EEC responsibilities . I thought that there were several RIBA nominees who would not be willing to reverse their opinions within weeks because they had been ordered to do so the RIBA. On 6 February I received a phone call from Mr Rolland, and I will read out the note: "Notes of telephone conversation, 2.30 Friday 6 February from Larry Rolland, President, R IBA, to Bob Adams, Chairman, ARCUK : 5 . " Larr Rolland said that, arising from our meeting on Fe ruary 1987 with Peter Melvin, their concern was not allayed on the developments of architectural education in ARCUK. Having consulted other vice— p resi dents Melvin Jeffels and Hackney they had ecided to reverse all the educa tional deci e ast year, so that the RIBA retained full responsx y or archi tectural education. They wished to have a change at the top of ARCUK and to this end they would not be nominating Denys Hinton or Bob Adams to ARCUK for the next session. This would mean they would not be Chairman of the BAE and of ARCUK Council respectively. They would also be removing others who they felt would not support the RIBA line. "GRA asked about the vice—chairman. Larry Rolland said they would be nominating John Tarn but not Ben Farmer———— c Mr JEFFELS: Mr Chairman, could I get this straight? The CHAIRMAN: Would you like to keep your comments to the end, Mr Jeffels? Mr JEFFELS : You are quoting from a third party . does not seem to me right, whether the substance is right or not, for you to be quoting what someone else has said over the telephone . The CHAIRMAN : This is an extremely important matter, Mr Jeffels, and I have the right, as Chairman, to say what I wish. " Larry Rolland said he thought he should phone me about this before GRA and DH received letters confirming this action. Denys Hinton was on holiday and could not be contacted. He regretted this action but felt that GRA and Denys Hinton would understand." I did not make any reply or comment. The conversation lasted about five minutes . These made immediately after that phone conversation. I signed those notes and sent a copy to the Registrar. On 7 February I received this letter from Larry Rolland: "I am writing to confirm my telephone call today about RIBA nominations for ARCUK Council. You will C, have realised from the meeting which you and Deny s Hinton held here on 28 January with Peter Melvin and David Gosling that the RIBA has serious misgivings about the direction in policy is tending, particularly in the field of a-ucatx-on. "I saw a copy of Denys t letter to Peter Melvin about the meeting and Peter and I had further discussions with you on 3 February. I have since discussed the matter with the Senior Vice President and again with Peter Melvin and Mike Jeffels, the vice president for ARCUK affairs . Our concern does not diminish and this, together with the Senior Vice President's strong view that we have to make a new approach to ARCUK affairs, had led us reluctantly to the conclusion that there should be a change in the chairmanship of both the BAE and ARCUK Council . Your name and that of Denys Hinton is therefore omitted from the list of nominations that has today been sent to ARCUK . "I appreciate that you will be disappointed. At the same time I am sure you and Denys Hinton will have realised the depth of our concern. I tried to telephone Denys to tell him of this decision but heard from his home that he is in Sicily and out of contact. I am sending him a copy of this letter . " A similar letter was sent to Denys Hinton . I phoned all the honorary officers of ARCUK and the BAE and informed them of these deve lopments . I asked the honorary officers, the Registrar and all his staff to make no comment to the press in order not to exacerbate the situation. On 9 February the RIBA issued a news release, which I æwishes to strengthen its negotiating hand with Government and to this end has thoroughly reviewed its representation on ARCUK in the light of Council 's recent decision to resist any further closures of schools of architecture . "The President, Larry Rolland, and the Senior Vice President, Rod Hackney, have been concerned during the past twelve months that the policies being pursued by ARCUK, in particular the increasing involvement in educational matters, are not in the best interests of architecture, the pub lic or future student intake . They agree that in general RIBA representatives on ARCUK should be younqer and in active practice. They believe that the team put forward on behalf of RIBA Council, which includes Gordon Graham, the RIBA Past President serving on Council next session, will provide the profession with a much more effective influence in the difficult times ahead. "The RIBA has been discharging its responsibilities for architectural education since long before the formation of ARCUK and continues to fulfil its obligations in this field. It makes an annual investment in education of over E % million and has a committee structure of respected practitioners and academics supported by an experienced staff. sees A CUK as rimaril a registration bodv and believes that any can only cause confusion and diffusion of effort. "The full list of nominations submitted to the Registrar, ARCUK, on 6 February is attached. "The Senior Vice President added that the position of the Huddersfield School and the North East London Polytechnic School should be reviewed to see if, with the demands for archi tects in the inner cities being on the increase, they can orient themselves to an enabling course in line with Government policy to upgrade the inner city envi ronment. Larry Rolland has suggested that Peter Melvin, Vice President, Education, should meet with the Director of Inner City Aid to see if some joint working relationship could be established along these lines . " On 13 February the IAAS issued a news release, which I will read . "In the current confrontation between the RIBA and ARCUK over the education of architects, the inter— c disciplinary Incorporated Association of Architects and Surveyors (IAAS) has come down firmly on the side of ARCUK. "It was recently reported in the press that ARCUK now plans to exercise its statutory responsibility for archi tects education by appointing an education officer and seeking equal representation on school visiting boards, whereas at present it supplies only one representative to RIBA visiting boards . "This development has not found favour with the R IBA, which announced recently that it sees ARCUK primarily as a registration body and believes that any expansion into other roles will cause confusion and diffusion of effort. "The IAAS, founded sixty—one years ago by the celebrated archi tect, Sir Edwin Lutyens, and commi teed to an inter— disciplinary principle has released the following statement on the education issue: 'The IAAS welcomes the recent public announcement by ARCUK that it intends to exercise its statutory responsibility for the education of architects . 'ARCUK, by statute, was from the outset never intended to act solely as a registration body . Otherwise the Architects Registration Act would have been drafted differently • C, 'As a constituent member of ARCUK, the IAAS has always voiced its regret that ARCUK over the years failed to resist the block partisan lobby which resulted in the true role of ARCUK being almost stymied from birth . 'As an inter—disciplinary body, the IAÄS is uniquely placed to appreciate the value of the composi tion of the ARCUK Council and Boards in that their membership like the IAAS is drawn from a wide breadth of representation. The IAAS believes that this was a deliberate measure with a view to the self interests of single—minded professional bodies being put aside and thus the needs of architecture being considered independently and as a whole . This is surely recognised by the fact that in order to practise as an architect in the UK a person needs only to be registered by ARCUK to which requirement member— ship of a professional body, whilst to be encouraged, is secondary . 'The IAAS applauds ARCUK for its self assertion and in full support the IAAS has changed its nominees and seeks to increase its representation on the ARCUK Council and Boards. 'The IAAS hopes that ARCUK will receive universal encouragement and support in this fresh and independent approach which the IAAS believes can only be for the good of students, educational establishments, archi tects, industry and the public at large and not least the pro fess ional bodies themselves. " Having seen that release, I again reaffirmed my instruction that we will make no comment whatever to the press . 1 informed the various committees of ÄRCUK that is, the Finance and General Purposes Commi ttee, the Board of Archi tectural Education, the Professional Purposes Committee, and all of the honorary officers. They discussed the situation and unanimously expressed their deep concern at the RIBA action and the damage to its reputation. On 18 February, because of constitutional matters raised, myself, Denys Hinton and Kenneth Forder explained to the Clerk to the Privy Council, who agreed with us to see us immediately and that day. The Privy Council is the body advising the Queen on all consti tutional matters and the powers of charter and statutory bodies . The Secretary made three points to us: (1) all members of a statutory body have a duty to implement functions of that body and this duty overrides the interests of their nominating bodies; (2) that a private body should interfere in the functions of a statutory body; (3) nominations made by RIBA were invalid if they had not been made by the RIBA Council. He offered to express these views to the DOE and the RIBA. We unders tand that was done and Patrick Harrison was informed on 24 February 1987 . We were so concerned about this development, that the matter of the nominations was not raised by us but raised by the Clerk to the Privy Council, we therefore decided to consult our solicitors, Ratcliffe's, who agreed that the Privy Council view was correct. I asked Ratcliffe's advice on (a) a draft note which I should send to the honorary officers and (b) future action. The soli— ci tors recommended us to consult counsel. On 2 March at 2.30 pm myself, Denys Hinton and Mr David Andrew of Ratcliffe 's, who is present today, saw Mr Stockdale of counsel, special ising in constitutional matters. Mr Stockdale said that the present RIBA nominations are invalid c and agreed with the Privy Council and our solicitors' view . He gave this advice on future action: (a) knowing that the RIBA nominations are invalid and that there was an intention by the RIBA to interfere in the statutory functions of a ARCUK had no option but to formally notify D the RIBA of ARCUK 's objection; (b) GRA and Denys Hinton cannot accept an invalid nomination from the R IBA, even if this were made; (c) ARCUK must ensure their Council is properly consti tuted, for two reasons: (1) ARCUK, as a statutory body, cannot act or be seen to act illegally; (2) if ARCUK Council is consti tutionally invalid all subsequent decisions of this Council are also invalid. On 9 March we received counsel 's opinion from Mr Stockdale, who agreed with everything which had been said. On 12 March 1987 at 10 .30 am the honorary officers had asked for a meeting with the President of the RIBA to express their view. At the meeting, of which we made a C, record, as far as the RIBA was concerned there was Larry Rolland, Mr Hackney, Alan Groves, Mr Melvin, Mr Jeffels, Mr Patrick Harrison, Chris Lakin and Peter Gibbs—Kennet. For ARCUK there was myself, Denys Hinton, Professor Tarn, Professor Farmer, Mr Nickolls, Mr Penning, Mr Taylor and Mr Gregory. The meeting s tated that it was the unanimous view of the honorary officers to urge that the RIBA should re—nominate GRA and Denys Hinton to ARCUK Council, to avoid further damage to the reputation of the RIBA and the profession. GRA explained the legal advice which he had received. Larry Rolland said the RIBA had received different legal advice. The honorary officers expressed their concern that the RIBA felt able to try to remove from ARCUK anyone who disagreed with RIBA policies. Larry Rolland said that he had agreed to the meeting to hear honorary officers' views but not to respond. Larry Rolland asked GRA to postpone the ARCUK AGM. After that meeting the honorary officers went back to ARCUK and discussed the situation, and they came to the conclusion, having received their solicitors' advice , that they had no option but to formally inform the RIBA c of the non—validity matters. We therefore wrote to the Secretary of the R IBA: "As you will know the RIBA representatives nominated to serve on the ARCUK Council for the year ending March 1988 were appointed not by the RIBA Council but by your President and two Vice Presidents to whom responsibility had been delegated. A formal objection has been loged with me and I am thereby put on notice . "I duly passed this matter to ARCUK solicitors who have said that I have no alternative but to say that my Council cannot accept the forty—two nominations which accompanied Mr Lakin's letter to me dated 6 February 1987 because they are not the nominations of the RIBA Council . "On behalf of ARCUK Council T ran, as Rea..i only accept these nominations when you can certify to me that they were appointed by the Council of the R IBA. It would be helpful if you would let me know, as a matter of urgency, what steps you suggest should be taken in relation to this matter. " On 13 March we received this reply from Patrick Harrison: "I acknow ledge receipt of your letter of 12 March 1987 in which you state that you can only accept the Royal C, Insti tute's nominations to ARCUK Council when I can certify that they were appointed by the Council of the RIBA. "The Royal Insti tute is advised that the exercise of RIBA Council's function to appoint representatives to ARCUK Council was properly carried out under the provisions of the Charter. If you contest this view I must ask for you to arrange for your advisers to meet ours today to satisfy us why the nominations are invalid. " I therefore gave instructions to our solicitors that they should meet the RIBA solicitors, which they did on that day . They met but did not reach any agreement. The solicitors therefore recommended that the two counsel concerned should meet, and those two counsel met yesterday. They again did not agree, but I have a note of their meeting. This is a note of the meeting between Mr B K Levy, counsel for the RIBA, and Mr T M Stockdale, counsel for ARCUK. It was noted " (a) that ARCUK had adj ourned the meeting of its Council until Monday 30 March and (b) that RIBA would be holding a meeting of its Council on Wednesday 25 March . "Mr Levy would recommend to RIBA that the appointment of members of the ARCUK Council under Schedule 1 to c the 1931 Act should be on the agenda and should be dealt with at the RIBA Council meeting . "Mr Stockdale would recommend to ARCUK that if the Council of RIBA made new appointments at its meeting those appointments should be accepted and there would be no question of ARCUK arguing that the appointments made in February were valid after all. "Subject to paragraph 5 below, new appointments made at the RIBA Council meeting would therefore resolve the immediate problem. t' Because of this I therefore wrote to the President of the R IBA: "The 220th Ordinary Meeting of ARCUK Council will be held at 2 pm, Wednesday 18 March 1987, at which I will give a full account of recent events to my Council . "At your request made at our meeting on 12 March 1987 I have postponed the AGM until 2 pm on Monday 30 March 1987, which is the latest day on which it can be held. "This is after the date of the next RIBA Council meeting on 25 March 1987, at which your Council may wish to review the present situation. " I also received a letter from Michael Darke to Larry Rolland, from the Heads of Schools of Architecture, and I will read it. "There was a SCHOSA meeting of Heads of Schools last Friday 6 March , when they discussed at length the recent C, RIBA press notice concerning nominations to the ARCUK Council. The letter which I wrote to you last week on behalf of our Steering Commi ttee was fully supported. Heads do not of course see ARCUK as primarily a registration body, and are well aware of its educational responsibilities under the Registration Acts as well as its statutory role under the EEC Architects Directive . "Heads of Schools are dismayed at your action in omi tting Bob Adams and Denys Hinton from the list of nominations to the ARCUK Council. The following resolution was passed: t SCHOSA urges the RIBA Council to review the list of nominations forwarded to ARCUK and requests that the current chairman of the ARCUK Council, Bob Adams , and the current chairman of the Board of Architectural Education, Denys Hinton, should both be reinstated as nominees of the RIBA on the ARCUK Council for 1987/88. ' " This resolution was agreed unanimously by the twenty— five Heads of Schools, plus three deputies, present, including Heads serving on the RIBA Council and EPDC . " As Chairman, I therefore had to decide what I should do on the matter of the AGM. I did not consider it appropriate that the AGM should be held with a background of legal di sagreement . I must, as Chairman, ensure that proper arrangements are made for the continuity of ARCUK and to protect the position of the Registrar. If the meeting was c held: (a) if forty—two RIBA members were declared invalid, the thirty—two could continue and would be quorate, but this would not be a fair reflection of the profession; (b) if the forty; two RIBA members were accepted, knowing them to be invalid on the advice of our solicitors, then all subsequent actions of ARCUK Council would be invalid. I therefore gave instructions that the AGM would be postponed and you all received a copy of my letter . As Chairman of ARCUK I must (a) act impartially for all interests; (b) carry out policies agreed by Council; (c) keep ARCUK fully informed of all developments . Until today, all honorary officers and all ARCUK staff and I have made no comments to the press in the interests of trying to reach a settlement. That is my statement, and the matter is now open for discussion. Mr JENKS: Chairman, in the light of that important statement, I wonder if the full transcript of that could be made available rather than the minutes? There are so many important events and the timing of those events is so important, I think minutes would not do justice to this . I think it is important to have the full record available to members . The REGISTRAR: The shorthandwriter tells me it will be ready by the end of the week or the beginning of next week . You want a copy put in the hands of all members? (Yes) Mr ALLAN : There is a vast amount of material there and I do not think anybody can be expected to digest all that, straight off the bat. It seems in all of this we have to distinguish between two aspects: conduct and consti tution. The conduct that has been described in the material you have read out to us, in particular of those representing the RIBA, would seem to me to be prima facie evidence of disgraceful conduct in accordance with the Standard of Conduct, and I would like to suggest that this matter is remi tted to the first meeting of the next Council 's PPC, to review whether there is a prima facie case of dis— graceful conduct to answer. Secondly, with regard to the constitution, I would be very grateful if we could spend some time considering these actions against the ARCUK regulations, because I fear that decisions that apparently have been made outside this Council may not be in accordance with the Council's own regulation . In particular I would refer to regulation 18, the relevant portions of which I shall read out. The regulation is titled "General" so I think we can deduce that it has application to all relevant parts of ARCUK business . It reads as follows : "The validity of the proceedings at any meeting of the Council" I will pause where I am omitting irrelevant portions of the regulation — "shall not be affected by.. . the fact (if existing) that by reason of any failure to elect or appoint the members thereof.. . the Council. . . may at the time at which the meeting is held be incomplete. t' I would be glad to have a legal interpretation of that. Mr ANDREWS: I do not think one can quarrel with that because the gentleman has been reading from the regulations . If the suggestion is that there should not have been a postponement of the Annual General Meeting, then I can certainly deal with that. Is that the gravamen of what you are saying? Mr ALLAN: We could start with that, yes . Mr ANDREWS : The starting point is regulation 2 on page 1, and I will read it: "The Annual Meeting of the Council shall be held in the month of March in every year and shall follow the Ordinary Meeting of the Council held in the same month • t' The present proposal is that it should be held on 30 March . c That will not be a breach of the regulations . I think that it is self—evident from what the Chairman has said in his statement that there was a possible constitutional crisis in the offing, and that it therefore made sense to avert that crisis to make a postponement of the Annual Meeting . There is nothing unusual or impractical about pos tponing a meeting, certainly against that sort of background. A valid notice of adjournment was given and the meeting is now due to take place, as you have heard, on 30 March . That, I would have thought, made very good sense for all conce rned . Mr ALLAN : I think I should preface anything that I and any of my colleagues on the unattached side might wish to say by saying that our contribution in this whole episode will be, and I hope continue to be, directed towards the best interests of ARCUK. I would like to stress that very strongly . It seems to me the best interests of ARCUK in this case are likely to be served by our being extremely careful if, at the request of one person who is not even a member of this Council, Council meetings are going to be pos tponed C, without prior consultation with the rest of the Council and in disregard of the regulation which I previously read out, which provides 8kact1y the circumstances which we now find ourselves in, which is that this Council can proceed and in fact the validity of the proceedings of the Council will not be affected if failure to elect or appoint members thereof is the case at the time the meeting is held. The Annual General Meeting is convened for this afternoon. I have not heard a reason why that regulation can be dispensed with. At the Annual General Meeting this Council has to achieve five things . Those things are specified in regulation 8 and they are as follows: (1) it shall elect a chairman; (2) it shall elect a vice—chairman; (3) it shall appoint the Board of Archi tectural Education; (4) it shall appoint the Admissions Commi ttee and (5) it shall appoint the Discipline Commi ttee . I would like to know why it is not possible for the Annual General Meeting convened for this afternoon to do those five things . c The CHAIRMAN: I have taken advice on this matter, but it is my decision alone. I have to protect the position of the Registrar and the honorary officers and it is my decision that it is prudent, and it would not be proper to proceed with the Annual General Meeting this afternoon when there is such an obvious imbalance in the representation of the profession. Mr GORDON : In that case, Chai rman, perhaps you could tell us on what you base your authority to make that decision? The CHAIRMAN: It says in the regulation: "The Chairman or the Vice—Chairman of the Council or not less than ten members of the Council jointly may by written request to the Clerk require him to convene a Special meeting.. . " I am also empowered to act on behalf of Council in between meetings of the Council and to act as I should think fit. Mr GORDON: And have you convened a special meeting? The CHAIRMAN: No. Mr GORDON: I am at a loss to know from where you derive the power to postpone a meeting which had already been properly arranged and intimated to members . The CHAIRMAN: I have consulted our solicitor on this point and I am told I am legally in order in so doing. That is a legal matter. Whether it is proper is a matter for my judgment. Mr GORDON: You have liberally given us the benefit of Council's advice earlier on this afternoon, which I think was a very proper thing for you to do. Perhaps you could quote to us the advice you received on this matter. Mr ANDREWS : I think it is a short point; it is not unusual for meetings to be adjourned and the Chairman has it in his right to adjourn this meeting, which is what he has done . Mr GORDON: I have never been to a meeting which was adjourned before it began. Mr ANDREWS: I do not think it has begun; it is on 30 March . The CHAIRMAN: I postponed the meeting; I did not adjourn it. Mr GORDON: In that case the solicitor is answering a different question. He answered that it was perfectly in order to adjourn the meeting . I am asking for the Council to be given the benefit of the legal advice which spells c out your authority, without consulting Council, to change the date of a meeting which you had already intimated to all the members . Mr ANDREWS: The Chairman is not duty—bound to consult the Council before he fixed the meeting in the first place . D Mr GORDON: That is not my point. Having fixed it, where is his authority for postponing it? Mr ANDREWS: Where is the authority that says he cannot postpone it? Mr GORDON: I am putting to you, that since there is no specific authority, to make a decision without that authority is ultra vires. Mr ANDREWS: The timing of the meeting in my view is within the Chairman's discretion and he has exercised that discretion. Mr GEAL: I think there are limits to that discretion. If I could quote the regulations, regulation 2, which has already been referred to: "The Annual Meeting of the Council shall be held in the month of March in every year and shall follow the Ordinary Meeting of the Council held in the same month . " I think special attention should be paid to the lack of punctuation in that, relating to the " shall follow" , wi th no reference to "shall follow within the month" but held in the same month . It is not a minor point when you refer to the Principal Act, Schedule 1, clause 6: " .. . every member of Council shall hold office until the expiration of one year from the date of his appointment or election. Shortly, at the end of today, I will have no office. 1 then see myself having an interregnum until the next Annual General Meeting, and everyone else having an interregnum until the convening of that meeting. The CHAIRMAN: I am advised that that is not a correct interpretation of the statute or the regulations . Mr ANDREWS: No, I think that the absence of punctuation is not peculiar to that particular regulation. If you look at the regulations as a whole punctuation is not found generally throughout them . It is again a matter of interpretation. I do not necessarily say my view is bound to be the correct one. It would have been a proper course had there been time for the Chairman to instruct me to make application to the c court for a declaration on guidance, but there simply was not time to do that. The Chairman does not have to consult on the timing of the meeting. Therefore it must follow that he can postpone it. "Shall follow. .. " , the words you are probably relying on, it does not say "shall immediately follow" and I would say " shall follow" means precisely what it says, ie, shall not precede . Mr GEAL: It would be a constitutional absurdity to proceed with members that were not constituted. My real point is on clause 6 . What is the Council and who are the members of Council as of today, before the next Annual General Meeting? There are none, because they all cease according to clause 6, until the expiration. The CHAIRBIAN: I have received advice on this and I am told that there is no difficulty whatever on this point. Mr BROAD: My point concerns the twelve months. It says "one year . " Had the original date for the AGM been two weeks ago and been cancelled, which was within two weeks of the twelve months from which we had all been appointed, then you might be able to postpone it for two weeks, but seeing that the year expires today — because it always follows straight afterwards and there has never been a problem —— from this afternoon onwards it is not twelve months and two weeks, it is twelve months . This is the saddest day for ARCUK that I have ever seen and for the continuation of ARCUK we must carry on and what concerns me is these two weeks. How does ARCUK survive over the next two weeks, if we all cease tonight? The REGISTRAR: This is not a terribly difficult point. We always choose a Wednesday in March. It is not always twelve months from the last Wednesday. On some notorious occasions we have taken deliberate steps to avoid a particular Wednesday, because something else was on. Normally it is accepted from a Wednesday in March to a Wednesday in March . Mr ANDREWS: There is a precedent for this. c Professor MARKUS: I would suggest a proposition which, at first sight, may seem somewhat ludicrous, but I think it will get us round a number of the problems we have been discussing. That is, that we should hold the meeting as arranged today, following this meeting. Those who are valid members of the Council should proceed to the five duties we have heard to be carried out, but all the people nominated under those five should resign immediately upon the calling of the first proper meeting of this Council, so that Council can take the matters into its own hands and appoint whoever it wishes, in the normal way. Whether that meeting is 30 March or any other date Council chooses to have does not matter. It means cons titutionally we have a properly surviving Council which has been properly constituted in the interim. The CHAIRMAN: 1 looked into this point. I have already given my reasons as to why I do not think it proper or seemly that that should happen. We would for that period have a grossly dis torted ARCUK Council. It says in the regulations that the election of Chairman C, and the other five members mentioned can only be elected at the Annual General Meeting, and it is therefore outside the powers of a subsequent meeting of ARCUK, the Ordinary Meeting, to re—elect those officers, except by a casual vacancy . There is no guarantee that those officers would resign . It would seem an unreasonable and unseemly procedure for me to get ARCUK into, if I agreed to this request. Dr WOOLLEY : I think that there are considerable diffi— culties if we t ry to interpret the regulations. I would like to speak directly to some of the points . I am really shocked at some of what you have just told us about. It is very important that the concern of people like myself, and possibly others in Council, is noted, because clearly a constituent body of ARCUK has acted in a way which is reprehensible, or has attempted to do so, and that really raises a number of very serious issues about ARCUK. I would like to congratulate you on the exemplary way in which you have responded to that threat and that crisis . (cries of "hear", "hear" ) I find myself in some difficulty, therefore, at having to c take issue on one question, which is whether it is proper for you to have pos tponed the meeting, because it seems to me that is what it comes down to. As you have said, it is a decision you have taken. There are a number of arguments which you have advanced for that to avoid a constitutional crisis, to ensure a proper balance of representation on the Council of the profession, to avoid it being grossly distorted. I can quite see those arguments, but it seems to me that there are other issues you perhaps ought to have taken into account. That is, that a particular constituent body has forced this crisis by its actions on ARCUK, and that you are to some extent, I would suggest, falling over backwards to accommodate those mistakes which that particular body seems to have made . I think you should also have considered the considerable inconvenience that this is putting other members of Council to. This is a gut feeling really — why should I be incon— venienced because of the misbehaviour of one of the constituent bodies? I feel very s trongly about that. I think it is quite improper. It seems to me that if it was necessary for that particular constituent body to have a meeting of its Council C, before putting forward the correct nominations then that body should have been inconvenienced to do that, not this Council. Why should I have to come back here in two weeks t time, on a day when I already have extremely important commitments that are extremely di fficult to change? Why should I do that to accommodate a particular constituent organisation, which has quite clearly abused its role? It seems to me on that basis there is a very strong argument for going ahead with the Annual General Meeting today because, under the terms of the regulations, such a meeting would be properly constituted and I do not give a hoot for whether or not it is fully representative of the profession. I believe that that consti tuent body has disqualified itself from representing this profession by the way in which it has behaved over this matter. I would have thought that you would feel just as strongly about it. I feel there is a very strong argument on moral grounds alone, never mind all the ins and outs of the regulations, that the Annual General Meeting should continue today and we should not be inconvenienced and put out to accommodate this c other body by holding the meeting on some future date, to suit its purposes . I appreciate the time scale was very tight, but I think there are very strong arguments to be said for that, and I think I and my unattached colleagues feel very strongly that the AGM should go ahead as planned today . The CHAIRMAN: You appreciate that I have not used any adjectives in my statement. Although you may use adjectives I should like to dissociate myself from those adjectives . Mr JEFFELS: That is a point I would like to make . The CHAIRBIAN: You appreciate that I have had a weekend of very considerable concern as to what to do . I had to take a number of considerations in, some of which certainly were YOurs . I appreciate that a number of people are being inconvenienced, but the most important thing is that ARCUK must continue and be seen to be properly constituted body which maintains the respect of all those who are concerned with it all the consti tuent bodies, Government and the public at large. I had a very difficult decision and I C, appreciate the comments which you have made, but I felt I had to weigh those comments against the other considerations which I have already made this afternoon . Mr EASTHAM: I have a lot of sympathy with what has been said, but I do not think we will benefit by repeating similar things. It is an unsatisfactory position and I am sure the RIBA will say maybe it is none of their making; others will say it is. But I would like to move on to other business . I have travel led a long way and it seems will have, like many, to travel a long way again. I would like to propose that we note your decision, with regret. Mr ASTINS: 1 second that. Mr GORDON: I feel that is adding insult to injury. This is an extraordinarily important matter, which it is proposed to brush under the carpet without adequate discussion. I hope there is support for continuing discussion until a conclusion has become clear . c Mr GEAL: Who will bear the cost of the additional Council meeting? The CHAIRMAN: ARCUK . Mr ALLAN: What is that cost? The CHAIRMAN: I do not know. Probably in the order of E2000 . Mr ALLAN: Is that more or less than the average amount given as a student grant by ARCUK? Mr JEFFELS: Chairman, on a point of order———— The CHAIRMAN: Can you answer that question, Mr Gregory? Mr GREGORY: That is about the maximum we would give. Mr ALLAN: About the maximum of a student grant? Mr GREGORY: For a typical provincial student. Mr JEFFELS: On a point of order a motion has been put and seconded that we move on to the next business. Surely that should now be put to the Council. The CHAIRMAN: I appreciate that, Mr Jeffels . It is an important matter and I want everyone to have the opportunity of saying what they wish on the matter. Mr JENKS: I would like to reverse the thing in a way and seek an assurance from the Chair. If a precedent is being set to pos tpone meetings in this way, in accordance with the wishes of any constitutional body, I notice that there are four constitutional bodies that have not put forward recommendations to this Council could any of these, for instance the Secretary of State for Scotland, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, the R ICS or the Society of Engineers, expect the same treatment, or the unattached, if we were irregular in our nominations to this Council? Could c we expect similar treatment to that being allowed to the R IBA? For example, if the Secretary of State for Scotland now comes alone and says "we are sorry about our nomination. We made a bit of a mistake. It was irregular, illegal. We would like to postpone this meeting for another time so that we can ensure that we are properly represented"? At the moment the Council will not be properly represented because there are four consti tutional bodies missing from that Council. Can we have that assurance? The CHAIRMAN: I do not think I can give you that assurance. This is a hypothetical question and it must be left to the judgment of whoever is there at the time as to c what he should do about that circumstances . I do not think I should say anything which could constitute a precedent in this matter . Professor Denys HINTON: The parallel which Dr Jenks D has raised is not a valid one. It is true that the RIBA made a request about this, but the real reason the Chairman has had to make this decision is that it would not have been possible to have cons tituted this Council at a General Meeting because it was not resolved what was the legality of the nominations . In that situation I would have to say to you, would you all have preferred to meet in this room and to have argued about the legality of whether the meeting could proceed? It would have had to have been closed if it had been called in the first place . Regulations, moral principles and other things apart, the practical aspect is that that meeting could never effectively have taken place . Mr ALLAN: We have been told by the legal adviser that those nominations were not legal . Does this Council take its own legal advice or the legal advice given to it second—hand by another body? Mr ANDREWS: The advice we gave, that was confirmed by the Registrar, the Privy Council and by the barrister that we instructed, was challenged by the R IBA. That being so, it was thought that a compromise was the best way forward and that is the compromise which has been spelled out in the note from which you quoted. The CHAIRMAN: Are there any other comments before I put the motion? Mr CRITCHLOW; I tend to sympathise with Dr Woolley in that it is regrettable that the meeting has had to be put off at great expense, but, likewise, a second notice has been send out so that anybody who wished to attend the AGM today might not have done so as a result of that second notice . So we have little alternative but to agree with the regrettable decision which has had to be made in postponing the Annual General Meeting. Mr BROAD: If this meeting does not go ahead today and we are relying on a postponed meeting in two weeks' time, c before which we are hoping that one of the constituent bodies of this Council will hold a proper meeting and re—consider their previous nominations and come forward to another meeting, we are therefore hoping to have the same open debates next year that we have had in the past. It has taken a long time, inch by inch, to have this forum in this chamber used for open debate, where points can be put forward and debated and people take votes at the end. Decisions taken last year were more or less unanimous . It is hard to see how we are going to have forty—two new nominees who are to come in here, according to the press statements that I have read, and carry out policy as told to them by somebody not in this Council Chamber. If the point of pos tponing is purely to enact this, it seems to me we are doing this body a disservice. Added to that, there are still technical, legal complications in doing so and I believe one of those is that this body has decided and it is in our minutes — that the nominations have to be in in advance of an Annual General Meeting by at least three weeks. We are hoping to change the nominations , we believe, and we are having a meeting in two weeks . C, The unattached have had it rammed down their throats that from the time they have their elections there is a very tight schedule to meet to come forward with nominations . If they ask for a day longer it is refused by this body . Are we sticking to three weeks for nominations? Is there a chance to change nominations or are we seeing forty—two people coming here in two weeks' time who will have this as a registration body . If that is what we are postponing it for, I think we do ourselves a great disservice . The CHAIRMAN: There are two kinds of nominations. One is any constituent body, and others nominated under the schedule of the Act, have a right to nominate; that is not subject to any time. They can nominate whom they wish, when they wish. The one you are talking about is nominations to boards and commi ttees . The REGISTRAR: For free election. It is only the free election which has a time limit. Mr BROAD: So those names will not change . The CHAIRMAN: we do not know. c The REGISTRAR: Mr Broad is quite right in saying that technically, I suppose, if the Council follows its previous rulings . The CHAIRMAN: I defer to your advice on this. Time is getting on. We have a motion before us. Mr GROVES: Chairman, you have had a motion some time. You have given people plenty of time. Would you please put the motion? Mr GORDON: On a point of order, Chairman the response which was just given was not clear to me and, I do not think, to a number of other people in the room. I am particularly aware in my own case, I am asked by my constituent body to confirm that I am prepared to act on ARCUK from early in January . I am slightly surprised, with over twenty—five———— Mr GROVES: Chairman, this is not a point of order . Mr GORDON: that another constituent body, presumably subject to the same law, is only able to give five days' notice. The CHAIRMAN: Your point is noted. Are there any more comments ? Mr ALLAN: I do not think we have had a satisfactory answer to Mr Broad's point and I would like to know from the Registrar what the period is laid down in ARCUK's procedures whereby nominations for free election have to be submitted to the Registrar, by whatever time before the meeting concerned, and whether those procedures can be upheld in terms of the timetable of this meeting which is being suggested for the 30th or not. The REGISTRAR: The answer is---- Mr BRILL: There is another comment———— Mr ALLAN: Could I have the answer to my question? Mr BRILL: It is an added one which may help clarify matters. We are talking about nominations for free elections . I have no information that those nominations by individuals and not by consti tuent bodies, are actually being challenged by the Chairman or any legal entity within this Council. The CHAIRMAN: I am sorry. This was considered but the nominations for the free elections can only be made by members of the Council. If those members of the Council are invalid then their nominations are invalid too. c The REGISTRAR: What we have normally stated is that we should have fourteen days notice of free election candidatures , solely in order that we can get out an aide memoire on each one. The simplest answer would be to suspend that require— ment for the Annual Meeting to be held on the 30th, so that people can nominate up to the moment of the meeting. Mr ALLAN: So that in addition to all the other incon— veniences we are being asked to tolerate we are also being asked to suspend a chapter of ARCUK 's normal procedures in order to accommodate this incredible faux pas — that is the most charitable description of it —- by the RIBA. 1 think it is absolutely astounding and utterly disgraceful. The CHAIRMAN: 1 now put the motion. Mr ALLAN: Could you repeat the wording please? The REGISTRAR: What I have is "note the decision with regret. Mr EASTHAM: "That we note the decision to postpone the Annual Meeting with regret . " Mr ALLAN: I would like to make an amendment to that, to substitute the word " accept" for the word "note . " It is whether we accept the decision. C, Mr EASTHAM: I accept that amendment. Mr ASTINS: Agreed. Mr CONNOLLY: I thought the motion was " to proceed to other business . " The CHAIRMAN: 1 thought 1 was right. I now have this motion by Mr Eastham "that we accept this decision with regret." Mr METCALFE: "And proceed to other business . " The CHAIRMAN: "We accept this decision with regret and proceed to other business" if you so wish. Is that all right, Mr Eastham? Mr EASTHAM: 1 agree. Mr ASTINS: 1 agree. Mr WATERHOUSE; May I move an amendment to delete the words "with regret"? Mr METCALFE: 1 second that. The CHAIRMAN: We now have an amendment to this motion, to delete "with regret" . The amendment was put and on a show of hands was carried with 28 voting for and 9 against. The motion as amended was put and on a show of hands was carried with 30 voting for and 13 against. 5 . Section 7 of the Principal Act (in the absence of the press) The CHAIRMAN: This is a discipline matter in respect of Steven Lawrence Hole . The REGISTRAR: Are there only members of the existing Council here? The CHAIRMAN: There are two who are new. Is there any objection to their remaining at this Council for this purpose, although they must not vote? (no objection was raised) Mr NICKOLLS: The report of the Discipline Commi ttee in the matter of Mr S L Hole is Annex A on the papers before you and you will note the recommendation of the Discipline Committee on page 4 of that annex. It is my proposal to move the re levant motion in respect of this, after which any matters can be raised from the floor if members of Council so desire. I shall therefore read the resolution as follows: "That the Discipline Committee having reported to the Council that Steven Lawrence Hole has been found guilty of conduct disgraceful to him in his capaci ty as an architect, this Council directs the Registrar (1) to send him a copy of the Discipline Committee report; (2) to inform him that after grave consideration the Council has decided not to remove his name from the Register but that nevertheless the Council considers that his conduct in the matter merits the severest censure and reproof; (3) to arrange for the publication of the Discipline Committee's findings and the Council 's decision in respect thereof in the architectural press 27 . I would hope, by virtue of the Annual General Meeting being postponed, that those in the Institute might take this opportunity of reconsidering their decision and of hope ful Iy nominating you again and Professor Hinton as their represent— atives,so that we can look forward to perhaps you, sir, carrying on for what is normally two years 1 do not think I can remember an occasion when a chairman has only served one . You, sir, have been in my view, and I am sure in the opinion of everyone who is here, a very able, faithful, competent chairman, and I am only sorry that this may be the last occasion you are sitting there . If it is, I would c like to thank you, and of course Professor Hinton, most deeply for all you have done for the Council and I hope others here will join me in making this "thank you" statement. The vote of thanks was carried with acclaim. The CHAIRMAN: Thank you everyone for that. This is somewhat ernbarrassing, as you will gather. Is there any other business? Mr ALLAN: I would also like to indulge the Council 's time with a brief, in my case, valedictory statement as this will be my last Council meeting for at least the foreseeable future to say I would like to add my endorsement to everything John Smith has said and that, in the ten years I have been an ARCUK councillor, it seems to me some extremely important and valuable progress has been made . I think it must be clear to a number of people that the more progress that is made in ARCUK in terms of its emancipation and reform the more it may be subject to the sort of, I would say, improper interference that may have happened in the recent weeks . I feel I can speak for all C, my colleagues on the unattached side in saying that in the last two chairmen we have found stout allies of the cause of fairness and impartiality in the chair; that is both yourself, Bob, and Denys Hinton. We would very much hope that that tradi tion even if not in the person of yourself but certainly that tradition would be consolidated and deve loped. In my own case it will take a little while to reflect on today's events . I do not think I can really 60 . come to and I daresay a number of other people will not be able to come to — proper conclusions until they have seen the verbatim report of your statement, which I think was a very brave one. In the meantime, however, I think people will inevitably draw conclus ions from what has happened and I would say it would be very sad indeed if anybody in certain quarters drew the conclusion from what has happened that, under pressure, ARCUK is capable of being intimidated, because I do not think it can and I do not think it should be. I can say that and I can leave after ten years of being on ARCUK, but it seems to me that that fact has to be demonstrated by the incoming Council next year and by all c subsequent Councils, that ARCUK is its own master and must act accordingly in accordance with its consti tution and its procedures . All I can say is I wish my successors well in that and if it appears to me that there may be any backsliding from that pattern of behaviour, I may be back ! (Applause) The CHAIRMAN: First of all I would very much like to thank ARCUK staff for all the work they have done this year . It has been a very heavy year indeed. It has imposed upon them the extra work of the Order in Council. I would thank the Registrar and his staff for all the work they have done . I would also like to thank the honorary officers, who again have had a difficult time this year. They have not only been extremely loyal and carried out the wishes of this Council but they have also been chairmen of their various committees and have done a great deal of work . I would also like to thank all the members of committees who have served both here, and those who are not here; I think they have added much to the quality of the work of this Council. I would thank all the existing Council members for what they C, have done and the manner in which they have conducted these debates some of which could have got a bit more heated than they have . I appreciate the discretion and moderation that has been used. I would finally thank the retiring members for all they have done . I would thank Mr Astins, Mr Barnes, Miss Bedington, who has been here since 1969, Professor Hinton, Mr Lewis, Professor Macleod, Mr Weardon, Mr Wilkinson and 61. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource ARCUK Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Allan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Undated