6 10 310 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/7a4cd30287ec8c89c340f2fa70090396.pdf cd593d2491d465f62db270185b0dbd02 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Professional Issues Description An account of the resource A cohort of NAM members became engaged with the professional registration body, standing as elected councillors on the Architects Registration Council and its various committees. Hitherto entirely dominated by the RIBA bloc, the Council began to yield to a new dynamic through NAM's involvement, enabling fresh perspectives on such issues as mandatory fee scales, greater lay representation on the body, ethically-based standards of professional conduct, etc. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letter from ARCUK Registrar re Unattached Election timetable Description An account of the resource 8 I have just come back from holiday and I see from my notes that you had a strong viewpoint to put in the course of the June Council meeting regarding the timetable for the Unattached election. The Chairman of the Finance Conmittee and I are at present trying to hammer out a more concentrated formula but I do recall that you felt that you might have suggestions to put to the Finance and General Purposes Committee and for this reason I am enclosing herewith a copy of the present timetable which we have to follow each time there is an election. I think you will find it helpful and I look forward to hearing from you on the subject. Architects Registration Council of the United Kingdom ESTAQLIBHEOS UNOE® THE ARCHITECTS (MNEGIBTMATION!) ACTS 188! TO 1838 73 Hallam Street London W1N 6EE Tel: 01-580 5861 Registrar: Kenneth J. Forder M.A, Dear Mr. Maltz, 10 July 1979 Robert Maltz Esq. 14 Holmdale Road London N W 6 Yours sincerely, a nree November 7 November 13 (16 November in 1978) October 31 Send Forms A & B to printer for setting as far as possible. Specimens attached Last date for receiving membership details from constituent bodies Printout of the names of over 4000 Unattached in numerical order, TIMETABLE FOR UNATTACHED ELECTION October 1 Ask Unattached representatiyes if they are willing to serve again if nominated and elected & November 20 Let printer have outstanding details to complete Forms A & B Ask constituent bodies to let us have membership details as at as well as the count of membership of constituent bodies have to be obtained from computer bureau in time to report to the November meeting of the F&GPC. We might be able to get these details in slightly earlier from the bureau but we have to supply data as at 31 October, so there is little room for manoeuvre, About 4/5 days to get forms back. An address label (from computer) supplied on a continuous sheet has to stuck manually on Form A, and both forms inserted in a window envelope. Over 4000 have to be done and by enlisting all staff we have managed to get the job done in 4/5 days in the past. Last year the Unattached representatives included a Newsletter in the circulation which is an added factor in the operation. A special Post Office collection has to be arranged. Envelopes have to be tied up in bundles of 50 and put into sacks which have to be labelled. A day needs to be allowed for this since if the number of envelopes for posting does not agree with the total number of Unattached they have to be rechecked. e& November30 ThisisthelastdayforpostingaccordingtotheRegulations. Inthe past we have managed to get the forms out about 4 days earlier but this depends on how the weekends fall. The consignment to the 400 Unattached architects has always been sent 2nd class post until now When the Nominations (Form B) come in they have to be checked against tke printout, the number of nominations recorded against each name and a record kept of the number of nominations received by each candidate. Notifications from architects who have joined one of the constituent bodies are received. These have to be crossed off the list, their numbered envelopes taken opt and kept in a separate pile, and the label removed if the stage of sticking on the large envelopes has not been reached. If it has take out large envelope and extract voting envélope and keep. Unattached who have not received papers, because they have just dropped out of the RIBA or something, telephone or write and ask for papers because they have heard they are going around. The above procedure has to be reversed in these cases, Acareful check has to be kept on insertions and deletions so that the final number is accurate. January 2 Before the middle of January the following processing must be completed 1. each name on the nominal roll printout has to be given a serial voter's number; Ze each voter's envelope has to be stamped with the individual voter's number; of address labels removed from adhesive sheet and stuck on large envelope; 4. insert in large envelope, voter's envelope, and scrutineers' envelope but the worst job of all is checking each name and voter's envelope number against the list to see that the correctly numbered envelope for each name is put in the right envelope. 1-4 is done in advance of the Voting Papers and Particulars of Candidates being received because to insert 2 (or 3) forms in the large envelopes takes as much time as we can afford at the end of the month. Last date for receiving nomination forms — Unattached candidates who have not previously been on the Council seem to have difficulty in getting six nominations and these have always come in at the last minute. By reducing the time from 4 weeks to 2 it could be that new candidates would have difficulty in getting the required number of nominations. From our point of view making the last date for receiving nominations 15 December does not help much. No printing is done between 20 December and 2 January. Between 15 and 20 December the Christmas post rush is on so it it is unlikely that anything can be delivered any earlier anyway. None of Form C and Particulars can be set in advance so nothing can be done to help here. Collating, typing and checking the particulars to forward for printing has to take priority over everything else. 200 words in 1980 adds to the task. It seems too with each year that the number of candidates increases. At best nothing could be posted before 16 December. Forms C etc. back from printer. Insert in large envelopes already processed as above. Arrange a Special collection again as outlined above. Last day for posting in accordance with the Regulations. In the past we have always managed to post 3/4 days before this date. This consignment has always been sent by 2nd class post. January 24 January 31 Count votes February 7 Last date for votes to be received As soon as the scrutineers' envelopes start coming in they have to be Counted and the number recorded each day Voter's envelope taken out and slit Sorted in numerical order Checked against voter's list to see that the signature agrees with the name against the number & 13 candidates for 9 places February 13 Very last day for results of election to be sent to all candidates. This is to be in time to report to the F&GPC meetin March 1 March 7 Last date for receiving above for inclusion in Annual Meeting pa] Now take voting paper from envelope Last year 772 voting papers received 737 counted 5104 votes cast Successful candidates have to liaise with each other to decide on their nominations under the Gentlemen's Agreement for the Board and Committees, as well as any nominations they wish to put forward for free election. These nominations need to be seconded and biograp ical details supplied. Very last date for Ordinary March meeting and Annual Meeting papers to go out. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource ARCUK Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Murray Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979 Subject The topic of the resource Letter from ARCUK Registrar re Unattached Election timetable https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/89d8c78c51182c032dada2c8b4a4ce3b.pdf f4e8f6a6c003e82eece100136eaf41c7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Professional Issues Description An account of the resource A cohort of NAM members became engaged with the professional registration body, standing as elected councillors on the Architects Registration Council and its various committees. Hitherto entirely dominated by the RIBA bloc, the Council began to yield to a new dynamic through NAM's involvement, enabling fresh perspectives on such issues as mandatory fee scales, greater lay representation on the body, ethically-based standards of professional conduct, etc. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Representation of Unattached Architects, 1979/80 Description An account of the resource Architects Registration Council of the United Kingdom ESTABLISHED UNCER THE ARCHITECTS IMEGIBTRATION) ACTS #8! TO 1838 73 Hallam Street London W1N 6EE Tel; 01-580 5861 Registrar: Kenneth J. Forder M.A. REPRESENTATION OF 'UNATTACHED' ARCHITECTS John Duncan Murray 500 Robert Maltz Thomas Adrian Woolley 489 Ian James Tod 478 John Stewart Allan 433 David Greensett Robson 391 Peter John Cutmore 356 Susan Mary Jackson 343 Marion Elizabeth Ruth Roberts 338 Edward Walker 337 Maxwell John Buckingham Jackson 333 tb Hugh Philip Massey Ian Peter Cooper The 35 disallowed were as follows: 16 unsigned envelopes 6 wrong signatures 3 spoiled papers 10 had no inner envelopes 315 299 492 rie H M Smith James Keeble We, the undersigned scrutineers, report that the votes cast in this election were as follows: 772 voting papers were received, of which 737 were counted. Election of Members of the Council under sub-paragraph (vii) of paragraph 1 of the First Schedule to the principal Act for the year 1979/80 9 February 1979 Scrutineers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource ARCUK Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Murray Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Feb. 1979 Subject The topic of the resource Representation of Unattached Architects, 1979/80 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/87ce43c09683564a0abdadae0de09b06.pdf e255b15186b0277e123913fe77acbfca Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Professional Issues Description An account of the resource A cohort of NAM members became engaged with the professional registration body, standing as elected councillors on the Architects Registration Council and its various committees. Hitherto entirely dominated by the RIBA bloc, the Council began to yield to a new dynamic through NAM's involvement, enabling fresh perspectives on such issues as mandatory fee scales, greater lay representation on the body, ethically-based standards of professional conduct, etc. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Minutes of Special ARCUK Council Meeting to consider changes to the Code Description An account of the resource In Attendance: Mr. K J Forder MINUTES ook) . 29| Apologies: Messrs. Buckle, Campbell, P D B Groves, Melvin and Nicholson. a Special Meeting of the Architects Registration Council of the United Kingdom was held on 21 January, 1981 at 2 p.m. The minutes of the 195 Ordinary meeting were confirmed and signed by the Chairman subject to the addition to the list of those present of Mr. DA Penning. Code of Professional Conduct - Proposals for Change (Appendix E2 - co : : 2 RY inserted (previous ref: Minutes 112-116/80) in Minute Architects Registration Council of the United Kingdom ESTABLISHED UNDER THE ARCHITECTS (REGISTRATION) ACTS 1931 TO 1998 73 Hallam Street London W1N 6EE Tel: 01-580 5861 Registrar: Kenneth J. Forder M.A. 8/81 Pursuant to paragraph 4 of the Council's Regulations Present: Mr. Alan Groves (Chairman) Professor Denys Hinton (Vice Chairman) Messrs. Adams, Allan, Arnold, Barclay, Bartlett, Basil, Miss Beddington, Messrs. Bell, Benroy, Bingham, Brill, Professor Broadbent, Burney, Burns, Critchlow, Darbourne, Professor Dunbar-Nasmith, Messrs. Godfrey-Gilbert, Howe, Hutchinson, Janes, Johnson, Jones, Knight, Kretchmer, Leggatt, Lewis, Macnab, Metcalfe, Nickolls, Owen, Penning, Percival, Messrs. Roebuck, Sargeant, Messrs. DH Smith, J Smith, Messrs. Taylor, Thornley, Wearden, Wightman, Wright, 120. At the invitation of the Chairman, Mr. David Waterhouse the Chairman of the Code Working Group, introduced the circulated document entitled "a Syllabus". The Code Working Group had taken document E.1 attached to the agenda for the meeting of Council on 17 December, 1980, as its operational instruction. The purpose was to produce a ‘new approach' which had been briefly referred to at the previous meeting of Council but it had not been possible at this stage to produce a final version without knowing some of the bases on which it could be formed. The Syllabus was therefore a descriptive proposal for further development - a skeleton on which could be put something which would eventually replace the Code of Professional Conduct. The Group had considered three or four alternative versions and he stressed particularly the last line of the document which indicated that the intention was to move away from any fixed form of permanent guidance to a document which would enable registered persons to see the way in which they should conduct themselves rather than facing a set of prohibitions. Astins, Balls, Beckett, Messrs. Bullivant, Cunningham, Cutmore, Professor Tarn, Walker, Waterhouse, Wykes and Yorke. Mrs. Foulkes, Latham, Meyrick, Murray, Ms. Roberts, Mrs. Silvester, Present: a Special Meeting of the Architects Registration Council of the United Kingdom was held on 21 January, 1981 at 2 p.m. MINUTES Mr. Alan Groves (Chairman) Professor Denys Hinton (Vice Chairman) Messrs. Adams, Allan, Arnold, Astins, Balls, Barclay, Bartlett, Basil, Beckett, Miss Beddington, Messrs. Bell, Benroy, Bingham, Brill, Professor Broadbent, Messrs. Bullivant, Burney, Burns, Critchlow, Cunningham, Cutmore, Darbourne, Professor Dunbar-Nasmith, Mrs. Foulkes, Messrs. Godfrey-Gilbert, Howe, Hutchinson, Janes, Johnson, Jones, Knight, Kretchmer, Latham, Leggatt, Lewis, Macnab, Metcalfe, Meyrick, Murray, Nickolls, Owen, Penning, Percival, Ms. Roberts, Messrs. Roebuck, Sargeant, Mrs. Silvester, Messrs. DH Smith, J Smith, Professor Tarn, Messrs. Taylor, Thornley, Walker, Waterhouse, Wearden, Wightman, Wright, Wykes and Yorke. Messrs. Buckle, Campbell, P D B Groves, Melvin and Nicholson. Mr. K J Forder Apologies: In Attendance: The minutes of the 195 Ordinary meeting were confirmed and signed by the Chairman subject to the addition to the list of those present of Mr. DA Penning. Code of Professional Conduct —- Proposals for Change (Appendix E2 - coRY inserted (previous ref: Minutes 112-116/80) in Minute ook) ~ 19) Architects Registration Council of the United Kingdom ESTABLISHED UNDER THE ARCHITECTS (REGISTRATION) ACTS 1931 TO 19398 73 Hallam Street London W1N 6EE Tel: 01-580 5861 Registrar: Kenneth J. Forder M.A. 8/81 Pursuant to paragraph 4 of the Council's Regulations 120. At the invitation of the Chairman, Mr. David Waterhouse the Chairman oe the Code Working Group, introduced the circulated document entitled "a Syllabus". The Code Working Group had taken document E.1 attached to theagendaforthemeetingofCouncilon17Se 1980,asitsoperational instruction. The purpose was to produce a ‘new approach' which had been briefly referred to at the previous meeting of Council but it had not been possible at this stage to produce a final version without knowing some of the bases on which it could be formed. The Syllabus was therefore a descriptive proposal for further development — a skeleton on which could be put something which would eventually replace the Code of Professional Conduct. The Group had considered three or four alternative versions and he stressed particularly the last line of the document which indicated that the intention was to move away from any fixed form of permanent guidance to a document which would enable registered persons to see the way in which they should conduct themselves rather than facing a set of prohibitions. 8/81/2 IPAIle The Chairman said that progress could be made if Council expressed a : general acceptance of the issues particularly those raised in paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 in that part of the document described as "Principles". He asked Council members at this stage, not to look at particular words but to express general agreement with the concepts. After some discussion this procedure was agreed. 122. The Council then broadened the debate to include consideration of the motions and amendments contained in Annex 1 to Annex J to the agenda for the Council meeting of 17 December, 1980, together with tabled amendments 1 and 2 by Mr. Latham and Mr. Darbourne: Mr. Waterhouse then moved, seconded by Mr. Bingham, that Council formally consider Motions A, B and C together with the listed amendments and the two further tabled amendments on the basis that the Motions were formulated by the Code Working Group in their own language to summarise the intentions contained in the formerly tabled four motions by the Unattached architects' representatives on the Council and to the motions tabled by RIBA representatives. The amendments were designed to reflect differing viewpoints. 123. Mr. Godfrey-Gilbert noted that one of the professions listed in Rule 2.1 was that of estate agents; he recounted that the FAS had brought pressure to bear on surveyors to dissuade them from making use of the description ‘architectural' and this had been successful on the basis that architects forebore from involving themselves in the work of estate agents. If the present proposals were adopted this would mean the collapse of the tacit agreement. 124. Mr. Adams expressed concern that through the "new approach" the second of the two Principles might be incapable of being sustained. He referred to Section 17 of the Architects (Registration) Act 1931, and the vagaries of simultaneous practice occupations. He referred to the difficulty of controlling limited liability companies because of their abstract personality when seen side by side with the unity of the registered person. He foresaw that companies would freely advertise and behave in a variety of other ways with ARCUK powerless of jurisdiction. Mr. D Smith said that he too felt concern that architects would no longer be in control. He warned against moving into an area which the profession would regret. He foresaw that such a course would be paving the way for others to profit from the situation. Professor Broadbent stressed that each proscribed activity should be looked at separately: he could just not see architects as manufacturers and suppliers of materials, with the potential problems of untested materials, however the architect as developer or contractor could lead to improvement. Mr. Darbourne suggested that simultaneous practice was full of pitfalls and said that the burden of declaration and the other conditions were too large to leave to the freedom of the individual. He pointed to the impracticability of a declaration of interests being made in the middle of a two or three year contract, and the possibility that a firm can change its status at any time. There was a danger of the architect being seen as a competitor by the builder. He advocated further thought before any decision was taken. Mr. Bartlett sufported the proposals of the Code Working Group. He referred also to the legal situation of estate agents, to Section 4 of the : Architects Registration Act 1938 and to the Defective Premises Act. 125. Mr. Percival thought that the "new approach" gave more responsibility but it did not absolve architects from being answerable. He felt that the time was overdue when ARCUK should only intervene when disgraceful misuse occurred. Mr. Latham pointed to the poll carried out by the RIBA which would indubitably lead to the end of proscribed activities. He said that ARCUK could not prevent what 70 to 80% of architects wanted. He acknowledged however that there was danger in simultaneous practice through the receipt of two incomes leading to the possibility of suspicion that a lower fee would be charged for architectural services. Mr. Leggatt said that the "new approach" was attractive but he had serious reservations mainly based on the difficulty a practitioner would face without a ready guide. Professor Hinton gave full support for tue new approaca and said by giving responsibility to the individual we will be setting a higher standard of conduct and directing it. 8/81/3 following substituted: 126. Messrs. Owen, Beckett and Kretchmer spoke supporting one or another of the “motions. Mr. Allan suggested that it was wrong not to maintain the present Code fully in being until it was replaced in total. Mr. Benroy spoke on behalf of himself and the IAAS and asked Council members to note the Registrar's memoranda on the original Motions from the Unattached architects and from the RIBA. He supported the action taken to simplify the Code but was opposed to the particular changes suggested. He considered that further thought should be given by Council to the insurance implications of these changes to the Code. 127. Professor Dunbar-Nasmith welcomed the new approach, but expressed the view that ARCUK could arrive back at a Code similar to the existing. He expressed concern over the control a professional body could have over individuals when they were acting on behalf of a limited liability company. 128. Mr. Hutchinson said he welcomed the new approach. Mr. Metcalfe supported the new approach and said it fell into line with the legal advice given to ARCUK in 1934. He said professionalism had its own Code built into the people who practise that profession. 129. There followed some debate on what conditions should operate in the interim situation during the first half of 1981 while the new approach was still being prepared. One viewpoint held was that the existing Code should stay unchanged through the interim period until such time as it would be. replaced in entirety. But finally it was proposed by Professor Tarn, seconded by Mr. Hutchinson, that for the interim period the Code would remain in unchanged form but that the effect of the Motions being considered today would be to suspend any disciplinary action being taken on the relevant sections of the Code. This Motion was adopted by 38 votes with 22 against. 130. Council then turned to the MOtions and relevant amendments. Mr. Darbourne proposed. seconded by Mr. Godfrey-Gilbert that Motion A(ii) be deleted and the "(ii) and subject to the prohibition of the combination at any one time of any such occupation with the independent practice of architecture." the amendment was lost with 7 votes in favour and 44 against. 131. Mr. Knight proposed, seconded by Mr. Percival, to add to Motion A (ii) the words: "so that an architect who combines any such occupation with such practice must make clear to those concerned in what respects the combined service differs from independent professional service." the amendment was adopted by 53 votes in favour and 1 vote against. 132. Professor Hinton proposed, seconded by Mr. Metcalfe, to add to Motion A (ii) the words; "so that an architect may not combine any such occupation with such practice unless one element is subordinate to the other or only occasional." After some discussion the amendment was, with the agreement of Council, withdrawn by the proposers. 133. Mr. Latham proposed, seconded by Mr. Darbourne, that the following be substituted for Motion A(i): 8/81/4 "(i) Subject to prior written declaration to the Client of business interests relevant to the engagement and to further notification should the circumstances of the architect change materially during the commission." Mr. Waterhouse suggested that the amendment merited further consideration and undertook that the Code Working Group would take it on board for examination if it was withdrawn. Mr. Allan suggested that there was merit in the amendment but the declaration to the client alone was much too restrictive. Finally the matter was withdrawn as an amendment but referred by general agreement to the Code Wording Group for examination. 134. Mr. Allan proposed that the following words be added to Motion A(i): "and to provisions for a publicly accessible register of business interests." There was some discussion on the operability of the suggestion and finally the matter was referred by general agreement to the Code Working Group. 135. Finally the original Motion A in the following terms: "That a registered person shall not be arraigned for conduct prima facie disgraceful to him in his capacity as an architect solely by reason of the fact that he carries on any of the occupations listed in Rule 2.1 of the Code of Conduct: (i) subject to provisions for a prior declaration of business interests relevant to his engagement; (ii) and to provisions for the combination of any such occupation with the practice of architecture; as proposed by Mr. Waterhouse and seconded by Mr. Bingham, amended by the addition of the words as follows to (ii): "so that an architect who combines any such occupation with such practice must make clear to those concerned in what respects the combined service differs from independent professional services." was adopted by 51 votes in favour with 6 against. 136. Mr. Waterhouse then proposed, seconded by Mr. Bingham, Motion B: "That a registered person shall not be arraigned for conduct prima facie disgraceful to him in his capacity as an architect solely by reason of the fact that he carries on his practice in the form of a limited liability company." There was no debate on the Motion which was passed by 53 votes in favour with 2 against. 137. Mr. Waterhouse further proposed, seconded by Mr. Bingha, Motion C: "That a registered person shall not be arraigned for conduct prima facie disgraceful to him in his capacity as an architect solely by reason of the fact that he makes his availability or experience known, Without a direct request to do so." 138. It was then proposed by Mr. Percival, seconded by Mr. Hutchinson that the following words be added to the above Motion: "provided that he does not advertise independent consulting services by public means." 140. Mr. Knight proposed, seconded by Mr. Godfrey-Gilbert, that the following words be added to the Motion: "provided that he does not make direct approaches to individuals or organisations. Mr. Roebuck suggested that both these amendments could be noted by Council for further examination by the Code Working Group. 141. Mr. Knight's amendment was then put and lost by 17 votes for with 30 against. 142. Mr. Percival's amendment was put and was adopted by 23 votes in favour with 20 against. , 143. The original Motion € proposed by Mr. Waterhouse, seconded by Mr. Bingham, amended as proposed by Mr. Percival was then adopted by 31 in favour with 9 against. 148. Mr. Latham said that the Council was to be congratulated on an excellent debate with a minimum of sectional campaigning. 149. Date of next meeting: 18 March, 1981 at 2 p.m., followed immediately by the 49 Annual Meeting. 139. Professor Dunbar-Nasmith queried the fact that Couacil was denying any firm of architects who did not wish to practise as a limited liability company the possibility of introducing themselves to prospective clients. There followed some discussion on the activities of limited liability companies. 144. Mr. Roebuck then proposed, seconded by Mr. Knight, that Appendix 1 to the Code of Professional Conduct be deleted and this was adopted by 38 votes in favour with 1 against. 146. Finally the Chairman moved that the Council approves in principle Appendix E2, and instructs the Code Working Group to develop on this basis a new document to replace the existing Code of Professional Conduct. Chairman and was agreed with 2 v oting against. This was seconded by the Vice 147. In reply to a question by Mr. Yorke, the Chairman replied that a document propared jointly by himself and Mr. Waterhouse, incorporating the decisions made, would be made public as quickly as possible. (Copy of press release inserted in Minute Book). 145. Mr. Bingham proposed, seconded by Mr. Waterhouse, that the Council immediately publicise for the guidance of registered persons the effect of its decisions and this was agreed, Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource ARCUK Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Murray Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 1981 Subject The topic of the resource Minutes of Special ARCUK Council Meeting to consider changes to the Code https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/add83f54b282d4ba1b34ada684109935.pdf eed61c93101d71311161acb47413e83e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Professional Issues Description An account of the resource A cohort of NAM members became engaged with the professional registration body, standing as elected councillors on the Architects Registration Council and its various committees. Hitherto entirely dominated by the RIBA bloc, the Council began to yield to a new dynamic through NAM's involvement, enabling fresh perspectives on such issues as mandatory fee scales, greater lay representation on the body, ethically-based standards of professional conduct, etc. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Notice of Unattached Architects Election Description An account of the resource .J. Cutmore .W. Howe David Roebuck Edward Walker 5 5 4 37 cL f 2 8 5 21st November, 1980 A Notice. Confidential The Regulations governing the Election are Nos. 43, 44 and 45 of the Council’s Regulations. If this document is sent to you in error, please return it to the Registrar with particulars of your membership of the Constituent Body concerned. The following representatives were holding office on 31st October, 1980, and are willing to serve again if nominated and elected: Architects Registration Council of the United Kingdom On the 31st October, 1980 there were 4638 ‘unattached’ registered persons on the Voters’ List, which entitles the ‘unattached’ Architects to elect 10 representatives on the Council for the year ending March, 1982, i.e. in the proportion of one for every 500, or fraction thereof. Election of Members of the Council for the year ending in March, 1982, under Paragraph 1 (vii) of the First Schedule to the Architects (Registration) Act, 1931. This document is intended only for registered persons who are ‘unattached’ Architects; that is to say, those who on the 37st October, 1980 were not ‘Architects Members’ of any of the following Constituent Bodies, or of their provincial associations: the Royal Institute of British Architects, the Incorporated Association of Architects and Surveyors, the Faculty of Architects and Surveyors, the Architectural Association of London, and the Stamp Section of UCATT. (The term *‘Mem- bers’ comprises Corporate Members (including Fellows, Associates and Licentiates). Students, honorary, corresponding, and retired members are not regarded as ‘members’, and if their names are on the Register of Architects they are classified as ‘unattached’.) 45(3).) S. Allan meetings attended out of a possible .F. Arnold .J. Burney You are invited to complete the enclosed nomination form, which, in order to be valid, must reach the Council’s offices not later than the second day of January, 1987. No person is eligible as a candidate for election unless he is nominated by not less than six ‘unattached’ Architects; a candidate may not nominate himself. (Regs. 44(b) and 45(3).) Nominations must be made on the official form enclosed with this notice. (Regs. 44(c) and An election by ballot will be held if the number of candidates nominated exceeds 10 but not otherwise. If an election by ballot is held, a voting paper will be sent in due course to every person on the voters’ list who has not renounced his voting rights in accordance with Regulation 45(11). Qonwhoan vvoOze (ae ; ; al By order of the Council, Kenneth J. Forder, Registrar VaAnieeE MURRAY amis oe ' BORO ARCHS SERVICKY L,8,OF HARINGEY? 73HallamStret,London,W1N6EE GROSVENOR HSE,THE BROADWAY? LONDON, N8 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource ARCUK Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Murray Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 1980 Subject The topic of the resource Notice of Unattached Architects Election https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/652fdd71b97004b799e65fa16e320989.pdf 1450fb3cd4d5761123c7bf40859ee560 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Professional Issues Description An account of the resource A cohort of NAM members became engaged with the professional registration body, standing as elected councillors on the Architects Registration Council and its various committees. Hitherto entirely dominated by the RIBA bloc, the Council began to yield to a new dynamic through NAM's involvement, enabling fresh perspectives on such issues as mandatory fee scales, greater lay representation on the body, ethically-based standards of professional conduct, etc. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letter from ARCUK Registrar to John Murray re joining Board of Architectural Education Description An account of the resource Registrar: Kenneth J. Forder M.A. Dear Mr. Murray, Yours sincerely, 9th May, 1980 Borough Architect ee Architects Registration Council of the United Kingdom ESTABLISHED UNDER THE ARCHITECTS (REGISTRATIOACNT)S 1931 TO 1956 73 Hallam Street London W1N 6EE Tel: 01-580 5861 One of the items that was discussed at the meeting of the Board of Architectural Education on May 7th was ARCUK representation on the RIBA Visiting Boards during 1981. The procedure the Board has recently adopted is for nominations to be notified to me for presentation collectively to the General Purposes Committee which meets later this year, so that a final list can be sent to the RIBA for selection. At the Board meeting last Wednesday your name was given to me and I am therefore writing firstly to obtain from you confirmation that you would be available for this purpose, and secondly to ask you if you could kindly let me have a summary of your qualifications and experience. With regard to the first I enclose herewith a copy of the set of criteria which the Board has made use of and which may be helpful to you in coming to a conclusion. On the second it is necessary for background material to be provided in respect of newcomers 50 that the General Purposes Committee can make some sort of assessment. There is no immediate urgency about the matter but I should be grateful if you would let me have a reply within say the next month if this is at all possible, John D. Murray, Esqe, Borough Arch. Service, L.Be of Haringey, Grosvenor House, The Broadway, London Ne8 1 2 MAY1980 98/79 Criteria for service as ARCUK representatives on RIBA Visiting Boards At the last meeting of the Board I gave an undertaking that we would look again at the criteria followed in assessing eligibility for service as ARCUK representatives on Visiting Boards. The matter has been discussed by the GPC, and their conclusion is that the five criteria previously outlined to the Board would be more suitably expressed in the following terms: October, 1979 D.W. BERRY Chairman To take part as a member of the Board, the ARCUK representative should be on the Register and acceptable to the Schools and their parent bodies and the profession. This requires a wide experience of the academic side of the profession including a knowledge of educational trends and educational administration together with an understanding of trends in practice; additionally or alternatively a wide experience and knowledge of the needs of practice with a sympathy for educational requirements and if possible some direct knowledge of the work of students. Both of these mean a known commitment to education. In all cases there is need for the time and commitment to join the Visiting Board for about 4 years and to give the equivalent of 3/4 days at least to the visit, preparation for it and follow up 3/4 times a year. Some visits involve much more work. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource ARCUK Registrar Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Murray Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 1980 Subject The topic of the resource Letter from ARCUK Registrar to John Murray re joining Board of Architectural Education https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/103dc5807ba2f7928c88f9c8e713974e.pdf 1bc57b345d16fb44e0b00f22784e8f9f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Professional Issues Description An account of the resource A cohort of NAM members became engaged with the professional registration body, standing as elected councillors on the Architects Registration Council and its various committees. Hitherto entirely dominated by the RIBA bloc, the Council began to yield to a new dynamic through NAM's involvement, enabling fresh perspectives on such issues as mandatory fee scales, greater lay representation on the body, ethically-based standards of professional conduct, etc. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Representation of Unattached Architects, 1979/80 Description An account of the resource Architects Registration Council of the United Kingdom ESTABLISHED UNDER THE ARCHITECTS INEGIBTRATION! ACTS Fes! TO 1830 73 Hallam Street London W1N 6EE Tel: 01-580 5851 Registrar: Kenneth J. Forder M.A. REPRESENTATION OF "UNATTACHED' ARCHITECTS election were as follows: John Duncan Murray 500 Robert Maltz 492 Thomas Adrian Woolley 489 Ian James Tod 478 John Stewart Allan 433 David Greensett Robson 391 Peter John Cutmore 356 Susan Mary Jackson 343 Marion Elizabeth Ruth Roberts 338 Edward Walker 337 Maxwell John Buckingham Jackson 333 Hugh Philip Massey 315 Ian Peter Cooper 299 The 35 disallowed were as follows: lb 9 February 1979 16 unsigned envelopes 6 wrong signatures 3 spoiled papers 10 had no inner envelopes ar H M Smith Y/ue Scrutineers Z WaneasKeeble Election of Members of the Council under sub-paragraph (vii) of paragraph 1 of the First Schedule to the principal Act for the year 1979/80 We, the undersigned scrutineers, report that the votes cast in this 772 voting papers were received, of which 737 were counted. Copies to Councillors Nominees ae phn, ( RE: -Unattached Election 1979 David Roebuck 25, St, Georges Avenue, LONDON N,7 OBB 01=607=4103 et Ol = 828 = 2323 (Office) lstDecember, 1978 5. John Allan 6. Ian Cooper 7.- Eddie Walker 8. Susan Jackson 9. #Marion Roberts >< 1, For those who are standing Existing Councillors Existing Committee Members (i) Constituent Body (ie. state "Unattached") (ii) Year on Register (iii) Age (iv) Present Employer/Professional post wih (v) 100 word statement of Committee ;experience (architectural or otherrwise) (State that you are a N.A.M member) Please send to me a letter to ARCUK saying that you accept nomination 2. For those not standing Anne Delaney, Alan Lipman Please write to ARCUK stating you decline nomination. You will now have received from ARCUK the nominations for the 1979 Election at the Cheltenham Congress the following list was agreed to fill the 9 places available : 1. Tom Woolley ) 2. John Murray 3. Bob Maltz 4. Ian Todd In addition, Alan Lipman is to be nominated to the B.A.E. and an out-of-towner is to be nominated to Admissions Committee. Unlessyouhavealreadydoneso,wouldyoupleaseensurethatyousendmeyour(a statement by return as follows := aK 3. Everybody Please note that you should send in the nomination list with the 9 names overleaf before Christmas, but after the next Council Meeting 13th December 1978. This is a tactical move so as not to show our hand before the crucial debates that may take place in that meeting. There is to be a pre-meeting on December 13, at top Floor of 10, Perey Street, London W.1, commencing at 11.00. Please ensure you attend. PK 4. 1978 Councillors Please note your contribution to this years' unattached letter is £3.38p payable to me. Please let me have your cheque by return, Yours sincerely, AyeONComingks(SDIraySSeS fen g«apecAn firs h CAmL ce Pro mahk bare Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource ARCUK/ Unattached Reps Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Murray Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Feb 1979 Subject The topic of the resource Representation of Unattached Architects, 1979/80 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/54c84b3f9580a50bc8050ba2b7ad4730.pdf dd9fa473ae21b57994e20a4b8bdd7c13 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Public Design Group Description An account of the resource <p><span style="font-weight:400;">Argued that it was only through the public sector that the majority of people could have access to the land and resources needed for housing, education and other essential services. The task was therefore to reform the practice of architecture in local councils to provide an accessible and accountable design service. The Public Design Group proposed reforms to the practice of architecture in local councils to provide a design service accessible and accountable to local people and service users. The following 6 Interim Proposals were developed which were later initiated and implemented in Haringey Council 1979-1985 by NAM members. </span></p> <ul><li style="font-weight:400;"><span style="font-weight:400;">Local area control over resources </span></li> <li style="font-weight:400;"><span style="font-weight:400;">Design teams to be area based </span></li> <li style="font-weight:400;"><span style="font-weight:400;">Area design teams to be multi-disciplinary </span></li> <li style="font-weight:400;"><span style="font-weight:400;">Project architects to report directly to committee</span></li> <li style="font-weight:400;"><span style="font-weight:400;">Abolish posts between Team Leader and Chief Architect </span></li> <li style="font-weight:400;"><span style="font-weight:400;">Joint working groups with Direct Labour Organisations</span></li> </ul> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Ladder of Citizen Participation Subject The topic of the resource Article from AIP Journal copied by John Allan to NDS Group on 17.5 77 Description An account of the resource —. Kam /mid-o >» LamDen/ AG (S oe I>. Ou QOSBu vo a5/ man Ves77 So NETLLAEAree 7 ot i ©]. Lnweny Ant) tytn hes, TT rene. ~ Ahen 2 aoha oo — / LOus 052 Ones Ue “ws HKPe SfLOK. ATI , |sy 6 OL Sl Al 2\Fr0.Q4 Bs 69 BALL wo,Asod WCWLIC wn! Lectin, ord & Vas Cu Arr LO, AQ, Qke1We Adepron. short: What is citizen participation and what is its relationship to the social imperatives of our time? Citizen Participation is Citizen Power Because the question has been a bone of political conten- tion, most of the answers have been purposely buried in innocuous euphemisms like “self-help” or “citizen involvement.’’ Still others have been embellished with misleading rhetoric like “‘absolute control’’ which is something no one—including the President of the Sherry R. Arnstein is Director of Community Development Studies for The Commons, a non-profit research institute in Washington, D.C. and Chicago. She is a former Chief Advisor on Citizen Participation in HUD’s Model Cities Administra- tion and has served as Staff Consultant to the President’s Committee on Juvenile Delinquency, Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary of HEW, and Washington Editor of Current Magazine. you pavjicipate; he participates; we participate; you paryicipate , . . They profit. 216 AIP JOURNAL JULY 1969 Sle 64. EMPTY RITUAL VERSUS BENEFIT There is a critical difference between going through the empty ritual of participation and having the real power needed to affect the outcome of the process. This difference is brilliantly capsulized in a poster painted last spring by the French students to explain the student- worker rebellion.?, (See Figure 1.) The poster highlights the fundamental point that_participation without redistribution of power is an empty and frus- trating process for the powerless. It allows the power- holders to claim that all sides were considered but makes itpossible for only some of those sides to beneitt. It maintains the status quo. Essentially, it ts what has | ’ The idea of citizen participation is a little like eating spinach: no one is against it in principle because it is good for you. Participation of the gov- erned in theic government is, in theory, the corner- stone of democracy—a revered idea that is vigorously applauded by virtually everyone. The applause is re- duced to polite handclaps, however, when this princi- ple is advocated by the have-not blacks, Mexican- Americans, Puerto Ricans, Indians, Eskimos, and whites. And when the have-nots define participation as re- distribution of power, the American consensus on the fundamental principle explodes into many shades of outright racial, ethnic, opposition. | “4 There have been many recent speeches, articles, and books! which explore in detail who are the have-nots of our time. There has been much recent documenta- tion of why the have-nots have become so offended and embittered by their powerlessness to deal with the pro- found inequities and injustices pervading their daily lives. But there has been very little analysis of the content of the current controversial slogan: participation” or “maximum feasible participation.” In an A LADDER OF CITIZEN PARTICIPATION , The heated controversy over “citizen participation,” “citizen control,” and “maximum feasible involvement of the poor,” has been waged largely in terms of ex- acerbated rhetoric and misleading euphemisms. To encourage a more enlightened dialogue, a typology of citizen participation is offered using examples from three federal social programs: urban renewal, anti- poverty, and Model Cities. The typology, which is designed to be provocative, is arranged in a ladder pattern with cach rung corresponding to the extent of citizens’ power in determining the plan and/or program. : ideological, and political “citizen A Mer Coan Lu strtute of Plan NEV Journ! 007 R.Arnstein United States—has or can have. Between understated euphemisms and exacerbated rhetoric, even scholars have found it difficult to follow the controversy. To the headline reading public, it is simply bewildering. My answer to the critical wat question is simply that citizen participation is a categorical term for citizen Hower, It is the redistribution of power that enables the 1ave-not citizens, presently excluded from the political and economic processes, to be deliberately included in the future. It is the strategy by which the have-nots join in determining how information ts shared, goals and policies are set, tax resources are allocated, programs are operated, and benefits like contracts and patronage are parceledout. Inshort,itisthemeabynwhsich theycan induce significant social reform which enables them to “share in the benefits of the affluent society. FIGURE 1 French §tudent Poster. In English, 1 participate; J tokenism because the groundrules allow have-nots to advise, but retain for the powerholders the continued right to decide. Further up the ladder are levels of citizen power with increasing degrees of decision-making clout. Citizens ARNSTEIN Another captian about the eight separate rungs on the ladder: In the rea} world of people and programs, there might be 15Q rungs with less sharp and ‘‘pure’’ distinc- tions among fhem, Furthermore, some of the character- istics used tq jllystrate each of the eight types might be 217 8 7 6 5 4 3 : ° 1 FIGURE 2 Citizen control Delegated power Partnership Placation Consultation Informing Therapy Manipulation Degrees = of citizen power Degrees — of tokenism can enter into a (6) Partnership that enables them to negotiate and engage in trade-offs with traditional powerholders. At the topmost rungs, (7) Delegated Power and (8) Citizen Control, have-not citizens obtain the majority of decision-making seats, or full managerial power. Obviously, the cight-rung ladder is a simplification, but it helps to illustrate the point that so many have missed—that there are significant gradations of citizen participation. Knowing these gradations makes itpossi- ble to cut through the hyperbole to understand the increasingly strident demands for participation from the have-nots as well as the gamut of confusing responses from the powerholders. Though the typology uses examples from federal programs such as urban renewal, anti-poverty, and Model Cities; it could just as easily be illustrated in the church, currently facing demands for power from priests and laymen who seek to change its mission; colleges and universities which in some cases have become literal battlegrounds over the issue of student power; or public schools, city halls, and police departments (or big busi- ness which is likely to be next on the expanding list of targets). The underlying issues are essentially the same —"nobodies” in several arenas are trying to become ‘‘somebodies” with enough power to make the target institutions responsive to their views, aspirations, and needs. LIMITATIONS OF THE TYPOLOGY The ladder juxtaposes powerless citizens with the powerful in order to highlight the fundamental di- visions between them. In actuality, neither the have-nots nor the powerholders are homogeneous blocs. Each group encompasses a host of divergent points of view, significant cleavages, competing vested interests, and splintered subgroups. The justification for using such simplistic abstractions is that in most cases the have-nots really do perceive the powerful as a monolithic “'sys- tem,” and powerholders actually do view the have-nots as a sea of “those people,” with little comprehension of the class and caste differences among them. It should be noted that the typology does not include an analysis of the most significant roadblocks to achtev- ing genuine levels of participation. These roadblocks lie on both sides of the simplistic fence. On the power- holders’ side, they include racism, paternalism, and resistance topower redistribution. On the have-nots’ side, they include inadequacies of the poor community's Eight Rungs on a Ladder of Citizen Partict- pation been happening in most of the 1,000 Community Action Programs, and what promises to be repeated in the vast majority of the 150 Model Cities programs. Types ofParticipation and “NonParticipation” A typology of eight /evels of participation may help in analysis of this confused issue. For illustrative pur- poses the eight types are arranged in a ladder pattern with each rung corresponding to the extent of citizens’ power in determining the end product. (See Figure 2.) The bottom rungs of the ladder are (1) Manzpula- | tion and (2) Therapy. These two rungs describe levels of “non-participation” that have been contrived by some ;to substitute for genuine participation. Their real ob- |jective is not to enable people to participate in planning _or conducting programs, but to enable powerholders to “educate” or “cure” the participants. Rungs 3 and 4 progress to levels of ‘‘tokenism” that allow the have- inots to hear and to have a voice: (3) Informing and (4) Consultation. When they are proffered by power- holders as the total extent of participation, citizens may ' indeed hear and be heard. But under these conditions — “] fasF “ waa ool Nonperticipation they lack the power to insure that their views will be heeded by the powerful. When participation is re-| political socipecanomic infrastructure and knowledge- base, plus difficulties of organizing a representative and “muscle,” hence no assurance of changing the status accountable fitizens’ group in the face of Entity, quo. Rung (5) Placation, is simply a higher level alienation, and distrust. stricted to these levels, there is no followthrough, no ianaa PREFERS re orHaat | One hopeful note is that, having been so grossly affronted, some citizens have learned the Mickey Mouse game, and now they too know how to play. Asa result | applicable to other rungs. For example, employment of the have-nots in a program or on a planning staff could occur at any of the eight rungs and could represent either a legitimate or illegitimate characteristic of citi- zen participation, Depending on their motives, power- holders can hire poor people to coopt them, to placate them, or to utilize the have-nots’ special skills and insights.4 Some mayors, in private, actually boast of their strategy in hiring militant black Icaders to muzzle them while destroying their credibility in the black community. The signators are not informed that the $2 million- per-year center will only refer residents to the same old waiting lines at the same old agencies across town. No one is asked if such a referral center is really needed in his neighborhood. No one realizes that the contractor for the building is the mayor's brother-in-law, or that the new director of the center will be the same old com- munity organization specialist from the urban renewal agency. After signing their names, the proud grassrooters dutifully spread she word that they have “participated” in bringing a new and wonderful center to the neighbor- hood to provide people with drastically needed jops and Characteristics and Illustrations It is in this context of power and powerlessness that the health and welfare services. Only after the ribbon- characteristics of the eight rungs are illustrated by cutting ceremony do the members of the neighborhood examples from current federal social programs. council realize that they didn't ask the important ques- tions, and that they had no technical advisors of their 1. MANIPULATION own to help them grasp the fine legal print. The new shiny new neighborhood center. Unfortunately, this chicanery is not a ynique example. Instead it is almost typical of what has been perpetrated in the name of high-sounding rhetoric like “grassroots participation.”Thisshamliesattheheartofthedeep- seated exasperation and hostility of the have-nots toward the powerholders. In the name of citizen participation, people are placed on rubberstamp advisory committees or advisory boards adds to their problems. Now the old agencies across for the express purpose of “educating” them or engi- town won't talk with them unless they have a pink paper neering their support. Instead of genuine citizen par- slip to prove that they have been referred by “their” ticipation, the bottom rung of the ladder signifies the distortion of participation into a public relations vehicle by powerholders. This illusory form of ‘‘participation’’ initially came intovoguewithurbanrenewalwhenthesociallyelite were invited by city housing officials to serve on Citizen Advisory Committees (CACs). Another target of ma- nipulation were the CAC subcommittees on minority groups, which in theory were to protect the rights of Negroes in the renewal program. In practice, these subcommittees, like their parent CACs, functioned of this knowledge, they are demanding genuine levels mostly as letterheads, trotted forward at appropriate times to promote urban renewal plans (in recent years known asNegro removal plans). At meetings of the Citizen Advisory Committees, it "was the officials who educated, persuaded, and advised the citizens, not the reverse. Federal guidelines for the renewal programs legitimized the manipulative agenda by emphasizing the terms ‘‘information-gathering,” “public relations,” and “‘support’’ as the explicit func- tions of the committees.* This style of nonparticipation has since been applied to other programs encompassing the poor. Examples of this are seen in Community Action Agencies (CAAs) which have created structures called “neighborhood councils’ or “neighborhood advisory groups.’ These of participation to assuge them that public programs are relevant to their needs and responsive to their priorities. bodies frequently have no legitimate function or power.® The CAAs use them to “prove” that ‘“‘grassroots \changing the racism 4nd victimization that create their people” are involved in the program. But the programm may not have been discussed with ‘‘the people.’” Or it may have been described at a meeting in the most general terms; “We need your signatures on this pro- posal for a multiservice center which will house, under one roof, doctors from the health department, workers from the welfare department, and specialists from the that afternoon of pneumanja and dehydration. The employment service.” overwrought father cqmplained to the board of the local 218 Alp JOURNAL JULY 1969 center, which is open 9 to 5 on weekdays only, actually 2. THERAPY In some respects group therapy, masked as citizen par- ticipation, should be gn the Jowest rung of the ladder because it is both dishonest and arrogant. Its adminis- trators—mental health experts from social workers to _psychiatrists—assume shat powerlessness is synonymous with mental illness. Qn this assumption, under a mas- querade of involving ¢itizens in planning, the experts subject the citizens ty clinical group therapy. What makes this form of “participation” so invidious is that citizens are engaged ip extensive activity, but the focus of it is on curing them of thejr ‘‘pathology’’ rather than pathologies.” Consider an incidept that occurred in Pennsylvania less than one year ago, When a father took his seriously il baby to the emergency clijnic.of a local hospital, a young resident physicjan on duty instructed him to take the baby home and feed it sygar water, The baby died Community Action Agency. Instead of launching an investigation of the hospital to determine what changes would prevent similar deaths or other forms of mal- practice, the board invited the father to attend the CAA’s (therapy) child-care sessions for parents, and promised him that someone would “telephone the hos- pital director to see that it never happens again.” Less dramatic, but more common examples of therapy, masquerading as citizen participation, may be seen in public housing programs where tenant groups are used as vehicles for promoting control-your-child or cleanup campaigns. The tenants are brought together to help them ‘‘adjust their values and attitudes to those of the larger society.” Under these groundrules, they are diverted from dealing with such important matters as: arbitrary evictions; segregation of the housing proj- ect; or why is there a three-month time lapse to get a broken window replaced in winter. The complexity of the concept of mental illness in our time can be seen in the experiences of student /civil rights workers facing guns, whips, and other forms of terror in the South. They needed the help of socially attuned psychiatrists to deal with their fears and to avoid paranoia.’ 3. INFORMING Informing citizens of their rights, responsibilities, and options can be the most important first step toward legitimate citizen participation. However, too frequently the emphasis is placed on a one-way flow of information —from officials to citizens—with no channel provided for feedback and no power for negotiation. Under these conditions, particularly when information isprovided at a late stage in planning, people have little opportunity to influence the program designed “for their benefit.” The most frequent tools used for such one-way com- munication are the news media, pamphlets, posters, and responses to inquiries. Meetings can also be turned into vehicles for one-way communication by the simple device of providing super- ficial information, discouraging questions, or giving irrelevant answers. At a recent Model Cities citizen planning meeting in Providence, Rhode Island, the topic the official, the citizens accepted the “information” and endorsed the agency's proposal to place four lots in the white neighborhood.* 4. CONSULTATION Inviting citizens’ opinions, like informing them, can be a legitimate step toward their full participation. But if consulting them is not combined with other modes of participation, this rung of the ladder is still a sham since it offers no assurance that citizen concerns and ideas will be taken into account. The most frequent methods used for consulting people are attitude surveys, neighborhood meetings, and public hearings. When powerholders restrict the input of citizens’ ideas solely to this level, participation remains just a window-dressing ritual. People are primarily perceived as statistical abstractions, and participation is measured by how many come to meetings, take brochures home, or answer a questionnaire. What citizens achieve in all this activity is that they have “participated in participa- tion.’” And what powerholders achieve is the evidence that they have gone through the required motions of involving ‘'those people.” Attitude surveys have become a particular bone of ARNSTEIN i 219 «Pee contention in ghetto neighborhoods. creasingly unhappy about the number of times per week they are surveyed about their problems and hopes. As one woman put it: ‘Nothing ever happens with those damned questions, except the surveyer gets $3 an hour, and my washing doesn’t get done that day.” In some communities, residents are so annoyed that they are demanding a fee for research interviews. Attitude surveys are not very valid indicators of com- munity opinion when used without other input from citizens, Survey after survey (paid for out of anti- poverty funds) has ‘‘documented”’ that poor housewives most want tot-lots in their neighborhood where young children can play safely. But most of the women an- swered these questionnaires without knowing what their options were. They assumed that if they asked for something small, they might just get something useful Residents are in- a (a ie ‘in the neighborhood. Had the mothers known that a free prepaid health insurance plan was a possible option, they might not have put tot-lots so high on their wish lists. A classic misuse of the consultation rung occurred at aNew Haven, Connecticut, community meeting held to consult citizens on a proposed Model Cities. grant. James V. Cunningham, in an unpublished report to the Ford Foundation, described the crowd as large and “mostly hostile:”’ ® tives, almost all of whom were attending three to five meetings a week, devoted an hour to a discussion of the placement of six tot-lots. The neighborhood is half black, half white. Several of the black representatives noted that four tot-lots were proposed for the white district and only two for the black. The city official responded with alengthy, highly technical explanation about costs per square foot and available property. It was clear that most of the residents did not understand his explanation. And it was clear to observers from the Office of Economic Opportunity that other options did exist which, considering available funds, would have brought about a more equitable distribution of facilities. Intimidated by futility, legalistic jargon, and prestige of was ‘‘tot-lots.” A group of elected citizen representa- . Members of The Hil] Parents Association de- manded to know why fesidents had not partici- pated in drawing up the praposal. CAA director Spitz explained that it was merely a proposal for seeking Federal planning funds—that once funds were obtained, residenty would be deeply involved in the planning. An oytside observer who sat in patie vices 5. PLACATION It is at this level that citizens begin to have some degree of influence though tokenism is still apparent. An example of placation strategy is to place a few hand- picked ‘‘worthy” poor on boards of Community Action Agencies or on public bodies like the board of educa- tion, police commission, or housing authority. If they are not accountable to a constituency in the community and if the traditional power elite hold the majority of seats, the have-nots can be easily outvoted and outfoxed. Another example is the Model Cities advisory and planning committees. They allow citizens to advise or plan ad infinitum but retain for powerholders the right to judge the legitimacy or feasibility of the advice. The degree to which citizens are actually placated, of course, depends largely on two factors: the quality of technical- \ ambiguity is likely to cause considerable conflict at the assistance they have in articulating their priorities; and the extent to which the community has been organized to press for those priorities. ‘end of the one-year planning process. For at this point, citizens may realize that they have once again exten- sively “participated” but have not profited beyond the extent the powerholders decide to placate them, It is not surprising that the level of citizen participa- tion in the vast majority of Model Cities programs is at the placation rung of the ladder or below. Policy- 1968 before the second round of seventy-five planning makers at the Department of Housing and Urban De- grants were awarded) were released in a December velopment (HUD) were determined to return the genie 1968 HUD bulletin.11 Though this public document ofcitizenpowertothebottlefromwhichithadescaped usesmuchmoredelicateanddiplomaticlanguage,it 220 AIP TOVIRATAY warn Results of a staff study (conducted in the summer of (in a few cities) as a result of the provision stipulating “maximum feasible participation” in poverty programs. Therefore, HUD channeled its physical-social-cconomic rejuvenation approach for blighted neighborhoods through city hall. It drafted legislation requiring that al Model Cities’ money flow to a local City Demonstra- tion Agency (CDA) through the elected city council, As enacted by Congress, this gave local city councils final veto power over planning and programming and ruled out any direct funding relationship between community groups and HUD. HUD required the CDAs to create coalition, policy- making boards that would include necessary local power- holders to create a comprehensive physical-social plan during the first year. The plan was to be carried out in a subsequent five-year action phase. HUD, unlike OEO, did not require that have-not citizens be included on the CDA decision-making boards. HUD's Performance Standards for Citizen Participation only demanded that “citizens have clear and direct access to the decision- making process.” Accordingly, the CDAs structuted their policy- making boards to include some combination of elected officials; school representatives; housing, health, and welfare officials; employment and police department representatives, and various civic, labor, and business leaders. Some CDAs included citizens from the neigh- borhood. Many mayors correctly interpreted the HUD provision for “access to the decision-making process’ as the escape hatch they sought to relegate citizens to the traditional advisory role. Most CDAs created residents’ advisory committees. An alarmingly significant number created citizens’ policy boards and citizens’ policy committees which are totally misnamed as they have either no policy-making function or only a very limited authority. Almost every CDA created about a dozen planning committees or task forces on functional lines: health, welfare, education, housing, and unemployment. were invited to serve on these committees along with technicians from relevant public agencies. Some CDAs, on the other hand, structured planning committees of technicians and parallel committees of citizens. In most cases, have-not citizens In most Model Cities programs, endless time has been spent fashioning complicated board, committee, and task force structures for the planning year. But the rights and responsibilities of the various elements of those structures are not defined and are ambiguous. Such the audience described the mecting this way: “Spitz and Mel Adams ran the meeting on their own, No representatives of a Hill group mod- erated or even sat on the stage. Spitz told the 300 residents that this huge meeting was an example of ‘participation in planning.’ To prove this, since there was a Jot of dissatisfaction in the audience, he called for ‘a ‘vote’ on each component of the proposal. The vote took this form: ‘Can I see the hands of al those in favor of a health clinic? All those opposed?’ It was alittle like asking who favors motherhood.” It was a combination of the deep suspicion aroused at this meeting and a long history of similar forms of “window-dressing participation” that led New Haven residents to demand control of the program. By way of contrast, it is useful to look at Denver where technicians learned that even the best intentioned among them are often unfamiliar with, and even in- sensitive to, the problems and aspirations of the poor. The technical director of the Model Cities program has described the way professional planners assumed that the residents, victimized by high-priced local storekeep- ers, “badly needed consumer education.” 1° The resi- dents, on the other hand, pointed out that the local storekeepers performed avaluable function. Although they overcharged, they also gave credit, offered advice, and frequently were the only neighborhood place to cash welfare or salary checks. As a result of this con- sultation, technicians and residents agreed to substitute the creation of needed neighborhood for a consumer education program. credit institutions in the 7 ARNSTEIN technicians, lawyers, and community organizers. With these ingredients, citigens have some genuine bargain- 6. PARTNERSHIP At this rung of the ladder, power is in fact redistributed through negotiation ketween citizens and powerholders. They agree to sharg planning and decision-making responsibilities through such structures as joint policy boards, planning coramittees and mechanisms for re- solving impasses. After the groundrules have been established through some farm of give-and-take, they are not subject to unilateral change. Partnership can wark most effectively when there is an organized power-base jn the commynity to which the citizen leaders are accpuntable; when the citizens group has the financial resoyrces ta pay its leaders reasonable honoraria for their time-consuming efforts; and when the group has the respurces to hire (and fire) its own 221 attests to the already cited criticisms of non-policy- It also urge. CDAs to experiment with subcontracts makingpolicyboardsandambiguouscomplicatedstruc- underwhichtheresidents’groupscouldhiretheirown tures, in addition to the following findings: 1. Most CDAs did not negotiate citizen par- trusted technicians. A more recent evaluation was cisculated in February ticipation requirements with residents. 2. Citizens, drawing on past negative experi- 1969 by OST], a private firm that entered into a con- tract with OEO to provide technical assistance and trajn- ing to citizens involved in Model Cities programs in the northeast region of the country. OSTI's report to OEO corroborates the earlier study. In addition it states: 2 ences with local powerholders, were extremely sus- picious of this new panacea program. They were legiti- mately distrustful of city hall’s motives. 3. Most CDAs were not working with citizens’ groups that were genuinely representative of model neighborhoods and accountable to neighborhood con- stituencies. As in so many of the poverty programs, those wha were involved were more representative of the upwardly mobile working-class. Thus their ac- quiescence to plans prepared by city agencies was not In practically no Mcadel Cities structure does citi- zen patticipaticn mean truly shared decision- making, such that citizens might view themselves as“thepartnersinthisprogram. .,.” likely to reflect the views of the unemployed, the young, the more militant residents, and the hard-core poor. In general, citizens are finding it impossible to have a significant impact on the comprehensive planning which is going on. In most cases the staff planners of the CDA and the plaryners of existing agencies are carrying out the actual planning with citizens having a peripheral role of watchdog and, ultimately, the “rubber stamp” of the plan gen- erated. In cases where citizens fave the direct responsibility for generating program plans, the time period allowed and the independent technical 4. Residents who were participating in as many as three to five meetings per week were unaware of their minimum rights, responsibilities, and the options avail- able ta them under the program. For example, they did nat realize that they were not required to accept techni- cal help from city technicians they distrusted. resources being made available to them are not adequate to allow them to do anything more than generate very traditional approaches to the prob- lems they are attempting to solve. 5. Most of the technical assistance provided by CDAs and city agencies was of third-rate quality, paternalistic, and condescending. Agency technicians did not suggest innovative options. They reacted bu- reaucratically when the residents pressed for innovative approaches, The vested interests of the old-line city agencies were amajor—albeit hidden—agenda. In general, little or na thought has been given to the means of insuring continued citizen partici- pation during the stage of implementation. In most cases, traditiqnal agencies are envisaged as the implementors of [lode] Cities pragrams and few mechanisms have peen developed for encouraging organizational chapge or change in the method of program delivery within these agencies or for in- suring that citizeng will have some influence over these agencies as they implement Model Cities programs. ... 6. Most CDAs were not engaged in planning that was comprehensive enough to expose and deal with the roots of urban decay. They engaged in “‘meetingitis”’ and were supporting strategies that resulted in “proj- ectitis,"” the outcome of which was a “laundry list’’ of traditional programs to be conducted by traditional agencies in the traditional manner under which slums emerged in the first place. By and large, peaple are once again being planned for. In Most situations the major plan- ning decisions are peing made by CDA staff and approved in a formalistic way by policy boards. 7. Residents were not getting enough informa- tion from CDAs to enable them to review CDA de- veloped plans or to initiate plans of their own as re- quired by HUD. At best, they were getting superficial information. copies of official HUD materials. we At worst, they were not even getting. 8. Most residents were unaware of their rights to be reimbursed for expenses incurred because of par- ticipation—babysitting, transportation costs, and so on. 9. The training of residents, which would en- able them to understand the labyrinth of the federal- state-city systems and networks of subsystems, was an item that most CDAs did not even consider. These findings led to a new public interpretation of HUD's approach to citizen participation. Though the requirements for the seventy-five ‘‘second-round” Model City grantees were not changed, HUD's twenty-seven page technical bulletin on citizen participation repeat- edly advocated that cities share power with residents. cies. It has a veto power in that no plans may be sub- mitted by the CDA to the city council until they have been reviewed, and any differences of opinion have been successfully negotiated with the AWC. Representatives oftheAWC (whichisafederationofneighborhood organizations grouped into sixteen neighborhood “*hubs’’) may attend all meetings of CDA task forces, planning committees, or subcommittees. Though the city council has final veto power over the plan (by federal law), the AWC believes it has a neighborhood constituency that is strong enough to negotiate any eleventh-hour objections the city council might raise when itconsiders such AWC proposed in- novations as an AWC Land Bank, an AWC Economic Development Corporation, and an experimental income maintenance program for 900 poor families. 7. DELEGATED POWER In most cases where power has come to be shared it| — between citizens and public officials can les taken by the citizens, not given by the city. There aIso result in citizens achieving dominant decision- is nothing new about that process. Since those who have making authority over a particular plan or program. power normally want to hang onto it, historically it has Model City policy'boards or CAA delegate agencies on s hadtobewrestedbythepowerlessratherthanproffered whichcitizenshaveaclearmajorityofseatsandgenuine by the powerful. specified powers are typical examples. At this level, the Such a working partnership was negotiated by the ladder has been scaled to the point where citizens hold residentsinthePhiladelphiamodelneighborhood.Like thesignificantcardstoassureaccountabilityofthepro- most applicants for a Model Cities grant, Philadelphia gram to them. To resolve differences, powerholders wrote its more than 400 page application and waved it need to start the bargaining process rather than respond at a hastily called meeting of community leaders. When those present were asked for an endorsement, they angrily protested the city’s failure to consult them on preparation of the extensive application. A community spokesman threatened to mobilize a neighborhood pro- Ohio; Minneapolis, Minnesota; St. Louis, Missouri; test against the application unless the city agreed to give Hartford and New Haven, Connecticut; and Oakland, the citizens a couple of weeks to review the application California. and recommend changes. The officials agreed. “In New Haven, residents of the Hill neighborhood At their next meeting, citizens handed the city ofi- have created a corporation that has been delegated the cials a substitute citizen participation section that power to prepare the entire Model Cities plan. The city, changed the groundrules from a weak citizens’ ad- which received a $117,000 planning grant from HUD, visory role to a strong shared power agreement. Phila- has subcontracted $110,000 of it to the neighborhood delphia’s application to HUD included the citizens’ corporation to hire its own planning staff and consul- substitutionwordforword.(Italsoincludedanew tants.TheHillNeighborhoodCorporationhaseleven citizen prepared introductory chapter that changed the representatives on the twenty-one-member CDA board city’s description of the model neighborhood from a which assures it a majority voice when its proposed plan paternalisticdescriptionofproblemstoarealisticanaly- isreviewedbytheCDA. sis of its strengths, weaknesses, and potentials.) Consequently, the proposed policy-making committee of the Philadelphia CDA was revamped to give five out obtained a subcontract from the CDA for more than .interesting coexistence model for hostile citizen groups of eleven seats to the residents’ organization, which is called the Area Wide Council (AWC). The AWC be resolved through negotiation. This isaparticularly $20,000 per month, which it used to maintain the neigh- borhood organization, to pay citizen leaders $7 per meeting for their planning services, and to pay the salaries of a staff of community organizers, planners, andothertechnicians.AWChasthepowertoinitiatecilshavefinalvetopowersevenwhencitizenshavethe plans of its own, to engage in joint planning with CDA majority of seats on the CDA Board. In Richmond, committees,andtoreviewplansinitiatedbycityagen- California,thecitycouncilagreedtoacitizens’counter- 222 AIP JOURNAL JULY 1969 to pressure from the other end. Such a dominant decision-making role has been at- tained by residents in a handful of Model Cities includ- ing Cambridge, Massachusetts; Dayton, and Columbus, Another model of delegated power is separate and parallel groups of citizens and powerholders, with pro- . vision for citizen veto if differences of opinion cannot _ ~ . ‘too embittered toward city hall—as a result of past “collaborative efforts’’—to engage in joint planning. Since al Model Cities programs require approval by the city council before HUD will fund them, city coun- ing influence over the outcome of the plan (as long as both parties find it useful to maintain the partnership). One community leader described it “like coming to city hall with hat on head instead of in hand.” In the Model Cities program only about fifteen of the so-called first generation of seventy-five cities have reached some significant degree of power-sharing with residents. In al but one of those cities, it was angry citizen demands, rather than city initiative, that led to the negotiated sharing of power.* The negotiations were triggered by citizens who had been enraged by previous forms of alleged participation. They were both angry and sophisticated enough to refuse to be “conned” again. They threatened to oppose the awarding of a planning grant to the city. They sent delegations to HUD in Washington. They used abrasive language. Negotiation took place under a cloud of suspicion and rancor. 8. CITIZEN CONTROL Demands for community controlled schools, black con- trol, and neighborhood control are on the increase. Though no one in the nation has absolute control, it is very important that the rhetoric not be confused with intent. People are simply demanding that degree of power (or control) which guarantees that participants or residents can govern a program or an institution, be in full charge of policy and managerial aspects, and be able to negotiate the conditions under which “outsiders” may change them. A neighborhood corporation with no intermediaries between it and the source of funds is the model most frequently advocated. A small number of such experi- mental corporations are already producing goods and/or social services. Several others are reportedly in the development stage, and new models for control will undoubtedly emerge as the have-nots continue to press for greater degrees of power over their lives. Though the bitter struggle for community control of the Ocean Hill-Brownsville schools in New York City has aroused great fears in the headline reading public, less publicized experiments are demonstrating that the have-nots can indeed improve their lot by handling the ARNSTEIN to develop a series of economic enterprises ranging from a novel combination shopping-center-public-housing project to a loan guarantee program for local building contractors. The membership and board of the non-. profit corporation is composed of leaders of major com- munity organizations in the black neighborhood. 2. Approximately $1 million ($595,751 for the second year) was awarded to the Southwest Alabama FarmersCooperativeAssociation(SWAFCA) inSelma, Alabama, for a ten-county marketing cooperative for food and livestock. Despite local attempts to intimidate the coop (which included the use of force to stop trucks on the way to market), first year membership grew to 1,150 farmers who earned $52,000 on the sale of their new crops. The elected coop board is composed of two poor black farmers from each of the ten economi- cally depressed counties. 3. Approximately $600,000 supplemental grant) was granted to the Albina Cor- poration and the Albina Investment Trust to create a black-operated, black-owned manufacturing concern us- ing inexperienced management and unskilled minority group personnel from the Albina district. The profit- making wool and metal fabrication plant will be owned by its employees through a deferred compensation trust plan. 4. Approximately $800,000 ($400,000 for the second year) was awarded to the Harlem Common- wealth Council to demonstrate that a community-based ($300,000 in a veto, but the details of that agreement are ambiguous and have not been tested. Various delegated power arrangements are also emerging in the Community Action Program as a result of demands from the neighborhoods and OEO’s most recent instruction guidelines which urged CAAs “to exceed (the) basic requirements” for resident participa- tion.4 In some cities, CAAs have issued subcontracts to resident dominated groups to plan and/or operate one or more decentralized neighborhood program components like a multipurpose service center or a Headstart pro- gram. These contracts usually include an agreed upon line-by-line budget and program specifications. They also usually in¢lude a specific statement of the significant powers that have been, delegated, for example: policy- making; hiring and firing; issuing subcontracts for building, buying, or leasing. (Some of the subcontracts are so broad that they verge on models for citizen control.) development corporation can catalyze and implement an . economic development program with broad community support and participation. After only eighteen months of program development and negotiation, the council will soon launch several large-scale ventures including operation of two supermarkets, an auto service and repair center (with built-in manpower training pro- gtam), a finance company for families earning less than $4,000 per year, and a data processing company. The al black Harlem-based board is already managing a metal castings foundry. Though several citizen groups (and their mayors ) use the rhetoric of citizen control, no Model City can meet the criteria of citizen control since final approval power and accountability rest with the city council. Daniel P. Moynihan argues that city councils are representative of the community, but Adam Walinsky illustrates the nonrepresentativeness of this kind of representation: 15 other federal agencies. Examples include: 1. A $1.8 million grant was awarded to the Hough Area Development Corporation in Cleveland to plan economic development programs in the ghetto and program. Some are even demonstrating that they can do al this with just one arm because they are forced to use their other one to deal with a continuing barrage of local opposition triggered by the announcement that a federal grant has been .given to a community group or an all black group. 1 Who . . . exercises “control” through the repre- sentative process? In the Bedford-Stuyvesant ghetto of New York there are 450,000 people—as many as in the entire city of Cincinnati, more than in Most of these experimental programs have been capi- talized with research and demonstration funds from the Office of Economic Opportunity in cooperation with theentirestateofVermont. Yettheareahasonly one high school, and 80 per cent of its teen-agers are dropouts; the infant mortality rate is twice the national average; there are over 8000 buildings abandoned by evesyone but the rats, yet the arca received not one dollag pf urban renewal funds entire job of planning, policy-making, and managing a 223 NOTES 1 The literature on poverty and discrimination and their effects on people is extensive. As an introduction, the following will be 224 AIP JOURNAL JULY 1969 during the entire first 15 years of that program’s operation; the unemployment rate is known only to God. Clearly, Bedford-Stuyvesant has some special needs; yet it has always been lost in the midst of the city’s eight million. In fact, it took a lawsuit to win for this vast area, in the year 1968, its first Congressman. In what sense can the repre- sentative system be said to have “spoken for” this community, during the long years of neglect and decay? Walinsky’s point on Bedford-Stuyvesant has general Yale University Press, 1968). applicability to the ghettos from coast to coast. It is therefore likely that in those ghettos where residents have achieved a significant degree of power in the Model Cities planning process, the first-year action plans will call for the creation of some new community institutions entirely governed by residents with a speci- fied sum of money contracted to them. If the ground- rules for these programs are clear and if citizens under- 2 The poster is one of about 350 produced in May or June 1968 at Atélier Populaire, a graphics center launched by students from the Sorbonne’s Ecole des Beaux Art and Ecole des Arts Decoratifs. stand that achieving a genuine place in the pluralistic the American Institute of Planners, XXXIV, No. 5 (September scene subjects them to its legitimate forms of give-and- 1968), 290-1. 5U.S., Department of Housing and Urban Development, take, then these kinds of programs might begin to Workable Program for Community Improvement, Answers on Citt- demonstrate how to counteract the various corrosive political and socioeconomic forces that plague the poor. Community Action Agencies,” CAP Grant 9499. In cities likely to become predominantly black 7Robert Coles, ‘Social Struggle and Weariness,” Psychiatry, X XVII (November 1964), 305-15. I am also indebted to Daniel strident M. Fox of Harvard University for some of his general insights into citizens’groupslikeAWCofPhiladelphiawilleven-therapybeingusedasadiversionfromgenuinecitizenparticipation. through population growth, it is unlikely that tually demand legal power for neighborhood 8See, Gordon Fellman, “Neighborhood Protest of an Urban self- Highway,” Journal of the American Institute of Planners, XXXV, government. Their grand design is more likely to call No. 2 (March 1969), 118-22. for a black city ‘hall, achieved by the elective process. 9 James V. Cunningham, “Resident Participation, Unpublished Report prepared for the Ford Foundation, August 1967, p. 54. In cities destined to foreseeable future, it is quite likely that counterpart CDA.11U.S., Department of Housing and Urban Development, tain demands for resource with residents and anticipated the need for a period in which a allocation weighted in favor representative citizens group could be engaged, and the ambiguities remain predominantly white for the 10 Interview with Maxine Kurtz, Technical Director, Denver groups to AWC will press for separatist forms of “Citizen Participation in Model Cities,” Technical Assistance Bulle- neighborhood government that can create and control tin, No. 3 (December 1968). decentralized public services such as police protection, 12 Organization for Social and Technical Innovation, Six-Month Progress Report to Office of Economic Opportunity, Region 1, education systems, and health facilities. Much may February 1, 1969, pp. 27, 28, and 35. depend on the willingness of city governments to enter- 13 In Cambridge, Massachusetts, city hall offered to share power of the poor, reversing gross imbalances of the past. of authority, structure, and process would be resolved. At the re- quest of the mayor, HUD allowed the city to spend several months community control are; of Model Cities planning funds for community organization activi- it supports separatism; it creates balkanization of public ties. During these months, staff from the city manager's office also Among the arguments.against helped the residents draft a city ordinance that created a CDA com- it enables posed of sixteen elected residents and eight appointed public and minority group “hustlers” to be just as opportunistic private agency representatives. This resident-dominated body has services; it is more costly and less efficient; and disdainful of the have-nots as their the power to hire and fire CDA staff, approve al plans, review all white prede- model city budgets and contracts, set policy, and so forth. The cessors; it is incompatible with merit systems and pro- ordinance, which was unanimously passed by the city council also fessionalism; and ironically enough, itcan turn includes a requirement that all Model City plans must be approved out to be by a majority of residents in the neighborhood through a refer- a new Mickey Mouse game for the have-nots by allow- endum. Final approval power rests with the city council by federal ing them to gain control but not allowing them sufh- statute. . 14U.S., Office of Economic Opportunity, OEO Instruction, cient dollar resources to succeed.*® These arguments are Participation of the Poor in the Planning, Conduct and Evaluation not to be taken lightly. But neither can we take lightly of Community Action Programs (Washington, D.C.: December 1, the arguments of embittered advocates 1968), pp. 1-2. of community 15 Adam Walinsky, “Review of Maximum Feasible Misunder- control—that every other means of trying to end their standing” by Daniel P. Moynihan, New York Times Book Review, victimization has failed! February 2, 1969. helpful: B. H. Bagdikian, Iv the Midst of Plenty: The Poor in’ America’ (New York: Beacon, 1964); Paul Jacobs, “The Brutalizing of America,” Dissent, XT (Autumn 196-1), p. 423-8; Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton, Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America (New York: Random House, 1967); Eldridge Cleaver, Soul on Ice (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968); L. J. Duhl, The Urban Condition; People and Policy in the Metropolis. (New York: Basic Books, 1963); William H. Grier and P. M. Cobbs, Black Rage (New York: Basic Books, 1968); Michael Harrington, The Other America: Poverty in the United States (New York: Macmillan, 1962); Peter Marris and Martin Rein, Dilemmas of Social Reform: Poverty and Community Action in the United States (New York: Atherton Press, 1967); Mollie Orshansky, “Who's Who Among the Poor: A Demographic View of Poverty,” Social Security Bulletin, XXVIL (July 1965), 3-32; and Richard T. Titmuss, Essays on the Welfare State (New Haven: 3 This typology is an outgrowth of a more crude typology I circulated in March 1967 in a HUD staff discussion paper titled “Rhetoric and Reality.” The earlier typology consisted of eight levels that were less discrete types and did not necessarily suggest a chronological progression: Inform, Consult, Joint Planning, Negotiate, Decide, Delegate, Advocate Planning, and Neighbor- hood Control. : 4For an article of some possible employment strategies, see, Edmund M. Burke, “Citizen Participation Strategies,” Journal of zen Participation, Program Guide 7, February, 1966, pp. 1 and 6. 6David Austin, “Study of Resident Participants in Twenty 16 For thoughtful academic analyses of some of the potentials and pitfalls of emerging neighborhood control models, see, Alan Altshuler, “The Demapd For Participation in Large American_ Cities,” An Unpublished Paper prepared for the Urban Institute, December 1968; and Hans .C, Spiegel and Stephen D. Mitten- | thal, “Neighborhood Pqwer apd Control, Implications for Urban Planning,” A Report pr¢pared fos the Department of Housing and Urban Development, Nayembey 1968. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arnstein Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Allan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/af7b99d86b2281f8d958e9c1a3369191.pdf b11f443a03a6211b45a7747f4fd73051 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alternative Practice Description An account of the resource This investigated other forms of organisation of architects' offices based around the concept of cooperative working and shared equity. Several members went on to establish their own practices adopting such models. A pre-eminent example was Support Community Building Design, which emerged from a small group of graduates from the Architectural Association which went on to create a cooperative practice focused on potential client groups in society which traditionally were not the beneficiaries of the architectural profession which, we would have said, was essentially the handmaiden of capital. These groups eventually included local authority tenants, women's groups including refuges, ‘black’ i.e. racially self-defined groups. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Description Subject The topic of the resource Brief summary of origins, aims and development Description An account of the resource ASSIST ASSIST is an architectural practice with offices in Glasgow and Edinburgh. It was created in the 1970s as a Research Unit of the Department of Architecture of the University of Strathclyde, from which it left in 1983 to become a Cooperative Practice called ASSIST Architects. Its origins are in the early days of the tenement improvement programme in Glasgow involving Senior Lecturer Jim Johnson. JM was offered a job with ASSIST in 1971 and was very impressed by the excellent design of their tenement flat improvement, having spent holidays in his youth in his aunt’s tenement flat. 24 May 2021 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource ASSIST Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived JM Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 2021 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/c26f72f41c2c2ac22b68fb7b9d152409.pdf 42bb141b831baf78304d1da147ca712a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Public Design Group Description An account of the resource <p><span style="font-weight:400;">Argued that it was only through the public sector that the majority of people could have access to the land and resources needed for housing, education and other essential services. The task was therefore to reform the practice of architecture in local councils to provide an accessible and accountable design service. The Public Design Group proposed reforms to the practice of architecture in local councils to provide a design service accessible and accountable to local people and service users. The following 6 Interim Proposals were developed which were later initiated and implemented in Haringey Council 1979-1985 by NAM members. </span></p> <ul><li style="font-weight:400;"><span style="font-weight:400;">Local area control over resources </span></li> <li style="font-weight:400;"><span style="font-weight:400;">Design teams to be area based </span></li> <li style="font-weight:400;"><span style="font-weight:400;">Area design teams to be multi-disciplinary </span></li> <li style="font-weight:400;"><span style="font-weight:400;">Project architects to report directly to committee</span></li> <li style="font-weight:400;"><span style="font-weight:400;">Abolish posts between Team Leader and Chief Architect </span></li> <li style="font-weight:400;"><span style="font-weight:400;">Joint working groups with Direct Labour Organisations</span></li> </ul> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Building Design Article Subject The topic of the resource Opinion piece by Martin Pawley "Why community architecture is a busted flush" (2pp) Description An account of the resource 18 BUILDING DESIGN, February 24, 1989 g A FLUSH is a five-card poker hand with each card belotnotgheisanmegsuit.A bustedflushisafive-card poker hand in which four cards are of the samesuitb,ut the last is different. The ‘bust’? means the difference between success and failure, a five-card flush is a strong hand, a busted flush is worthless _Opinion communi a a a alt|PGure n Ipropose to this house Smmunty architecture is Martin Pawley lost the vote in last week’s International Building Press debate on community archi- ate nat 5to bes: Dr Rod Hackney and his in the community tecture — but made the best speech of the night, published here. ction; entrench that was equivalent to laying tment: pessimism inifesto ontaking of rural¢ ration RIBA The Knav t . {feisrbelideving Rod Hack ON EXPRESS [Enter 19 ENauiny caro On this card is written; “Our nvironment is abattleground forces which threaten and in the end ciety the inner ties bear deep ying housing »vement laid hallengeafewyearsago 44 ynemployment: lack of Marshalls Mono Limited Head Office Southowram S KEYBLOK MONOLOK RUSTIKAL RIALTA ARCADIAN KEYKERB THE MASTER'S DEGREE IN ARCHITECTURE We invite candidates with good first degrees in architecture or an equivalent qualificationtoapply to study of our new Master's Degree. This innovative, high level, part-time course, which Started in 1988, is the only one ofits kind in the UK Itisgearteodtheambitiousandabilitiesofstudents with a passion for design, curiosity about the field of theory and the energy to bring them together with intellectual rigour At the same time, students on the course develop their other professional skills in practice Please send for prospectus and application formto THE SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, KINGSTON POLYTECHNIC, KNIGHTS PARK, KINGSTON UPON THAMES, SURREY KT1 2QJ. Telephone: (01) 549 6151. Fax: (01) 547 1450 ON EXPRESS Enter Q PNguinY CARD\ ‘a RIW SHEETSEAL Damp Proof Membranes Agrement ap; Sheet fo Danage inappl Small damages are May de used junction with liquid applied products © Ful technical back-up from the RIW Waterproofing . SPECIALISTS IN STRUCTURAL WATERPROOFING PRODUCTS No RIWLimitedArc House, Terrace Road South, BirSeld, Bracknell, Berks, AG12 Tel O44 861988 Telex 847990 Fax 0344 862010 Enter DO. Chane aID\ aa’| yur cards down fa pon the pe ty. Urban regener ni ui civil peaceand liberties. Andit d betting on the unseen Pi tv iftwelare'to retain our not just the cities that are in th i 1 ow. The firstis an crisis. Looking out across th Ace. It shows what Dr Hackney countryside we face the spectre It worth recalling what PSAOSIS ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND THEORY g of their book 1 irchitecture how people are shaping their own environment. Itis a gory rerun of that everything is “appalling” he proposes a “crusade” : inner cities. He talks of raising £30 to £100 million to finance community architecture pro jects like Black Road alloverthe ‘We do not believe that community architecture is equal to the sheer Hackney, is equal to the sheer may have solved a lot of problems for your people. Let's sce how well they do with static Property prices. We do not belicve that de- caying Britain can be put right by a combination of media boosterism, awards, ceremon- ies, celebration dinners, cxag- ated responses to supposed attacks”, verbal exhortations, fitful encouragement by royalty, “alternative” Nobel prizes or 60-minute documentaries about five houses, In other words Mr Wates and Mr Thompson, wedo not believe you have the final card you have. We u are bluffing. Despite Mr Wate unhesitating and shamefulinvocationofurban riot and murder as the only the Broadwater Farm “What had been thought of asa model council estate turned into country. He even calls for a poverty and homelessness created by cessation of large-scale council community architectur police and 20 proach in the City of I had been injured. One where he might have known policeman had been hacked to — the community spirit is 100 death. The senior police officer proof and the governor of the for the area described it as the Bank of England can tell Peter most ferocious, the most vicious Palumbo that he need have no not ever seen in the country.” The third card is, shall we say Ten. It is the card of the where, certainly not any- the contraction of social welfare and house building today bf adeveloperon hth Knaveforw 4 ‘ Ac ehavenow Tu: Not the ¢ but ¢ ly-based enterprise ecople whe ield, is ayo archi | “real tate ket monc but ma afew 1. Ch esident of the RIBA ),000 inner-city houses reliction by all-scale at will se of 1 i-playing municipaliser ci al council. For the chance t build ¢ own urth cardis a King, or rathera environment theway they want utur 3, a “fairy princ ind so create a land as safeand o cares deeply about decay prosperous as Switzerland.” ind riot and archit J not t h T onflict and Thiasqtuite acard;it putsthe ind ractal future Kingto shame. Ifor one ulm here and now put m noney Th re four cards on the the table and say; “Show i ab: dtheoth rplayersturna me.”’ If Dr Hackney, Nick Wates and John Thompson and vhiter shade of pal he their followers were f pared to list councillors are bank- pt, they cannot afford to call this one. The archit adyabouts popu war criminals hiding in the Bolivian jungle. Ift cy fight this ust as We nselves on the mercy Mail. The money men gratefully cut their losses the “spectre decay and riot’ a year or twe spectators, the tribunes of the »wn their claims, then lievable. But eirclaims be? should have their houses the we they want them? nirty families can build emselves new houses in four years? That re is a lot of moncy in home improvement? That local authority tenants are happy about the renovation of s? Th local enterprise akes good teley ision? NoUl ITI (3SOU lt All of these are credible people, what do they think? claims, but in relation to the They focus all their attentioonn scale of the problem they don't the highest c fg the fourth card, the card of add up to a hill of beans ation Community architecture has from Thris a ’ of Aces and Knaves noraks. Besidehimis infrom Maccles- as Noel Coward S a5 colour brochure Oui; This isavery special card. It uture King; he is before an always gone further much further and with much less justification than the old mc ern architects who believed that the solutiontothesame problem laynotincharityandunpaid labour, but in planning and production on the largest pos- ae << n a company Ww} fear of failure, on the very day dy on the Court of mon Council votes for his the cessation of large-scale council house building.’ architect at the Pittsburgh conference described commun- ity architecturaes “an extension of the British class system’ Finally, totally inadequate Vos of talent to sible scale. We know what they Opinion — - shows what Nick Wates and dress, like a stockbroker, Car- artesKnechvoseitotwntriteatriedaway,thefutureKingsays 25millionclaimedbyDrcheap;arisinghousingmarket scale of the £50 billion urban crisis of house price inflation and the so. Indeed you will probably industry, house price inflation and where in America, has itproved recall that an expatriate British tionary myth ofthe move- Mansion House Square project achieved, arate of productionof no objection to people “creat- funding and begging-bowl eco ment. It is the story of how a Al the players and al the new houses more than double ing” their own houses, or their nomics apart, we do not believe z architect returned from Spectators ignore the worrying the present rate, and halfofthem own cars, ortheirown electricity that “Macclesfield technology” at 1andboughtacheap insubstantialityofthisspecial subsidiseddowntorentsthat forthatmatter.Whatweobject makesefficientuseofexpensive house in Macclesfield to live in card, Deep down, they know would not buy a Tube ticket to is outrageous and misleading design expertise or scarce mat- while he c mpleted his PhD that the future King hasnotkept today claims and promises that crowd crial sources — a belief y alternative to community ar- The house was cheap because it alhispromises. One ofhismuch But we on this side of the out the proper consideration of hemently shared by the late chitecture; and despite Mr wascondemned,oneof vauntedfundsforcimmunity housedonotwishtobemis:crucialenvironmentalissuesWalterSegal,whoseworkThompson'spromisethatitisa scheduled for redevelopment enterprise, to which a fair understood. We do not oppose We do not believe that a sharp community architecture propa- certain cure for smoking, we The threat of the bulldozers number of individuals and the idea of anybody “shaping Macclesfield developer can gandists have lately taken to cli your last card will show nterruptedyoungarchibusinessescontributed,btheirownenvironment”orsucceedwherehugesumsofparasathodughiitnweregtheirthatyourhandisvalueless tect’sstudies.Hero’thesackeditsstaffandvirtuallybuildingbette professionallydirectedpublicown Theconsequenceofsittingin apa hetic ho riders and closed down. Another has community 4 investment only barely made We do not believe that you on apoker game played for very ther they a resi- hauled its staff over the coals for gandists put it headway in the past. We do not have a patent on public consul high stakes, with no cards anda t'sassociationéndobtainedmakingloanstocallgirls.Busyprofessionally“misguidedas-belicvethatcommunityarchi-taotrsiweaotenquity—bothofgodlineintalk,isthatsooner general rovement area sta- withorganicfarming,homeo sailants”ordeliberately“tedi- tecture,evenattheundoubtedly whichexistedbeforeyouand orlateryouwillhavpeutuopor tus. By doing st of the work pathic medicine, trade with ously negative critics” We have exaggerated “turnover” of £20- will exist after you. Nor ¢ shut up. And Iam in no doubt th sely ind obtaining Australia, sex lence on mortg $toconvert the houses ty, and interfering in planning believe that your method is which it will be. that whate tenancy to owner on, it is remarkable that he height re King still has time to — they gave the dabble in community archi Hlifeat tecture in the Postman Pat from pr occupa Barber houses 1 cost projected cost of redevelop ment have heard « rid. It not foo much to he Macclesfield miracle the local authority of £127,000, less than half the f the Duchy of Corn $s, thisisthe crucial ind. Without it This was a shot heard round 1 Bakker, the Reverend Jerry Falwell, faith in thefuture Kingisindestructible unted by the spectre of be left to ti yupt © mess that ecay The Knave s. that others make.” nthe echo Look at the tk Only last month in the Sunday have already been t. The Express Mrs Isabella Hageart of Ac 5that “the environment ournalist is abattleground and the land is ays secmsto council housing, the old solu- tion, has become nothing but a table. The fifth card that the backdrof the most vicious gentlemen on the other side of F men have en the house clai »have ntheir The Ten, from uy ¢ in possession must be the Mai N irth c 4 the mn Of what we might Macclesfield tech IBY the ils of urban and rura solution to al Je: They have thems« ves i boastings ime to deal the Hack when he became irethe fourcardsonthe TS.L. ThrislingtonServicesltd TheWhiteHouse Imagine Og scale of the £50 billion urban crisis of poverty and homeless- ness created by the contraction of social welfare and industry, in the UK’s number onemanufacturer Ise inthisfield Soletyourimaginetionrunwild.Calusnowon 164formoredetailsandour 22 SS BUILDING DESIGN, February 24,1989 19 ANAC 20 HighStret Brasted KentrNi6ué Thrislington Partitions ALICE’S ADVENTURES MOI)Nae AN C19; ELTBARS 1Tel1%©)WU)(GIB THE LAMINATED GLASS. again itis Banham who spotsit: “One could nothelpfeeling that this particular garden shed with its rusted bicycle wheels, a battered trumpet, and other homely junk, had been excavated after an atomic holocaust and discovered to be part of a European tradition of site plan- ning that went back to archaic Greece and beyond.” The point being that appeal to the “primitive” in 1950s architectural discourse connoted a whole complex of reservations and attitudes towards moder- engagement. Yetin one work at nism.Ontheonehand,inthe least,theSmithsonsshowedan manner of “40,000 Years’, it extraordinary prescience about keyed into a “Family of Man” anthropology of archetypal and ecumenic form that modified but Mercifully, this story has a happy ending. Apartfromafewbumpsand bruises, our heroine’ fine; thanks to the Solaglas laminateded glass she : collided with. Made from layers of glass and tough plastic, our laminated glass (0224) 034247 (0232) 61021 O51 447 6191 021-327 2095 seuny kept firmly on the outside. Built to withstand bullets from the home-ownership world of the Privatised cighties. For if the stays f (0323)646566 ’ ere Ediaburgh O37 91 security game. Sccuricor. especially young ones, must be a top priority OF course, stubborn rezfusal to fall apart makekse Light may be free to pour through laminated shop windows, the light-fingered, however, are 091-567 1776 (0792) #99217 (0847) 62028 (0904) 690830 be delighted to speak to you. - the street, the community and cluster, the topology of habita- tion, association, and identity: in short, all that was intended for that half-heroic, half-nostalgic Bethnal-Green-in-the-air of IG enthusiasm was wildly optimistic, a kind of technolatry. A future in which consumption knows no limits, in which consumer power could replace political will, ideology, and collective action, yet somehow stil be “on the left”, now looks hopelessly mistaken in a world laminated glass’: mouth(0202)524151 (0274)733400 Bakes hassHieiosil Bristol (0272)#49617 Cambeidge (0223) 247212 bery (0227) 459001 i (0222) 143781 ary (0203) 458021 Deoncamer (0902) $20211 Dandee (0382) 43260/4)268 S . Someone who apPFpreciate: s this StIetl more than anyone is a Solaglas customer with apretty good record for knowing whats what in the accident that immediately after Smithsons went straight with Eamesian collage or Corbusian Scarborough (0723) 378133 Scunthorpe (0724)844793 Seningbowrne (0795)21534 Seuthampton (0703) 331177 Seuthend (0702) 463415 StAwitell (0726)66325 Stoke-on-Trent(O7#2) #22448 Sunderland Swaneee Theree individuaallithsemcl”ai,msof becauseitisclearnowthatmuch ‘ is replicated at the ICA, was Moore, Sutherland, Piper, and than today, but David Mellor’s and the artist's work of giving described by Banham as “a Nash.andeventheFestivalof Catalogueessaysuggeststhat:“In Signsandimagestothestagesof (0253)20106 aNATO TIfl€,OurstrongestglassCan (0204) 20444 051.525 7241 take more knocks than Fort Knox. more stentorian and global key; ilk — now are decried, in one on the other— and espectally in work of 1956 at least, the Sugden thefieldofurbanism—itrevised House,theyproducedanicon the CIAM orthodoxy to the of just that sort of consumer pointofliquidation.Itwasno directionthatinfusedIGenthu- siasms. The irony, however, is their “Patio & Pavilion”, the that it showed no exciting ; intact even if it cracks Falhiek (0324) 21691 Which means, unlike some Forfar (0907)63425 And as well as frustrating Daily Mail Home Exhibition, while in November of the same year, ARK 18 appeared with their article “But Today We Collect Ads”. Coterie If the IG as a whole can be described as a coteric of creative frictions, then those contrarics were nowhere more apparent bought council house, altered (usually hideously) by the owning-proud purchaser. “What IsItThat Makes Today's Homes So Different, So Appealing?” asked Richard Hamilton's 1956 Montage. 1989's diy alterations — that’s what! Reflection on this suburban subversion should remind us how far consumer society has come since the fifties. In many other glass, it won't splinter into shards that maim. Or possibly kil And thats why 95% of al car windscreens are laminated 041.336 BSAA Grimaby (0472) 351378 Guildford (0483) $72922 criminals, we make fires rage too. Our fire-resistant laminated glass can confounda conflagration forup to an hour. Mull it over. When you next ; specify glass, cither for a com- mercial or a domestic environment, your decision whether to choose. Solaplas laminated glass may have an awful lot resting on it. If yyou'd like to make the world Alice's real-life counterparts), please give one of our branches a call. They'd In the UK, 30,000 accidents* Lincoln (052)539131 ways the IG typified the influx of withinasinglepracticethanin provincialtalentofthattime, Liverpol 051-228 2696 involving glass occur in the home e 051-220 8171 Usedudne (0492) #523 every year; so protecting lives, Londe 01-928 $010 Londonderry (0504)43191 Malton Keynes (0908) $6477 Newcastle 91-266 6217 Newton Abbot (0626) 68919 Norshan peon (0604) 53924 (0465) 774317 Pererborough (0733) 63045 Plymouth (0752) 390123 Fecetetm.meth (e0e78n3)anSieeates the work of the Smithsons. On the one hand their “ideal home” took as its modus operandi the extrapolation of current state of-the-art techniques to the level of expendability and thrown- away aesthetics (a term of Banham’s) based on marketing stereotypes and the “nextstep”, along the lines of the fashion industry (theorized for the IG by Tony Del Renzio). But on the other there was, opposed to such nomadic “mass and bearing in mind the northern origins of many of its practitio- ners, the new brutalism might be said to have been the last expression ofadefinably North-of- England outlook in the national culture. As Denise Scott Brown puts it: “When the Beatles arrived on the scene, they too looked familiar, a second cul- tural import from the north.” The IG clementofthe existential, the realist, and the “brutal” deserves to be emphasised Mall (0482) 23432 (0483) 239439 (0475) 484ne Wight (0983) $22288 (0563) 29218 01.549 4900 aly (0592) $5311 ster (0553)734499 eos » Head over heels, in fact. Glass and Glaring Federation fgures for domestic accidents involving broken glas York GiaesmehthewovksbentservicebashedHt filledoutwiththeanarchicand matiofnsu,chavisionhasbeen Exhibitions “The Museum Without Walls” united from the start in resisting amorphous, skinned, visceral, by Andre Malraux, whom the the “yokelry” of 1940s neo- variable, flux, nebular, iri- individual inputs: “For in this IGwantedtoinvitetoopentheir romanticism—thecultofa descence,hyperspace,freefal way,thearchitects’workof 1953 exhibition “The Parallel Of national mythic landscape that Then, in the “Age of Anxiety”, Providing a context for the Life And Art”. This show, which they felt permeated the work of this was more commented upon individual to realise himself in, Supcerinclusive collection of ex- Britain. Yet they were not above this ‘imaginatioonf disaster’ that this realisation, mect ina single Was active in Britain during the act, full of those inconsistencies fifties there was arepressed ele and apparent irrelevancies of ment — the atomic futures. But every moment, but full of life.”” traordinary imagery”. It made making their own myths. Onc in @ total imagerial environment particular, that urban-primitive from a multifaceted display of cult ofa working-class existential enlarged photos and reproduc- h Corbusian dul this cultural phor islegible Richard Hamilton describes tions, drawing material from anthropos that became known, anatomy,architecatrtu,rmeic,ro half-jokinglya,s“thenewbruta- and macrostructure, movement lism”, cast a major weather-front inbrutalist workinst,he scarred the Patio as a “defensive landscape and geology, cal across the English architectural motif of the apocalyptic sub- of the human impulse toa post- graphy, anthropology andergo- nomics into a mobile scanning of cognitive and aesthetic con- nections. Banham wrote of it: “The photograph, being an _ The strain of IG primitivism artefact, applies its own laws of lime.” As Nigel Henderson said: “I is apparent enough at the ICA; artefaction to the material it it is palpable in the elemental feel happiest among discarded things, vituperative fragments filled with brash ephemera, to cast casually from life, with the other planets, a cultural space- fizz of vitality stil about them”. ship going who knows where". landscape. Primitivism atomic carth, adying world filled with rare fossils and touching memories. Whereas the cabinet of Dr Voelcker, was taking off, documents,anddiscoverssimi- orgaofn“biruts”pmigsmentin relatedtothemoreaffirmative larities and parallels between the the paintings of Magda Cordell, documentations, even where the conglomerate totems, simul- ment,theSmithsonsfromthat point began to withdraw from the Pop tendencies that led to Archigram. According to Denise Scott Brown’s thoughtful memoir, Learning From Bruta- lism, they also withdrew from Suggestive of an architect who what they called “active socio- none exists between the objects and the events recorded.” tancously prehistoric and post- nuclear, haptic and hiroshimoid, of Paolozzi, McHall and Turn- realistic social programme of the architects is less easy to see in the exhibition, though James Stirling's “bubble sculpture” for “This isTomorrow" looks bug- The second reason for refer- ‘ ringto“40,000YearsOfModern bull.Theirconnecttiootnhe hi- eyed and bowellist cnough, Art” is that it established an tech, consumer-serendipity abiding primitivism that per- meated much of the IG despite and through all ofits enthusiasms for advanced technology and nology of the future listed by urbanised life. IG Members were strain in the IG ae through the detour of the Sci-Fi — the bug- eyed monster, and the phenome- was to undergo more than one or two mutations, The connec- tion, of course, is there in the “Patio & Pavilion’, and once beauty emergent from designing Alloway: “Solar, delta, galactic, and building inastraightforward way, forcommunity lifeasitis, not for some sentimentalized version of how it should be: “Brutalism’s attempt to be objective about ‘reality’ tries to face up to a mass-production society and drag a rough poetry out of the confused and powerful forces which are at work.” Beatles 458844. Enter 1 5 ON EXPRESS ENQUIRY CARD. hedonistic gestures of an affluent individualism. When the Smith- sons described their “Patio & Pavilion” to the BBC in 1955, they invoked a like balance of collective, or rational, and appropriated by the Thatcher Government. The Independent Group: post-war Britain and the aesthetics of plenty, runs at the ICA until April evidenceofdetritusfollowingthe stockade,ashelterinaprotected releaseofhideousenergy,the garden—classicrepresentation How this saturnine mood And despite the “Ads” state- Smithsons’ collective projects — continued modernism in the Robin Hood Gardens and their Team 10 to Dubrovnik, the last CIAM. Yet this was only months after they had displayed their form, but was simply an ordinary fiftieshouse adaptedto brutalist order. In fact, it resembles “House of The Future” at the nothing so much as a tenant- Golden Lane (1952). This was Coronation Street-meets- Corbusier, perhaps the one point where a socialist framework of where the “hegemony”, or collective values was directly project of consent and legiti- plastics”, the finding of value and delight in places and things other architects found ugly, and Scott Brown regrets this withdrawal from sociological BUILDING DESIGN, February 23,1990 19 it the perfect way to safeguard a safer place (especially for property as well. For expert advice on al aspects of glas and glazing please cal our Technical Advisory Service on (0203) 20 BUILDING DESIGN, February 23, 1990 Mexx recept IT tak Mexx: view intoreception ‘Westminster schol: laboratory refurbishment. They have both obviously sorbed the influence exerted and w wdget control is a grucial (0 the success o! n’tafford n 8 fow their trollable warmth and hot water readily at hand. Whatever the size of your building, electricity canprovidecost- ctive heating. And your local Electricity business can give you al the advice you need. Because what they're ofering isateam efort. Working with you too find the best solution for your busines. maintenance costs, as well as the added economy of using _Storageheater low-costnight-rate |electricity. And whichever form of electric heating you choose, you can have a total system matched to your needs. Fil in the coupon for more information or contact the Ene: rgy Marketing Manager at your loacal to be extravagant. ySuvetural bude McAslan & Partners w 20d to note that Weston and Again,forlargerrequirementsyou can take advantage of the larger heaters, warnsagainst“over-engincer- develop ing”forthesakeoforiginality senseofresponsibilityf Engineering is only part of it, designed details and finishes worked on thi -rPateria Unitwith And so it is with modern electric spac and water heaters. Efficient, con- with savings in capital, instalation and Heroes: (Rostrum January19), then it there are no long energy-wasting Pipe runs, they are economical to. t i an ex-Hopkins man. But F ~~) Practiceprofile= _GOING INTO DET. The best teamwork in the worst conditions. The bobsleigh team A. perfect example of the efective use of energy inthecold, Fast acting quartz linear heaters, Electricity business for example, can provide heat either After al, wouldn't you like life to intermittently or in specific a as. be thar litle bit more comfortable. And where heat is ni ded over long periods, storage heaters realy comeintotheirown.Becausethey |ene make ful use of low-cost night-rate electricity to store heat and then release itgradually during the day. Compact el ctric water heaters can | be installed almost anywhere. On the wall, or under the sink. And because 12 ston JELECTRIC LET'S WORK TOGETHER - writes Clare Melhuish. } Sophistication can be quite ‘The restructureof the internal fex, alowingforofice nality through anumber of small projects for refurbishmenatnd adaptation of existing buildings. BUILDING DESIGN, February 23,1990 21 Weston Williamson have developed a distinctive modern style which has already won them three competitions, us from page 21 a Victorian prison as a graphic design studio involved the con struction of a glazed conserv toryoverlothoekcoiurntyagrds, black-stained ash with frosted glass pancls, materials used and possible conflict, into the throughout the rest of the composition intenor The double-height space Of the three recent competi tion wins, one, for Marketplace advertising agency, is another was exploited by the insertion of two mezzanines divided by refurbishment job. The existing an acoustic glass screen. Light fittings double up as sunshades for the glass roof A laboratory refurbishment for Westminster School, acom mission won on the basts of an warehouse in Bermondsey, dat- ing from 1903, impressed the architects by its “amazing re- servesof strength’’, They willbe retaining the open-plan space, supported by circular cast-iron columns, installing new services, and adding a new four-storey extension with an external lift Atroof-level, a glazed conference room will constitute a contrast- ing lightweight clement into the overall character of the building. As with past projects, the architects will also be designing the furniture provided an opport ’ plore the possibiliotfiperesfy ricallaequtipmientnangdcom ponent units off site, within a tight time-scale of cight months. The result was the subtle trans- lation of a 1930s office block into a “hi-tech” environment, a “spac © image’’, conjured entirely out of standard parts, A Birkin Haward and Richard significant element of this change MacCormac, is an interesting was the glazing of the side walls development of the previous St Augustine's church repre- church project, and one which sented a rather different chal- but with the same issue at a fight for quality of environment, achieved through effective organisation of space and light, and well-designed furniture and fittings At St Augustine's, this involved the tactful division of the existing church into two parts: a worship area and acommunity centre This project also entailed a serious consideration of the esthetic aspects of working with =—L1 the architects find particularly stimulating, being quite different from the standard commercial brief. A whole new range of criteria is involved In this case, the PCC (Paro- chial Church Council) requires an extension housing a new ance area and link between ch and enlarged church iding a church “centre” can accommodate wide ecular functiaosnwesll as worship. Thecouncil actually 1 | fai TheProfileAceptor’anexcitingnew ~ im! LT} Introducing the factory finish hanentprofilewhichtsbuiltinkeatraditionalwindowframe.andforms an exact a — Tilbury: ground-floor plan, an existing and historic building Thearchoiptetdetoccotnstsruct anew entrance porch inknappe flint and dressed stone, matching the original structure, rather than introduce any strong contrast, St John’s church, Pinner, a project Won in competition with pening. Al des (including plastering) required on completed be eliminating many risks, time delays 2 St John’s Pinner: concept sketch 22 BUILDING DESIGN, February 23, 1990 Practice profile St THE HOLE THING BEES ; A beautifully simple way Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource BD Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Murray Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 24/02/1989 https://nam.maydayrooms.org/files/original/db09a3b3d0ba7b52d252341c14595953.pdf d63d06f459fb2f9ced6a628aa79abe5b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Trade Unions and Architecture Description An account of the resource Themes included action on asbestos and Health &amp; Safety, and involvement with Direct Labour Organisations and Building Unions. Following comparative research of possible options, NAM encouraged unionisation of building design staffs within the private sector, negotiating the establishment of a dedicated section within TASS. Though recruitment was modest the campaign identified many of the issues around terms of employment and industrial relations that underpin the processes of architectural production. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Building Design Subject The topic of the resource Conference chooses TASS for private sector Description An account of the resource AU at INSIDE Feilden gets Rome post director of the International Centre for the Preservation and Recon- struction of Cultural Property one of the world’s top jobs in the field. The appointment, which was made by UNESCO, takes effect on July 1. Feilden will be based in Rome and will have an annual budget of £4 million. The centre is an organisation covering fietd of conservation. It carn Feilden, who is best known for iser, to begin planning the doors in London, the confer- who attended were NAM his work on St Pauls Cathedral campaign. A London branch of ence chose TASS from options members, and one of the York Minster and Norwich Cath- TASS for building design staffs which included ASTMS, EMA, organisers described the tum- edral, has been consultant architect will be launched at an open STAMP, TGWU, and forming out as the “tip of the iceberg.” tothecentrefortwoyears.HewillmectingonMay31attheNewanewunion Nearlyallparticipantscame end all his present commitments to Ambassadors Hotel. An Advis- in individual capacities, but the take the new post, including his ory Committee of rank-and file In choosing TASS, the con- RIBA Council membership which members employed in the ference rejected a NAM 145-member Staff Association terminates naturally in June building professions will be set committce’s recommendation of Robert Matthew, Johnson to the centre, Feilden told BD: ing drive nationally endorsed the committee’s view who reported that since Its “People must take a balanced view The conference considered inception last year, the ofconservation, and Ihope togive proposals to join building that organising should include RMIMSA has been looking at that view. You must always con- unions but chose TASS largely all employees — professional, unionisation {rom AMID. growing calls for the 160 000- BD Reporter private sector employees, TASS, member Technical, Administrative and Super- union should recruit among all the widening gap between visory Section of the AL EW, is to set up a “‘union the building professions. private sector salaries and Most of the 70 participants conditions and those in the at the conference were archi- public sector. Despite the Index COMMENT 2, News 3-7 and 36, News in Focus 8, Letters 9, Perspective 10, Scorpio 11, Week by Week 11, New prod- Bernard Fellden. research, trains specialists and Monday evening with Harry fessional engineering consult and secretaries also partic- and users. formulates international policy Smith, TASS National Organ- ancies. Meeting behind closed ipated. Less than half of those Shutter Doors Asked if he would be taking any to set up an autonomous Marshall and Partners Edin- personal conservation philosophy up to co-ordinate the organis section within the TGWU but burgh office sent a delegate sider whether the cost is justified on its record of organising technical and clerical — within the question of uniontsation Some things must be saved at all costs, others have to go.” Lords rule on defects THE House of Lords has ruled that a local council can be held responsible for building defects arising out of its own neg Figence, even if the faults are discovered more than six years after the time of the construction work In their potentially far reach- ruling last week on the case of Anns and Others v Merton Borough Council, the Lords dismissed the notion that a ving builders —until Lord Denning’s controversial judg me t in February last year on the Sparham-Sowter case See Infil, page 2. among white-collar staffs in the same union and that the with increasing interest Energy crisis i mae 7 critical YAWNING energy gaps restricted economic growth and warning message in the newly published report of the Work shop on Alternative Energy Stra! cs (WAES) ute of Technology Measures to be taken include mplementation ofconsen He is out of prison on measures, a shift away from oil and the development of coal his 12- and nuclear power on a massive scale let rs and ph Also in month Id grand-daughter V ‘overwhelmed” by the Jism in Architecture Is pabllshed this week. Page 27. tectural employees, but eng profession's declining work ineering, quantity surveying load, several architects present and town planning were also complained of understaffing, represented. Salaried architects excessive overtime and the ucts 28-31, Dateline 32, Reader A ten-person committee set engineering design and its were in a clear majority, resultant decline in the quality inquiry service 33, Appoint- up by the conference met on progress in organising prTo- although several technicians of service provided for clients ments 34-35, —————— ei -~- ae FRIDAY MAY 201977 No 347 Jane Holtz-Kay reviews this year’s crop of AIA Honor Awards. Pages 12-13. HDD profile Vic Tapner goes behind the scenes at the Housing Develop- ment Directorate, talks to the people who advise the policy makers and books at their research programmes. Pages 15-22 Discussion of prioritic union action centred on redun- Inside the Summer Exhibition dancies, declining real income Architecture Room at the Royal among architectural staffs, and Academy. Pages 6-7. ree brochuret The weekly newspaper for the building team Shades of Boullée. This uncharacteristic neo-classical scheme is designed by J “The right shutter at the right price,... ..at the right time” This action follows last Saturday's decision of a special NAM-sponsored conference of architectural employees called to launch a trade union organising drive. illnesses but according to his daughter was calls from wellwishers parole after serving three years of a seven-year sentence ih cture is Poulson’s ott japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa whose new book Merabe Conference chooses TASS for private sector GO-AHEAD FOR DESIGN UNION BERNARD Feilden, one of the country’s foremost conservation architects, has been appointed Wharf Road Industrial Estate, Pinxton, Notts NGIGGLE within the union”’ for building design staffs. a peak in world oil pr duction as early as 1983 are al part of a (Oe)Shutter DoorsLtd. The report was introduced by William Hawthorne on Telephone: Ripley 811081 Telex No Poulson home again claim can succeed only if it is | A HAGC ;ARD John Poulson was back with the family after being brought within six years of the | released from Lincoln Prison last week. His ghter Alice completion date (pictured left) told 8D he had received a “tremendous welcome [his time limit, stemming | from the locals his home in Carleton Gre Pontefract. “He from the interpretation of the | so gla 4 to be home he hasn't had time to sort anything out,” sh 1939 Limitation Act, had said, "He ot giving interviews for tal weeks — he's going to always been held to apply in| concentrate on getting better.” cases of alleged gence The 67-year-old Poulson is under medical treatment for yanous It follows three years »y experts drawn from governments, industry and academic institutions in the using countries. The ‘i Pater ly ‘Vel pan ariured top-quality terial S 7 these shutters tobe livered on tin project was directed by Carre Wilson at Massachusetts Instit ly high standard of ngineerit th equ h Jlapsible Gate \imal ntenar ” Fire D decorative Gril Jive an exce na ng and Internal Partitions, send ly like further detal Roller Shutters, Fol Forinstantinformationtick|14) onreaderinquirycard 377370 SHUTTERS NOTTM 2 BUILDING DESIGN, May 20. 1977 WhsWE == vers writer Bob Mater Building Design & published from Morgen Gramolan House, CakderwoodSieet, Woolwich, London SENS GOH (01.855 7777) Death wish so. One might use the word “inexplicable” to buildings, just to see how they work out In practice; and this would probably save a few red faces. recant”TM he said, “It may seem hard on the to describe the reasons why the American Institute of Architects should honour the I M Pei Hancock Building In Boston, or the Richard Meijer Bronx Development Boston had happened already. How often Following a House of Lords decision last week, architects, in- builder or the council surveyor that he may find himself sued many years after he has left the work, but it Center, except that it Is all too clear why these buildings were chosen. does one hear the accusation that ar- chitects are only Interested In what a building looks like? Can one say that the failures of building bear no relationship to architectural quality? If that Is the case, practically. One accepts we all make mistakes, that from time to time buildings do not operate as they should — just like cars, machines and acroplanes — but for pity’s sake don't will be liable for negli- gence long after leay- ing the site. John Parris looks at the reasoning behind this conclusion, holder that he should be without remedy, seeing that the surveyor passed the bad work and the builder covered it up and thus prevented it being discovered earlier.”” _ NewMaxpax gives you more for les. will be liable to be sued for wrongly decided. negligence long after they The case was settled before have finished their work it could reach the House of More quality in the cup, because every Maxpax cup contains only the finest Maxwell Ho ingredients, pre-measur and pre-packed invacuurn- sealed stacks So your More simple tomaintain.NewMaxpa setheingre alreadyin the c decision of the House of same principles. Lords last week. There were seven plaintiffs all of whom were the owners Merton Local Borough of 999 year leases of maison- Council v Anns and others ettes in a block at 91 Devon- was concerned with the shire Road, Wimbledon. position of a local council Only two of them, onc a Mrs employing a building O'Shea, were the original pur- inspector chasers of the leases at the But the position of pro» time when the maisonettes fessional men such as archi- were sold off on completion of fects and accountants was the building 15 years ago. The also discussed by their Lord- others had acquired their ships as was that of builders. NAME jright", he said “the damage action can only arise when the was when the foundations state of the building is such were badly constructed. The that there is present imminent period of limitation, six years, danger to the health or safety then began to run” of persons occupying it,”’ said In support of that, he Lord Wilberforce quoted Lord Justice Diplock But Lord Salmon did not in Bagot v Stevens Scanion endorse Lord Denning's view POSITION I COMPANY ADDRESS ° General Food: Tel: Banbury (C 1295) 4433 1OX16 7QU makes less necds less cle MoreSA torun.f new Maxpax achine doe sthe same rmachines. y tell mernoreaboutNewMaxpaxandarrange More choice \ of flavours Dealing with the argument raised by the council's counsel that if the action were allowed to succeed it would expose councils to endless claims over an endless period and six years from the time when that the period of limitation the building had been com- cold New M tea, white cofice, chocolate. beef chicken soup, orange and in capic |Maxpax cos would only start to run when cracks and defects appeared, |which might be many years |after the work was completed, pleted A unanimous House of Lords decided that the limi- tation period began to run when the defects first ap- lemon. So thi gf favourite drinks eg SS =SSSS eeee For instant information tick [2[/] on reader inquiry card Editor Peter Murray News editor Vic Tapner Chief reporer Perer Marsh Reporter Ted Stevens Publisher Stan Arnold Advertisment manager Tony Amokd Classified odvertisernent manager Poul Nudes Production manager Pauline Rogers Chief sub editor Jane Hute hings Jon Clare had elapsed since the drains were constructed and “the damage occurred on that date”, he said, retary Marion Frank empty because of major teething troubles; what thrilled the judges was the ‘elegant, subtle shaft’ and the “elegant con soclety. struction of aluminium and glass at a Would not the architects laugh if the pleasing and communal scale.” Very nice Pharmaceutical Society gave Its annual too — one would not argue that these are award to Thalidomide, or the dangerous desirable attributes for a building — but they only part of the story. Last year, however, Lord Denning changed his mind in the case of Sparham-Souter v Town and Country Develop- ments (Essex) Ltd and Ben- fleet U DC: Having thought itover time and again. ..I have come to the conclusion that when building work is badly done and is covered up, the cause of action does not accruc, and time does not 1° ot | and Company in 1964. In that that time began to run only maxpaX| casearchitectsweresuedforwhentheplaintiffknewofthe negligent supervision of damage, “The fact that the that it Is a view held by some, then the profession deserves the scorn and jeers of ONE sometimes wonders whether ar chitects are suffering from some kind of inexplicable death wish. Not, which might be more sensible, In the way of the lem ming who realising there are too many of his species jumps offa cliff, but stupidly. By publicising and compounding his errors he attempts to convince an already cynical public that ts disMluslonment was only thetip of the iceberg and that not only do the socalled top architects make well as looking nice, Is supposed to work let’ schemes (page 18-19) won ar- liabilit adhered to the other view, that appalling errors bat they also receive the It Is often sald that there Is a case for chitectural awards In the 50s and 60s? time started to rh when the highest praise from thelr peers for doing walting a few years before offering awards Now Is the season for the spring awards: work was done “but I now three- wheeler for the handicapped won the Car of Europe Award or the Alr Con- trollers Group gave a safety award to Tenerife airport? We in this country . Speaking at the RIBA earfler this yearJ Marston Fitch deseribed the Pel bullding as “the largest self-destruct sculpture In are not totally Innocent of awarding Negligence: begin to run, until such time the world.” It may also be the most elegant schemes of dublous practical merit. Many self-destruct sculpture In the world, but award winning schemes of the past have that’s no reason for giving It an ar turned up under headlines of technical chitecture award because architecture, as failure. Indeed, how many of the “hard to . as the plaintiff discovers that it has done damage, or ought with reasonable diligence, to have discovered it.” The AIA judges, however, did have the advantage of hindsight — the fallure In It matters not that the glass, the most important part of the bullding, kept falling out of the Boston tower; It matters not that the Bronx development bs still and It would seem from the AIA decision let's give them prizes. His Lordship then clearly considered that the case of the ARCHITECTS, building architect, Bagot v Stevens inspectors and contractors Scanlon and Company, was the Brick Development Association publish Its next week and the Concrete Society Awards come out the week after (the National Theatre Is, naturally enough, tipped to win). Let's hope all the projects chosen work, visually and spectors and builders would be harder on the house- Lords but the latest one, site, as the result of a Merton L B C, involves the and withdrawn from the The Limitation Act 1939 provides for claim in ordinary contract or in tort to be ground landlords and the extinguished six years after plaintiffs sued them because the cause of action accrued in February 1970 structural In contract the clause of movement began in the block, action accrues when the causing cracks in the walls breach of contract takes and sloping of floors and place. But in torts such as other defects. negligence it accrues not when It was alleged that these the wrongful act is done but occurred because instead of when damage results the 3ft foundations shown on Until last year it had been the plans and approved by well established law that in the the council the foundations case of defective workman- were only taken down to ship or careless supervision 2ft 6ins. Walcroft Property thedamagewasdonewhenCompanyLtddidnotdefend the defective workmanship the action, and undertook to took place do certain remedial work. The Master of the Rolls, The local council was also Lord Denning, expressly said sued for damages for negli- this in the Court of Appeal as gence on the basis that it had recently as 1971 in Dutton y either not inspected the Bognor Regis U D C. This foundations at all or if it had, was a case where the local by its building inspector, council had been sued for passed them, it had done so in negligence because its build breach of the local by-laws ing inspector had passed in- adequate foundations on an in-filled site and carelessly. No evidence about this was adduced because the case came before the courts on the preliminary issue as to whether or not the claim is statute barred. The writs were taken out in 1972, more than Lord Denning rejected it ‘I do not think that is peared in 1970. “The cause of defective drains and the judge damage went undetected held that they were not liable would not prevent the statute because more than six years running,” he said For some time he had leases by assignment, The builders, Walcroft Property Co Ltd, were still the Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource BD Reporter Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Allan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 20.5.77